1

DAY 1: THE SET OF REAL NUMBERS

 Set – a well-defined collection of distinct objects. It uses a pair of braces { } with words or symbols to describe it.

Ways to Express a Set:

A. Roster Method/Tabular Method – listing of elements.

Examples: 𝑺 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓}
𝑨 = {𝒂, 𝒄, 𝒅, 𝒍, 𝒎, 𝒒, 𝒚 }
𝑩 = {𝑴𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒂, 𝑷𝒉𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒑𝒑𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒔, 𝑻𝒂𝒊𝒘𝒂𝒏, 𝑻𝒉𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒅}

B. Rule Method/Set Builder Notation – giving of criteria for deciding whether an object belongs to a set.
Example: 𝑪 = {𝒙: 𝒙 ∈ ℕ, 𝒙 < 6} or
{𝒙, 𝒔𝒖𝒄𝒉 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒙 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒍𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒏 𝟔}

 Element – an object in a set. It uses the symbol “∈” to represent belongingness and the symbol “∉” to indicate
non-belongingness of an object to a given set.
 Universal Set(𝑼)–a set containing all objects/elements and of which all other sets are subsets.
 Subset – a set of which all elements are contained in another set.
(i) Proper Subset of a Set A(⊂) – a set which contains some but not all of the elements in A. If a set is not
a proper subset of set A, then the symbol “⊄” is used.
(ii) Improper Subset of a Set A(⊆)– a set which contains some or all of the elements in A. It is interpreted
as “a proper subset or is equal to”. If a set is not an improper subset of set A, then the symbol “⊄” is
used.

 Null-Set/Empty Set – a set that contains no elements. It is denoted by { } or ∅.

 Disjoint Sets – sets with no common elements. That is, 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = ∅ if and only if sets A and B are disjoint.
 Equal Sets – sets having the same or identical elements. That is, 𝐴 = 𝐵 if and only if 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵 and 𝐵 ⊆ 𝐴.
 Cardinality of a Set A – refers to the size or number of elements in a set. It is denoted by 𝑛(𝐴).
 Equivalent Sets – sets with the same cardinality. That is, 𝑛(𝐴) = 𝑛(𝐵) if and only if sets A and B are equivalent.

Operations of a set:

1. Union of Sets A and B (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) – a set containing all distinct elements present in sets A and B.
2. Intersection of Sets A and B (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) – a set containing all distinct elements common to both sets A and B.
3. Complement of a Set A – a set containing all distinct elements present in the universal set but not in set A. It is
denoted by 𝑨′ or 𝑨𝒄 .
4. Difference of Sets A and B – a set containing all distinct elements present in set A but not in set B. It is denoted
by 𝑨 \𝑩 or 𝑨 − 𝑩.
 2

The Real Number System

Real Numbers (ℝ)

𝟑 𝟖 𝟏 𝟕 𝟏𝟗
-52, -17, -4, √−𝟏𝟏, − 𝟓, − 𝟐, 0, 𝟖, 𝟏, √𝟐, 2, 𝝅, 𝟔
, √𝟏𝟕, 18, 72

Rational Numbers (ℚ) Irrational Numbers

𝟖 𝟏 𝟕 𝟏𝟗
(ℍ 𝒐𝒓 ℚ𝒄 𝒐𝒓 ℝ − ℍ )
-52, -17, -4, − 𝟓, − 𝟐, 0, 𝟖, 𝟏, 2, 𝟔
, 18, 72
𝟑
√−𝟏𝟏, √𝟐, 𝝅, √𝟏𝟕

Integers (ℤ 𝒐𝒓 𝕁) Non-integer Rational Numbers

(ℤ 𝒐𝒓 𝕁𝒄 𝒐𝒓 ℚ − ℤ 𝒐𝒓 ℚ − 𝕁 )
𝒄
-52, -17, -4, 0,𝟏, 2, 18, 72
𝟖 𝟏 𝟕 𝟏𝟗
− 𝟓, − 𝟐, 𝟖, 𝟔

Whole Numbers (𝕎) Negative Integers (ℤ− 𝒐𝒓 𝕁− 𝒐𝒓 ℤ − 𝕎 𝒐𝒓 𝕁 − 𝕎 )

0,𝟏, 2, 18, 72 -52, -17, -4

Natural Numbers (ℕ) Zero ({𝟎} 𝒐𝒓 𝕎 − ℕ)

𝟏, 2, 18, 72 0

Exercises: Perform the indicated operations on sets of numbers.

