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RPH Notes PRE MID

BS accountancy (University of Cebu)

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Module 1: RPH Lec 2 COURSE OVERVIEW2: 4. A primary source is more reliable than a
HISTORY, HISTORICAL METHODOLOGY, secondary source
HISTORICALCRITICISM,
5. If a number of independent sources contain
HISTORIOGRAPHY, RELEVANCE,
the same message, the credibility of the
SOURCES OF HISTORICAL NARRATIVES
message is strongly increased.
What is History?
6. If it can be demonstrated that the witness or
the study of past events considered together, source has no direct interest in creating bias
esp. events or developments of a particular then the credibility of the message is
period of time, country, or subject increased.
the study of past events, particularly in human HISTORICAL CRITICISM
affairs
External Criticism is that part of the historical
the study of the past –specifically the people, method which determines the authenticity of
societies, events and problems of the past –as the source
well as our attempts to understand them. It is a
• The first important step is to determine
pursuit common to all human societies
whether the given source is at all admissible as
PAST vs HISTORY evidence, or, in other words, whether the
material is genuine or not.
The past refers to an earlier time, the people
and societies who lived in it and the events that • It is necessary to know at the outset whether
took place. On the other hand, history the chronicle, charter, or relic is in reality what
describes our attempts to research, study and it claims to be
explain the past.
Jose E. Marco (1878?-1963)
HISTORICAL METHODOLOGY
the techniques and guidelines by which
historians use primary sources and other
evidence to study &write historical narratives
HISTORICAL METHODOLOGY
Source criticism: Core Principles
(Olden-Jørgensen (1998) and Thurén (1997)
1. Human sources may be relics such as a
fingerprint; or narratives such as a statement or
a letter. Relics are more credible sources than “We wanted proof of pre Spanish civilization,
narratives. he created it for us. We wanted works of Fr.
Burgos, he manufactured it for us.”
2. Any given source may be forged or
corrupted. Strong indications of the originality HISTORICAL CRITICISM
of the source increase its reliability. Internal Criticism is that part of the historical
3. The closer a source is to the event which it method which determines the historicity of the
describes, the more one can trust it to give an facts contained in the document.
accurate historical description of what actually • weighs the relation of the testimony to
happened. the truth

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• often called Higher Criticism, since it primary sources) and the synthesis of these
deals with more important matter than particulars into a narrative that will stand the
external form test of time
• It is not of absolute necessity that the
document be proven genuine; even
forgeries or documents with truncated WHY?
truths may contain available material
• In order to determine the value of these “Those who cannot remember the past are
facts, the character of the sources, the condemned to repeat it”
knowledge of the author, and the Historical Revisionism vs. Distortion
influences prevalent at the time of
writing must be carefully investigated. SOURCES OF HISTORICAL DATA

What is Historiography? Primary Sources:

● the theory and history of historical • documents or artifacts created by a witness to

writing or participant in an event
● The study of historical method and • can be firsthand testimony or evidence
writing created during the time period that you are
● the writing of history based on the studying • diaries, letters, interviews, oral
critical examination of sources, the histories, photographs, newspaper articles
selection of particular details from the written during the period, legal documents,
authentic materials in those sources, government documents, poems, novels, plays,
and the synthesis of those details into a and music • interviews, surveys, fieldwork, and
narrative that stands the test of critical Internet communications via email, blogs,
examination listservs, and newsgroups are also primary
● The study of how history differs and has sources • the collection and analysis of primary
changed over time is called sources is central to historical research
historiography.
REMEMBER: While there are many digital
primary resources available, the majority of
primary sources have not yet been digitized.
Secondary Sources:
• analyze a scholarly question and often use
primary sources as evidence
• include books and articles about a topic
• may include lists of sources, i.e.
bibliographies, that may lead you to the
primary or secondary sources
• can be articles in newspapers or popular
History vs. Historiography
magazines, book or movie reviews, or articles
History: The chronological sequence of found in scholarly journals that discuss or
significant events from the past evaluate someone else’s original research
Databases help you identify articles in
Historiography: The process of writing history.
scholarly journals or books on a particular
The writing of history is base on the selection
topic.
of particulars from authentic materials (i.e.,

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Newspaper Advertisement Title: Compaňia

Maritima Ad Page/Flyer
• Produced: April 3, 1960
• Produced by: Manila Chronicle
• Intended audience: Manila Chronicle
Public consumers or patrons,
particularly students going on summer
tours
• Why it was written or produced: To sell
shipping and passenger services

Module 1: RPH Lec 3 COURSE OVERVIEW3:

Primary Sources
SOURCES OF HISTORICAL NARRATIVES
PRIMARY SOURCES Historical sources are
materials associated with the past. As
representations of the past, they need to be
evaluated in terms of context and relevance.
Government Document Title: Catálogo
A primary source is a first-hand account of an alfabético de apellidos
event and is considered as the most direct ● Produced: 1849
evidence of history, because they were created ● Produced by: Narciso Clavería
around the time the event happened. They ● Intended Audience: Spanish
have not been modified by interpretation and government officials, native local
offer original thought. These sources are officials
original materials, regardless of form. ● Why it was written or produced: Guide
for assignment of Hispanized surnames
EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY SOURCES to inhabitants of the Philippines during
Map Title: “A Hydrographical and the 19th century
Chorographical Chart of the Philippine Islands”
• Produced: 1734
• Produced by: Fr. Pedro Murillo Velarde
(1696–1753)
• Intended audience: Spanish government
officials, cartographers, and navigators.
• Why it was written or produced: Guide
for military and commercial navigation

Personal Letter/Correspondence Title: Andres

Bonifacio’s Letter to Emilio Jacinto
● Produced: April 24, 1897
● Produced by: Andres Bonifacio, KKK
Supremo

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● Intended Audience: Emilio Jacinto, KKK Ephemera Title: 1891 Real Loteria Filipina
General (Loto Ticket)
● Why it was written or produced: Warning ● Produced: 1891
about the Caviteňo plot to kill Bonifacio ● Produced by: Real Loteria Filipina,
& abolish the KKK Spanish Colonial Administration of the
Philippines
● Intended Audience: Inhabitants of the
Philippines during the Spanish colonial
period
● Why it was written or produced:
Revenue generation for the Spanish
Diary Title: La Revolucion Filipina government in the Philippines
● Produced: 1898-1901
● Produced by: Apolinario Mabini
● Intended Audience: The Filipino People
● Why it was written or produced: His duty
to give his countrymen & accounting of
his activities

Photograph Title: Liberation of the Philippines

(Leyte Landing, Oct. 20, 1944)
● Produced: 1944
● Produced by: Capt. Gaetano Faillace,
U.S. Army Signal Corps
● Intended Audience: United States
Government & the public Ephemera Example: Advertisements,
● Why it was written or produced: Photo Envelopes, Newspaper, Air transport, labels,
documentation of the U. S. Liberation of Flyers, Pamphlets, Art Prints, Greeting Cards,
the Philippines, particularly of the Leyte Paper dolls, Ballots, Guidebooks, Paper
Landing money, Bank Checks, Holiday Cards, Passes,
Baseball Cards, Invitations, Photographs,
Bingo Cards, Layering items, Playing Cards,
Birthday Cards, Leaflets, Postcards, Bond
Certificates, Ledgers, Posters for Events, Book
labels, Letterhead, Stationery, Racing Bibs,
Bookmarks, Envelopes, Receipts, Box, Labels,
Flyers, Scrapbooks, Broadsides, Greeting
Cards, Sheet music, Business Cards, Letters
Stamps, Bus tickets, Library Book Cards, Stock
Certificates, Calendars, Lottery Tickets, Tarot

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cards, Catalogs Letters, Theater Programs, •archives and manuscript material

Bookmarks, Library Book Cards, Ticket Stubs, •photographs, audio recordings, video
Box Labels, Lottery Tickets, Trade Cards, recordings, films
Cardstock, Magazines Certificates, Maps, •journals, letters and diaries
Comic Books, Menus •speeches
•scrapbooks
EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY SOURCES •published books, newspapers and magazine
Speech Title: On the War in the Philippines clippings published at the time
● Produced: January 9, 1900 •government publications
● Produced by: Albert Beveridge •oral histories
● Intended Audience: United States •records of organizations
Senate •autobiographies and memoirs
● Why it was written or produced: To urge •printed ephemera
the U.S. Government to engage in •artifacts, e.g. clothing, costumes, furniture
Imperialism as a necessity by colonizing •research data, e.g. public opinion poll
the Philippines
Module 1: RPH Lec 4 PERIODIZATION of
PHILIPPINE HISTORY
Pre-Hispanic Philippine
Period of Spanish Contacts 1521 & 1542
The Spanish Colonial System in the Philippines
(1565-1898)
The Americanization of Pepe & Pilar
(1898-1946)
The Japanese Occupation (1942-1945)
Post-War Philippines (1946-1965)
The Marcos Era (1965-1986)
The Post-Marcos Era (1986
Manuscript/Govt. Pub. Title: Descripciones con
Planos, y Figuras, de la Capital de Manila,
Puerto de Cavite, Fuerzas de los Pressidios, y
otras Fortificaciones en todo el Distrito de las
Provincias que sugeta el Real Dominio en las
Islas Philipinas (Official copy of a report on
Spanish fortifications in the Philippines)
● Produced: July 5, 1753
● Produced by: Francisco José de
Ovando y Solís, Marqués de Ovando,
Governor- General of the Philippines
● Intended Audience: Spanish
Government; Viceroy of Mexico
● Why it was written or produced:
Documentation of illustrated plans about
the location of all the defensive
fortifications in the Spanish Philippines
during the 18th century

Other Samples of Primary Historical Materials

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