Python Full Course Outline

This Python full course is divided into multiple sections, each covering fundamental concepts
and advanced topics. Each section will include explanations, code examples, and exercises to
reinforce learning.

1. Introduction to Python

 What is Python?
o Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language known for its
simplicity and readability.
o It supports multiple programming paradigms, including procedural, object-
oriented, and functional programming.
 Installing Python
o Download and install Python from python.org.
o Verify installation by running python --version in the command line.
 Running Python Programs
o Interactive mode vs. script mode.
o Writing and executing your first Python script.
 Python IDEs
o Popular IDEs: PyCharm, VS Code, Jupyter Notebook.

2. Basic Syntax and Data Types

 Variables and Data Types

o Variables: Storage for data values.
o Data types: int, float, str, bool, list, tuple, dict, set.
 Basic Operations
o Arithmetic operations: +, -, *, /, %, //, **.
o Comparison operations: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=.
o Logical operations: and, or, not.
 Type Conversion
o Explicit type conversion using int(), float(), str(), etc.

3. Control Flow

 Conditional Statements
o if, elif, else.
o Nested conditions.
 Loops
o for loop.
o while loop.
o Loop control statements: break, continue, pass.

4. Functions

 Defining Functions
o Syntax: def function_name(parameters):.
o Return values with return.
  Function Arguments
o Positional arguments.
o Keyword arguments.
o Default parameters.
o *args and **kwargs.
 Scope and Lifetime of Variables
o Local vs. global variables.

5. Data Structures

 Lists
o Creating lists.
o List operations and methods: append(), extend(), insert(), remove(),
pop(), sort(), reverse().
 Tuples
o Creating tuples.
o Tuple operations.
 Dictionaries
o Creating dictionaries.
o Dictionary operations and methods: keys(), values(), items(), get(),
update(), pop().
 Sets
o Creating sets.
o Set operations and methods: add(), remove(), union(), intersection(),
difference().

6. File Handling

 Reading from a File

o Opening files: open().
o Reading files: read(), readline(), readlines().
 Writing to a File
o Writing files: write(), writelines().
o Using with statement for file operations.

7. Error Handling

 Exceptions
o Handling exceptions with try, except, else, finally.
o Raising exceptions using raise.

8. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

 Classes and Objects

o Defining classes and creating objects.
o __init__ method (constructor).
 Attributes and Methods
o Instance attributes and methods.
o Class attributes and methods.
  Inheritance
o Single and multiple inheritance.
o Method overriding.
 Encapsulation, Abstraction, and Polymorphism
o Private and protected members.
o Abstract classes and methods.

9. Modules and Packages

 Creating and Importing Modules

o Syntax: import module_name and from module_name import
function_name.
 Standard Library Modules
o Using modules like math, os, sys, datetime.
 Creating and Using Packages
o Structure of a package.
o Importing from a package.

10. Advanced Topics

 Decorators
o Function decorators.
o Class decorators.
 Generators and Iterators
o Creating generators using yield.
o Iterator protocol: __iter__() and __next__().
 List Comprehensions
o Syntax and examples.
o Dictionary and set comprehensions.
 Context Managers
o Using with statement.
o Creating custom context managers using __enter__ and __exit__.

11. Libraries and Frameworks

 NumPy
o Arrays and operations.
o Broadcasting.
 Pandas
o DataFrames and Series.
o Data manipulation and analysis.
 Matplotlib
o Plotting data.
o Creating various types of charts.
 Web Frameworks
o Introduction to Django and Flask.
o Building a simple web application.

12. Final Project

  Putting It All Together
o Choose a project that integrates various topics covered in the course.
o Example projects: Web scraper, data analysis project, simple web app.

Detailed Explanations

1. Introduction to Python

What is Python?

Python is a versatile language that can be used for web development, data analysis, artificial
intelligence, scientific computing, and more. Its syntax emphasizes readability and simplicity,
making it an excellent choice for beginners.

Installing Python

To install Python:

1. Go to the official Python website.

2. Download the installer for your operating system.
3. Run the installer and follow the instructions.

Verify the installation:

sh
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python --version

Running Python Programs

 Interactive Mode: Open a terminal and type python to enter the interactive shell
where you can type Python commands directly.
 Script Mode: Write your code in a .py file and run it using:

sh
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python script.py

Python IDEs

Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) like PyCharm and VS Code provide tools and
features to help you write, debug, and run your Python code efficiently.