𝟓 𝟐 𝟏
A. Given 𝑺 = {𝟏𝟐, 𝟑 , √𝟕, 𝟎, −𝟑𝟖, −√𝟐, 𝟓𝟕𝟏, 𝟑 𝝅, − 𝟏𝟎 , 𝟏𝟔. 𝟑𝟒, 𝟎. 𝟔̅ }. Find the following:
1. ℕ ⋂ 𝑺 3. 𝑺 ⋂ ℍ 5. 𝑺 − ℍ
2. 𝑺 ⋂ ℚ 4. 𝑺 ⋂ ℤ

B. Using the real number system, find the following:

1. ℚ ⋂ ℍ 4. ℝ ⋂ ℍ 7. 𝕁− ⋂ ℤ𝒄
2. ℚ ∪ ℍ 5.ℝ − ℍ 8. ℚ − ℍ
3. ℕ ∪ 𝕎 6. 𝕎 − {𝟎} 9. (ℤ ∪ 𝕎)𝒄
 3

Properties of Real Numbers

Let a, b, and c be real numbers, variables, or algebraic expressions.
1. Closure Property of Addition: 6. Associative Property of Multiplication:
𝑎+𝑏∈ℝ ( 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 ) ∙ 𝑐 = 𝑎 ∙ (𝑏 ∙ 𝑐 )
2. Closure Property of Addition: 7. Distributive Properties:
𝑎∙𝑏 ∈ ℝ 𝑎(𝑏 + 𝑐 ) = 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑐
3. Commutative Property of 8. Additive Identity Property:
Addition: 𝑎+0 =𝑎
𝑎+𝑏=𝑏+𝑎 9. Multiplicative Identity Property:
4. Commutative Property of 𝑎∙1=𝑎
Multiplication: 10. Additive Inverse Property:
𝑎∙𝑏=𝑏∙𝑎 𝑎 + (−𝑎) = 0
5. Associative Property of Addition: 11. Multiplicative Inverse Property:
(𝑎 + 𝑏 ) + 𝑐 = 𝑎 + (𝑏 + 𝑐 ) 1
𝑎 ( ) = 1, 𝑎 ≠ 0
𝑎
Properties of Equality of Real Numbers
Let 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ ℝ, then the following properties are valid:
1. Reflexive Property: 𝑎=𝑎
2. Symmetric Property: if 𝑎 = 𝑏, then 𝑏 = 𝑎
3. Transitive Property: if 𝑎 = 𝑏 and 𝑏 = 𝑐, then 𝑎 = 𝑐
4. Addition Property: if 𝑎 = 𝑏 then 𝑎 + 𝑐 = 𝑏 + 𝑐
5. Multiplication Property: if 𝑎 = 𝑏 then 𝑎𝑐 = 𝑏𝑐
6. Cancellation Law for Multiplication: if 𝑎𝑐 = 𝑏𝑐 and 𝑐 ≠ 0, then 𝑎 = 𝑏
7. Substitution Property: if 𝑎 = 𝑏, then a can be replaced by b in any
statement involving a.

INTEGER EXPONENTS

Definition: Exponential Notation

If a is a real number and n is a positive integer, then
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑎 ∙ 𝑎 ∙ … ∙ 𝑎 (𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎)
where n is called the exponent, a is called the base, and 𝑎𝑛 is called the nth power of a.

Laws of Exponents

Let a and b be real numbers, variables, or algebraic expressions. And let m and n be rational
numbers.
1. 𝒂𝒏 𝒂𝒎 = 𝒂𝒏+𝒎 (𝑥 4 )5 = 𝑥 4∙5 = 𝑥 20
Ex: 23 ⋅ 22 = 23+2 = 25 = 32 3. (𝒂𝒃)𝒏 = 𝒂𝒏 𝒃𝒏
2. (𝒂𝒏 )𝒎 = 𝒂𝒏𝒎 Ex: (2𝑥)5 = 25 ∙ 𝑥 5 = 32𝑥 5
3 2 3∙2 6 (𝑥 2 𝑦 4 )3 = (𝑥 2 )3 (𝑦 4 )3 = 𝑥 6 𝑦 12
Ex: (2 ) = 2 = 2 = 64
 4

