DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF IOT BASED FIRE MONITORING AND

PREDICTIVE SYSTEM FOR FIRE OUTBREAK

BY

ADMORE

HEET21

HARUNA

HEET21

A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY,

ZARIA, KADUNA IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE

AWARD OF HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

TECHNOLOGY NUHU BAMALLI POLYTECHNIC ZARIA.

SUPERVISED BY:

ENGR. IBRAHIM B. SHEHU

JANUARY, 2024

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 ABSTRACT

In smart homes and industry's mishap is a spontaneous and uncontrolled occasion wherein an

activity or response of an item, a substance, an individual, or a radiation brings about close to

home damage. There are a few mishaps that occur because of fire especially when the accident

occurs, who and what causes the fire break is always in question. Fire identifiers are utilized to

recognize the fire or smoke, gas leakage and temperature at a beginning time and can help in

sparing lives. IOT based fire monitoring and predictive system has been planned utilizing

temperature, current, voltage sensors and gas/smoke sensor. The system is capable of uploading

the data gotten from the sensors to a database via IOT. The small-scale controller is modified to

turn on the siren when any of the parameters gotten from the sensors and a notification is sent via

telegram when any of the sensor crosses nominal, when the temperature and the smoke arrive at

an edge esteem. Simultaneously, controller sends the information to the Wi-Fi module ESP32.

ESP32 which will then the accompanying information to the IOT site where the database is

created using thinkspeask, where, approved individuals can take fitting measure so as to check

the fire paramters.

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

A fire is a condition of consuming that delivers the blazes and warmth. The fire can possibly

make hurt its inhabitants and serious harm to the property. Mechanical security survey magazine

expresses that there are 25,000 people passed on because of fire mishaps in India in the time of

2001-2014[1]. The harm of structures and loss of human life can be occurred because of fire

mishaps in the enterprises. This present examination endeavors for to discover the staff

characteristics of business factors and work factors that include which prompts fire mishap in the

business. Counteraction of fire mishap and fire hazard level control trouble are expanded step by

step. Putting out fires and observing circumstances are intense today. They concentrate on

improve the science and innovation in opposing fire debacles. They are worried about the use of

new innovation, for example, IOT and remote sensor arrange in putting out fires and observing

field. IOT is truly appropriate for putting out fires with wide degree alongside remote sensor

network [2]. A key part of fire insurance in the business is to build up the wellbeing framework

by utilizing alarm sign to the association by. methods for IOT innovation to the encompassing

territory in the business. The conceivable weighty harms and bothersome expenses on both

condition and network calls for additional improvement of wellbeing methodology and selection

of proper techniques in taking care of dangers in industry and fast activity on standard working

strategy if there should be an occurrence of arrival of risks detected. The fire mishap from Hong

Kong shipyard is a significant episode which passed on to look for regard for the unfathomable

capability of perils like fire blast in term of ruin of human life, their wellbeing and resources and

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enduring effects. The forest fire can be controlled by using IOT based alarm framework is

utilized in all the businesses to keep from the fire mishaps[3].

1.2 BACKGROUND OF PROJECT

A fire mishap has wounds offers to the laborers removed remove an unfortunate casualty's

personal satisfaction to a critical degree. Second and severely charred areas regularly leave awful

scars, and in the event that these scars are promptly clear, at that point the settlement will for the

most part be higher because of enthusiastic harms. Consume wounds can leave an injured

individual with interminable agony or loss of portability too, the two of which will require

progressing exercise based recuperation. It is huge to know the issue condition of fire danger in

the business present to the seriousness of mishap and impact the official measures to control. The

impacts will be experienced if fire will make change state to stifle themselves due any human or

mechanical disappointment causes and straightforwardly influence the human life close by and

working condition. The point of this examination about peril present in condition which can be

lead to fire mishap in the association. The fire mishaps happened in ventures ought to be

distinguished by utilizing this philosophy and reasonable activities in required to control the fire

mishap in the enterprises are should be created. The forest fire risk have to be identified and

provide the solution for fire fighters using the IOT technology the wildlife santituary and the

animal lives in the forest is to be saved [4]. 2. Methodology Iot must be self-contained for search

operation, decision making based on the realtime data or current condition (object detection),

intelligent decision (software program) for the immediate surrounding environment or condition

is to perform the task or mission. 3. Design of Iot IoT systems combine physical and digital

components that collect data from physical devices and deliver actionable, operational insights.

