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Group By-Having-Join

SQL

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27 views

Group By-Having-Join

SQL

Uploaded by

Srinibash Patra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Grouping of Result / Records – Use of GROUP BY clause

The GROUP BY clause groups a set of records that have identical values into a set of summary
records according to specified condition/expression. It is used with SELECT statement.
Grouping of records can be done by a column name along with aggregate functions.
Example: Count the no of GRADES with grouping.
select GRADE, COUNT(*) from STUDENT_MARK GROUP BY GRADE;
Example: Display Maximum marks Branch wise.
select BRANCH, MAX(TOTAL_MARKS) as MAX_MARKS from STUDENT_MARK GROUP BY
BRANCH;
Example: Display the average mark Branch wise.
select BRANCH, AVG(TOTAL_MARKS) as AVG_MARKS from STUDENT_MARK GROUP BY BRANCH;
Placing condition on GROUP BY clause – Use of HAVING clause
The HAVING clause is often used with the GROUP BY clause to filter groups based on a specified
condition. It is similar to WHERE clause but WHERE cannot be used with GROUP BY.
Example: Display those branches whose students have secured average mark more than 700.
select BRANCH, AVG(TOTAL_MARKS) as AVG_MARKS from STUDENT_MARK GROUP BY BRANCH
HAVING AVG(TOTAL_MARKS)>=700;
Displaying Data from multiple tables – Table Joins (Important)
Sometimes, in real-time applications, it is required to display records from more than one tables
by using a single SELECT command/statement. This can be possible by using join operation.
Join is an SQL operation that combines rows/records from two or more tables. An SQL join-
query is used with SELECT command where more than one table are listed in the FROM clause.
For example:
Select * from Employee, Department;
The above statement is a type of sql join-query. When it is executed, it will display all records
from Employee table and Department table.
Cross Join
Cross Join (also called Cartesian Product) operation of two tables produces another table as the
output by pairing up each row of first table with each row of second table.
In this operation, if one table contains ‘m’ no. of rows and the other table contains ‘n’ no. of rows
then their cartesian product will contain m x n rows.
Let’s consider the following tables – Customer and C_Order
Customer C_Order

Retrieve Customer Name, Balance Due, Contact No, Order name and Order Date.

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Here, Cross Join/Cartesian Product operation will be applied on two tables to get the desired
result.
Customer table contains 3 rows and C_Order table contains 3 rows. The resultant table will
contain 3 x 3 = 9 rows.
Select C_Name, Bal_Due, Contact_No, O_Name, O_Date from Customer, C_Order;
OUTPUT

Limitations of Cross Join operation –


This operation does not include any condition while retrieving data.
It displays some spurious (un-natural) data.
Equi Join
An Equi Join is an operation that combines multiple tables based on equality or matching column
values in the associated tables.
This operation uses the equal sign (=) comparison operator to refer to equality in the WHERE
clause. It returns output only those data that are available in both tables based on the join
condition.
Syntax: Select col_name, col_name, col_name, col_name ……… from table1, table2 where
table1.col_name=table2.col_name;
Example: Retrieve the Customer Name, Balance Due, Order Name and Order Date from
Customer and C_Order tables.
select C_Name, Bal_Due, O_Name, O_Date from Customer, C_Order where
Customer.C_ID=C_Order.C_ID;
Natural Join
Natural join is an SQL join operation that creates a join on the base of the common columns in
the tables. To perform natural join there must be one common attribute (Column) between two
tables. Natural join will retrieve from multiple relations.
Syntax:
SELECT * FROM TABLE1 NATURAL JOIN TABLE2;

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Features of Natural Join
1. It will perform the Cartesian product (but not pure Cartesian product).
2. It finds consistent tuples and deletes inconsistent tuples.
3. Then it deletes the duplicate attributes.
Let’s consider an example.

EMPLOYEE

DEPARTMENT

Example: SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE NATURAL JOIN DEPARTMENT;

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