𝒂𝒏−𝒎 , 𝒊𝒇 𝒏 > 𝒎 2 5 25 32
𝒂𝒏 𝟏
Ex: (3) = 35 = 243
4. = { 𝒂𝒏−𝒎 , 𝒊𝒇 𝒏 < 𝒎 3 3
𝒂𝒎 𝑥4 𝑧2 (𝑥4 𝑧2 ) 𝑥12 𝑧6
𝟏, 𝒊𝒇 𝒏 = 𝒎 ( 3 ) = 3 =
𝑦 (𝑦3 ) 𝑦9
𝑥6
Ex: 𝑥 2 = 𝑥 6−2 = 𝑥 4 𝟏 𝟏 𝒏
6. 𝒂−𝒏 = 𝒂𝒏 = (𝒂)
1 1
𝒂 𝒏 𝒂𝒏 Ex: 4−2 = 42 = 16
5. (𝒃) = 𝒃𝒏 , where 𝒃 ≠ 𝟎
7. 𝒂𝟎 = 𝟏, 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒂 ≠ 𝟎
Ex: 60 = 1

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Exercise: Simplify the following exponential expressions. Assume that the variables have
positive values.

2 4
7𝑥 5 (20𝑎2 𝑏3 𝑐 4 )(2𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐)
1.( ) 4.
8𝑤 3 𝑦 4 𝑧 6 (23 𝑎𝑏𝑐)(4𝑎𝑏4 𝑐 2 )

2
2 −3 2𝑥 3 𝑦2 4𝑦𝑧 3
2. (6𝑟 −3/4 𝑧 5 ) (45𝑟 2/3 𝑧 −1 ) 5. ( ) ( )
4𝑦 3 𝑧 3𝑧 3

2
(2𝑥𝑦)−2 (3𝑥 −2 𝑦) 2−3 − 40
3. 6.
(6𝑥𝑦)−3 4−1 + 2

DAY 2: ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

- is a constant, a variable, or a combination of constants and variables connected by a

finite number of fundamental operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
division) including raising to a power and extraction of a root.
 Constant
- isa symbol whose value does not change.
 Variable
- is a symbol that takes on different values.
 Algebraic Term
- Is that part of an algebraic expressions separated by plus or minus sign with sign
included.
 5

POLYNOMIALS

- is an algebraic expression of one or more terms each of which is a product of constants and
variables, where each variable is raised to a nonnegative integral exponents.

 Monomial
- is a polynomial of one term.
 Binomial
- is a polynomial of two terms.
 Trinomial
- is a polynomial of three terms.
 Degree of Monomial
- Is the sum of the exponents of its literal coefficients.
 Degree of Polynomial
- Is the highest degree of its monomial terms.
If the terms of a polynomial are arranged from lowest to highest degree, the polynomial is
said in ascending order, otherwise it is descending order.

Standard Form of Polynomials in One Variable:

The standard form of a polynomial of nth degree in one variable is written as
𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑛−2 + ⋯ + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0
where 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , . . . , 𝑎𝑛 are real numbers (𝑎 ≠ 0) and 𝑛 is nonnegative integer. We call 𝑎𝑛 the leading
coefficient and 𝑎0 the constant term.

OPERATIONS ON POLYNOMIALS
I. Addition and Subtraction

Examples:
Simplify the following by removing the grouping symbols and then combining similar terms.
1. 4 − [3(2𝑥 + 3) − 6] + 5(3𝑦 − 2)
2. (11𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1) + (9𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 6)
3. (7𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 3) − (3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 1)
4. 3(5𝑎 − 2𝑏 + 1) − (7𝑏 + 4𝑐 − 2)
5. 11𝑚 − 9𝑛 + 3(𝑚 − 𝑝 + 2) − (7𝑝 − 2𝑛 − 3)

Working Exercises:

A. Remove symbols of grouping and simplify.

1. 2[4(𝑥 − 𝑦) + 3𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1)]
2. {2𝑘 (𝑛 + 𝑏)} − 3𝑛(𝑘 + 7) + 2(𝑘𝑏 − 5𝑛)
 6

3. {𝑢 (6 + 𝑣)} + 5𝑣 (−𝑢 + 𝑤) − {2(𝑢 + 3𝑣𝑤)}

4. 10𝑥 2 − 2 − {5𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 + 3 − [4𝑦 − 3𝑥 + (7𝑥 − 5𝑦 − 9)]}
5. 8 + 5{2[3(𝑥 − 4𝑦) + 2(2𝑥 + 8)] − 3[𝑥(9𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 6)] − 2𝑦 − 𝑥 }