These components include: physical devices, sensors, data extraction and secured

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communication, gateways, cloud servers, analytics, and dashboards [5]. 4. Module Description

There are two mainly components available namely hardware and software components in the

Iot based fire alarm system. 4.1 Smoke Sensor The MQ-2 smoke sensor can identify or quantify

gasses like LPG, liquor, propane, hydrogen, carbon monoxide and even methane (see fig 1).

Fig1. Smoke Sensor Vol 2 Iss 1 Year 2020 A.T. Jeevanandham & P. Sivamurgan /2020 Bull.

Sci. Res. 29-34 | 31. The module form of this sensor accompanies a Digital Pin which makes this

sensor to work even without a microcontroller and that proves to be useful when you are just

attempting to identify one specific gas.

1.3 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The investigations of the cause of fire outbreak can occur in two stages. The first stage is an

investigation of the scene of the fire to establish its origin and cause. The second step is

to conduct laboratory examination on the retrieved samples. Investigations of such incidents

require a systematic approach and knowledge of fire science. These stages are tedious and

difficult methods which most often come up with zero evidence. This project tends to address

this challenge with these stages to come up with sophisticated and most reliable methods of

addressing causes of fire outbreak to aid investigation.

1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The aim and objective of this project work is to design and construct an IOT base fire monitoring

and predictive system for fire outbreak.

The objectives are outlined thus.

1. To design a regulated power supply system.

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 2. To Design and Develop an IoT-based fire predictive system using the ESP32

microcontroller

3. To integrate Sensors to monitor environmental conditions such as temperature, smoke,

gas, current, voltage and flame.

4. To implement a Communication System to send real-time alerts and notifications to users

and emergency services.

5. To develop a Predictive Model to analyze environmental data for early fire hazard

detection.

1.5 SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY

The conventional method of investigating the causes of fire accident in Nigeria is based on

assumption due to improper and unreliably local methods of detecting the cause of fire outburst

which has made it more difficult for most insurance company to have concrete evidence as what

must have been the cause. With the development of this work, the system is not only to notify

user whenever a fire incident is to take place, but it also has a database which can be accessible

via internet at all times when needed.

1.6 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

This system improves safety wherever is being installed. It comprises of sensors which

continuously monitors the input voltage and current of the power supply of the organization it is

being installed, it has a gas and smoke sensor, a temperature sensor and flame sensor. This

system can only be used in homes and small industries as is just limited to few sensors. It has the

ability to notify people around when fire in that particular place of installation of the device is in

occurrence. The system also send a message via mail when any of the sensed signal exceeds it

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threshold automatically. ESP32 wi-fi microcontroller is used as the main brain of the entire

system that receive these analog data, then convert and transmit it to the internet.

1.7 PROJECT MOTIVATION

The high rate of fire accident in homes and industries due to electrical and domestic fault

especially in countries such as Nigeria where there is poor stabilization of its power grid which is

the most causes of fire outbreak and other carelessness. The conventional method of

investigation deployed by the fire fighters organization is too local, this instigated in the

development of this system, whereby the data received from the sensor is being updated on the

internet in real-time, one can easily have access to at will.

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 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter, we will delve into the essentials of fire prediction systems, focusing on the

integration of the ESP32 microcontroller with Internet of Things (IoT) technologies to develop

an effective fire detection and prediction system. We will explore the core concepts of fire

detection, discuss various sensors and technologies, and outline how the ESP32 can be used to

build a robust fire predictive system.