2. Basic Syntax and Data Types

Variables and Data Types

Variables store data values. Data types specify the kind of value a variable can hold.

python
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x = 5 # int
y = 3.14 # float
name = "John" # str
is_student = True # bool

Basic Operations

Arithmetic operations:

python
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a = 5 + 3 # Addition
b = 5 - 3 # Subtraction
c = 5 * 3 # Multiplication
d = 5 / 3 # Division
e = 5 % 3 # Modulus
f = 5 // 3 # Floor Division
g = 5 ** 3 # Exponentiation

Comparison operations:

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a == b # Equal to
a != b # Not equal to
a > b # Greater than
a < b # Less than
a >= b # Greater than or equal to
a <= b # Less than or equal to

Logical operations:

python
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a and b
a or b
not a

Type Conversion

python
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x = 5 # int
y = str(x) # convert to string
z = float(x) # convert to float

3. Control Flow

Conditional Statements

python
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age = 18
if age >= 18:
print("Adult")
elif age >= 13:
print("Teenager")
else:
 print("Child")

Loops

 For Loop: Iterates over a sequence.

python
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for i in range(5):
print(i)

 While Loop: Repeats as long as a condition is true.

python
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count = 0
while count < 5:
print(count)
count += 1

 Loop Control Statements: Modify loop behavior.

python
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for i in range(10):
if i == 5:
break
if i % 2 == 0:
continue
print(i)

4. Functions

Defining Functions

python
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def greet(name):
return f"Hello, {name}"

print(greet("Alice"))

Function Arguments

 Positional Arguments: Passed in order.

python
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def add(a, b):
return a + b

print(add(3, 4))

 Keyword Arguments: Passed by name.

python
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def introduce(name, age):
print(f"{name} is {age} years old")

introduce(name="Alice", age=25)

 Default Parameters: Provide default values.

python
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def greet(name="Guest"):
return f"Hello, {name}"

print(greet())

 Arbitrary Arguments:

python
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def add(*args):
return sum(args)

print(add(1, 2, 3, 4))

 Keyword Arguments:

python
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def print_info(**kwargs):
for key, value in kwargs.items():
print(f"{key}: {value}")

print_info(name="Alice", age=25, job="Engineer")

Scope and Lifetime of Variables

 Local Variables: Defined within a function.

 Global Variables: Defined outside all functions and can be accessed inside functions
using global keyword.

python
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x = "global"

def foo():
global x
x = "local"

foo()
print(x) # Output: local

5. Data Structures

Lists

Lists are ordered, mutable collections of elements.

python
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fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
fruits.append("orange")
print(fruits)

Tuples

Tuples are ordered, immutable collections of elements.

python
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coordinates = (1, 2)
print(coordinates[0])

Dictionaries

Dictionaries are collections of key-value pairs.

python
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person = {"name": "Alice", "age": 25}
print(person["name"])
person["job"] = "Engineer"
print(person)

Sets

Sets are unordered collections of unique elements.

python
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unique_numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5}
unique_numbers.add(6)
print(unique_numbers)

6. File Handling

Reading from a File

python
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with open('example.txt', 'r') as file:
content = file.read()
print(content)

Writing to a File

python
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with open('example.txt', 'w') as file:
file.write("Hello, World!")

7. Error Handling

Exceptions
python
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try:
x = 10 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Cannot divide by zero")
finally:
print("This will always execute")

8. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

Classes and Objects

python
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class Dog:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age

def bark(self):
return f"{self.name} is barking"

dog = Dog("Buddy", 3)
print(dog.bark())

Inheritance

python
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class Animal:
def speak(self):
return "Animal sound"

class Dog(Animal):
def speak(self):
return "Bark"

dog = Dog()
print(dog.speak())

9. Modules and Packages

Creating and Importing Modules

Create a file mymodule.py:

python
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def greet(name):
return f"Hello, {name}"

Import and use the module:

python
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import mymodule
print(mymodule.greet("Alice"))

10. Advanced Topics

Decorators

python
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def decorator(func):
def wrapper():
print("Something is happening before the function is called.")
func()
print("Something is happening after the function is called.")
return wrapper

@decorator
def say_hello():
print("Hello!")

say_hello()

Generators

python
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def countdown(n):
while n > 0:
yield n
n -= 1

for number in countdown(5):

print(number)

List Comprehensions

python
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squares = [x ** 2 for x in range(10)]
print(squares)

Context Managers

python
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class ManagedFile:
def __init__(self, filename):
self.filename = filename

def __enter__(self):
self.file = open(self.filename, 'w')
return self.file

def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, exc_traceback):

self.file.close()

with ManagedFile('hello.txt') as f:
f.write('Hello, world!')
11. Libraries and Frameworks

NumPy

python
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import numpy as np
array = np.array([1, 2, 3])
print(array)

Pandas

python
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import pandas as pd
data = {'Name': ['Alice', 'Bob'], 'Age': [25, 30]}
df = pd.DataFrame(data)
print(df)

Matplotlib

python
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import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.plot([1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6])
plt.show()

Web Frameworks

Create a simple Flask application:

python
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from flask import Flask
app = Flask(__name__)

@app.route('/')
def home():
return "Hello, Flask!"

if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run(debug=True)

Final Project

Choose a project that integrates various topics covered in the course. Example: Build a web
scraper that fetches data from a website, processes it using Pandas, and visualizes it using
Matplotlib.

By completing this course, you'll have a solid foundation in Python programming, enabling
you to tackle real-world projects and further advance your skills.