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Module 1 - Basic Operation Performed On Independent Variables

Basic Operation performed on Independent Variables

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amrutrock07
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10 views

Module 1 - Basic Operation Performed On Independent Variables

Basic Operation performed on Independent Variables

Uploaded by

amrutrock07
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basic Operations performed on Independent Variable

Time Scaling
Let 𝑥(𝑡) be a CT signal. The signal 𝑦(𝑡) obtained by scaling independent
variable, 𝑡, by a factor ′𝑎′ is given by

𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑎𝑡)

Figure 1.10 demonstrate the concepts of time scaling. Note that,


○ when 𝑎 > 1, 𝑦(𝑡) is the compressed version of 𝑥(𝑡) and
○ if 𝑎 < 1, 𝑦(𝑡) is the expanded version of 𝑥(𝑡).

In case of DT signal, we write

y(𝑛) = 𝑥(𝑎𝑛),

Figure 1.11 demonstrate the concepts of time scaling in DT signals.

Figure 1.10: Time scaling operation performed on CT signal

Figure 1.11: Time scaling operation performed on DT signal

Time Shift or Time Delay/Advancing


Time Shift or Time Delay/Advancing
Let 𝑥(𝑡) be a CT signal. Replacing 𝑡 by 𝑡 + 𝑏 results in a time shifted signal
𝑦(𝑡) defined by

𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡 + 𝑏)

○ If 𝑏 < 0, 𝑥(𝑡) is shifted to right by an amount, 𝑏 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑠.


○ If 𝑏 > 0, 𝑥(𝑡) is shifted to left by 𝑏 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑠.

Figure 1.12, demonstrate the time shift operation for CT signal.

Similarly, for DT signal we write,

𝑦(𝑛) = 𝑥(𝑛 + 𝑏)

Figure 1.13 demonstrate the time shift operation for DT signal.

Figure 1.12: Time shifting operation performed on CT signal

Figure 1.13: Time shifting operation performed on DT signal

Time Reflection/Folding
Time Reflection/Folding
Let 𝑥(𝑡) be a CT signal. The reflected version of 𝑥(𝑡) is obtained by replacing
𝑡 with −𝑡 . The signal 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑥(−𝑡) represents the reflected version of 𝑥(𝑡)
about the vertical axis.

Similarly, for DT signal 𝑥(𝑛). The reflected version of 𝑥(𝑛) is obtained by


replacing 𝑛 with −𝑛. 𝑦(𝑛) = 𝑥(−𝑛) represents the reflected version of 𝑥(𝑛).

The figure 1.14 and 1.15 represents the time reflection operation performed on
CT and DT signal respectively

Figure 1.14: Time reflection operation performed on CT signal

Figure 1.15: Time reflection operation performed on DT signal

If both time shifting and time scaling operation has to be applied on a given signal
𝑥(𝑡). What is the correct sequence to be followed to get the correct result?
Precedence Rule for time-shifting and time-scaling.

Let
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑎𝑡 + 𝑏)

The above relation between 𝑥(𝑡) & 𝑦(𝑡) must satisfy the following
conditions.
𝑦(0) = 𝑥(𝑏)
−𝑏
𝑦 ⎯⎯⎯ = 𝑥(0)
𝑎

In order to satisfy the above condition, first time-shifting is applied to the


signal 𝑥(𝑡) and then followed by time-scaling.

Example
Let us consider a rectangular pulse 𝑥(𝑡) of amplitude 1 and duration
−1 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1. The signal 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑥(−2𝑡 + 3) is obtained from the 𝑥(𝑡) as
demonstrated in the figure 1.16 using the precedence rule.
Figure 1.16: Demonstration of time shift, time scale and time reflection on CT signal

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