2.2 INTRODUCTION TO FIRE PREDICTION SYSTEMS

Fire prediction systems aim to forecast potential fire incidents before they escalate, enhancing

safety and enabling timely interventions. These systems integrate environmental sensors, data

analysis algorithms, and communication networks to monitor conditions that could indicate the

onset of a fire. Traditional fire detection systems focus on immediate fire detection, while

predictive systems use data trends and environmental conditions to forecast potential fires.

Key Objectives of Fire Prediction Systems:

 Early Detection: Identifying fire risks before an actual fire starts.

 Prevention: Offering actionable insights to prevent fire incidents.

 Safety: Ensuring the safety of people and property.

 Data Analysis: Leveraging data trends to make informed decisions.

2.3 COMPONENTS OF A FIRE PREDICTION SYSTEM

A comprehensive fire prediction system comprises several key components:

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1. Sensors:

o Temperature Sensors: Measure ambient temperature. Sharp increases can

indicate fire risk.

o Current Sensors: Monitor current of the total the mains power supply of the

building.

o Voltage Sensors: Monitor voltage level of the total the mains power supply of the

building.

o Smoke & Gas Detectors(MQ2): Detect the presence of smoke particles and gas.

o Flame Sensors: Identify flammable or toxises associated with fire.

2. Microcontroller Unit (MCU):

o ESP32: A powerful and versatile microcontroller used for processing sensor data

and managing communications.

3. Data Processing Unit:

o Analyzes data from sensors to identify potential fire risks. It may use algorithms

or machine learning models for prediction.

4. Communication Module:

o Wi-Fi/Bluetooth: Enables the system to communicate with external devices or

servers for real-time monitoring and alerts.

5. User Interface:

o Mobile App/Web Interface: Provides users with information, alerts, and control

options.

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 6. Power Supply:

o Ensures the system operates continuously and reliably.

2.4 INTRODUCTION TO ESP32 MICROCONTROLLER

The ESP32 is a popular microcontroller known for its robust performance in IoT applications. It

combines a dual-core processor, integrated Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth capabilities, making it an ideal

choice for fire detection systems.

Features of ESP32:

 Dual-Core Processor: Offers high processing power for complex algorithms.

 Wi-Fi and Bluetooth Connectivity: Supports various communication protocols.

 Multiple GPIO Pins: Allows for the connection of different sensors and actuators.

 Low Power Consumption: Efficient for continuous monitoring.

 Wide Range of Libraries and Community Support: Facilitates development and

troubleshooting.

Common Uses of ESP32 in IoT:

 Home automation

 Environmental monitoring

 Health monitoring

 Industrial automation

2.5 DESIGNING A FIRE PREDICTION SYSTEM WITH ESP32

To design a fire prediction system using the ESP32, follow these steps:

1. Define Requirements:
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 o Identify the specific needs of your fire prediction system, such as the types of

sensors required, the data analysis methods, and the desired user interface

features.

2. Select Sensors:

o Choose sensors based on the parameters you want to monitor. For instance, a

combination of temperature sensors (e.g., DS18B20), humidity sensors (e.g.,

DHT22), smoke detectors (e.g., MQ-2), and gas sensors (e.g., MQ-135) can be

used.

3. Develop Sensor Integration Code:

o Write code to read data from the sensors and process it. Utilize libraries specific

to each sensor for easier integration.

2.6 CASE STUDY: A SIMPLE FIRE DETECTION SYSTEM USING ESP32

Here, we will outline a basic case study for a fire detection system using ESP32:

Scenario: A small office needs a fire detection system to monitor temperature and humidity

levels.

System Design:

 Sensors: DS18B20 (temperature), Current Sensor, MQ2, Voltage Sensor, Flame Sensor

 Microcontroller: ESP32

 Communication: HTTP for sending data to a web server

 User Interface: Web dashboard for viewing data and receiving alerts

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The system successfully detects high temperatures and notifies users through the web interface,

providing a basic yet effective fire prediction mechanism.

2.7 REVIEW OF RELATED WORK

Fire predictive systems leverage IoT technologies to detect early signs of fire, predict potential

fire outbreaks, and improve safety measures. The ESP32 microcontroller is particularly suitable

for these systems due to its integrated Wi-Fi and Bluetooth capabilities, low cost, and versatility

[1].

Sahu, S. K., & Hazarika, (2021). This paper presents a comprehensive IoT-based system for

detecting fire and monitoring gas leaks. The system utilizes various sensors, including

temperature, smoke, and gas sensors, connected to an ESP32 microcontroller. The collected data

is transmitted via Wi-Fi to a cloud-based server for real-time monitoring and alerts. The authors

discuss the system architecture, including sensor integration, data transmission protocols, and

user interface for monitoring alarms and system status.

Giri, A., & Sinha, S (2020). This paper discusses the development of a smart fire detection

system using IoT technology and a wireless sensor network (WSN). The system employs various

sensors, including flame sensors and smoke detectors, which are connected to an Arduino

microcontroller. The data collected by these sensors is communicated to a central server through

a wireless network. The paper details the design considerations, including sensor calibration,

network setup, and data processing.

Patil, V., & Salunke, A. (2020). This study introduces a smart fire detection system that also

detects gas leaks and alerts users through IoT technology. The system combines smoke,

temperature, and gas sensors with an ESP32 microcontroller to create a robust fire detection and
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gas monitoring solution. It includes a real-time alert mechanism that uses both SMS and email

notifications. The paper describes the design process, system components, and the effectiveness

of different sensors for fire and gas detection.

Raj, R., & Kumar, M. (2019). This paper explores an IoT-based fire and gas detection system

designed using the ESP32 microcontroller. The system features a combination of sensors for

detecting smoke, fire, and gas leaks, with data being transmitted to a cloud server for monitoring.

The study focuses on the design and implementation aspects, including the selection of sensors,

the development of the firmware, and the creation of a user interface for real-time alerts.

Kumar, V., & Rani, S (2022). This paper presents the design and development of an IoT-based

fire detection and gas leakage monitoring system. The system integrates fire and gas sensors with

a microcontroller to provide a comprehensive monitoring solution. It discusses the technical

challenges of sensor calibration, data processing, and the implementation of a notification

system. The authors also evaluate the system’s performance in different scenarios.

Patel, A., & Shah, P. (2021). This paper details the design and implementation of a smart fire

detection system integrated with gas monitoring capabilities. Using a combination of

temperature, smoke, and gas sensors, the system transmits data to a cloud-based platform for

analysis and alerts. The paper emphasizes the design of the hardware components, the

development of the IoT framework, and the creation of a user-friendly interface for monitoring

and alerts.

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2.8 PROPOSED SYSTEM

Fire predictive IoT-based systems using the ESP32 offer a promising approach to early fire

detection and risk management. While there are established methods for fire detection,

combining IoT with advanced predictive analytics represents a forward-looking approach to fire

safety. Future research can expand on this foundation by improving predictive models,

optimizing system performance, and exploring new technologies. This can enable fire fighters or

other intelligent agencies carry out investigation at ease, the various data read by the sensors

which are interfaced to the ESP32 microcontroller module are transmitted to the cloud via Wi-Fi,

the information are uploaded on the database via Think-Speak application which is an open

source application. All the information needed are collected from the database before and after

incidence for further review.

2.9 FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS

While the basic fire prediction system outlined in this chapter provides a foundational

understanding, there are several opportunities for future enhancements:

 Advanced Data Analytics: Implement machine learning models for more accurate fire

prediction.

 Integration with Other Systems: Connect with existing fire alarm systems for

automated responses.

 Extended Sensor Suite: Incorporate additional sensors such as flame detectors or air

quality sensors.

 Improved User Interfaces: Develop more advanced mobile apps or web interfaces for

better user experience.

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