B. Perform as indicated.
1. Add the polynomials 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 9𝑦 2 and 4𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦.
2. Add the polynomials 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 9𝑦 2 , 7𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑦, and 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 5𝑦 2.
3. Find the sum of 51𝑟 2 − 2𝑠 2 − 15𝑠 , 8𝑠 2 + 6𝑟 2 − 𝑟 and −12𝑟 2 + 5𝑟 + 13.
4. Subtract 3𝑘 2 𝑧 + 𝑘𝑧 + 7𝑧 2 − 10 to 𝑘 2 𝑧 − 2𝑘𝑧 − 9𝑧 2
5. Subtract −6𝑎2 + 7𝑏2 − 8𝑏 from 13𝑏2 − 4𝑎2 + 𝑏.
6. Subtract 4𝑎3 − 8𝑎2 𝑏 + 7𝑎𝑏2 − 12𝑏3 from the sum of 8𝑎3 − 2𝑎2 𝑏 + 10𝑎𝑏2 + 2𝑏3 and
3𝑎3 − 2𝑎2 𝑏 − 3𝑎𝑏2 + 22𝑏3 .

II. Multiplication and Division

 Finding a Product using FOIL Method

(𝑢 + 𝑣)(𝑤 + 𝑧) = 𝑢𝑤 + 𝑢𝑧 + 𝑣𝑤 + 𝑣𝑧
-Multiply the First terms of the binomials.
-Multiply the Outer terms of the binomials.
-Multiply the Inner terms of the binomials.
-Multiply the Last terms of the binomials.

 Finding a Product using Vertical Arrangement

𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑓

 Special Product
- Sum and Difference of the same term:
(𝒖 + 𝒗)(𝒖 − 𝒗) = 𝒖𝟐 − 𝒗𝟐
- Square of a Binomial:
(𝒖 + 𝒗)𝟐 = 𝒖𝟐 + 𝟐𝒖𝒗 + 𝒗𝟐
(𝒖 − 𝒗)𝟐 = 𝒖𝟐 − 𝟐𝒖𝒗 + 𝒗𝟐
- Cube of a Binomial:
(𝒖 + 𝒗)𝟑 = 𝒖𝟑 + 𝟑𝒖𝟐 𝒗 + 𝟑𝒖𝒗𝟐 + 𝒗𝟑
(𝒖 − 𝒗)𝟑 = 𝒖𝟑 − 𝟑𝒖𝟐 𝒗 + 𝟑𝒖𝒗𝟐 − 𝒗𝟑

Examples: Find the following products.

1
1. (3𝑥 3 𝑦 2 )(−2𝑥 2 𝑦) (2 𝑦 2 )
2. (3𝑥 2 𝑦)(2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 − 𝑦 2 )
3. (3𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2)
4. (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2)(2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1)
5. ( 𝑥 + 1)2
 7

 Division of Polynomials
- Long Division Method and Synthetic Method

Examples:
4𝑎4 + 18𝑎3 − 𝑎
1.
2𝑎
2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 14
2.
𝑥−2
𝑦 3 − 3𝑦 2 − 𝑦 + 9
3.
𝑦−2
𝑧 3 − 27
4.
𝑧−3

Working Exercises:

I. Find the following products.

1. −3𝑚2 (𝑚2 − 13𝑚 + 20) 5. (𝑎 + 𝑏)4
2. (2𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 2) 6. (5𝑥 − 4𝑦)(3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 1)
3. (3𝑤 + 2)(𝑤 − 4) 7. 4𝑎2𝑥 (2𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑦 − 1)
4. (2𝑝 − 𝑞)(𝑝 − 2𝑞) 8. (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)(2𝑥 − 𝑧 + 𝑦)

II. Find the product using special product formulas.

1. (3𝑎 + 4𝑏)2 1 3
6. (1 + )
2. (2𝑚 + 𝑛)(2𝑚 − 𝑛) 𝑠
1 1
3. (4𝑘 − 1)3 7. (𝑛 − 3) (𝑛 + 3)
4. (5𝑢 − 3𝑣)2 8. (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )
5. (𝑥 2 + 1)2

III. Find the following quotients.

6𝑥 2 + 13𝑥 + 8
1.
3𝑥 − 4
42𝑥 3 + 46𝑥 2 − 22𝑥 + 30
2.
6𝑥 + 10
𝑥3 − 1
3.
𝑥−1
2𝑥 5 − 2𝑥 4 − 15𝑥 3 + 13𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 + 27
4.
𝑥−3
 8

DAY 3: FACTORING

Factoring - is the process of finding expressions which when multiplied together will give the given
product.

Here are some methods of factoring.

Method 1: Factoring Polynomial with Common Factor

𝒂𝒖 + 𝒂𝒗 = 𝒂(𝒖 + 𝒗)

Example: Factor the following expressions completely.

1. 8𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 = 4𝑥(2𝑥 − 1)
2. 𝑎𝑚 + 𝑏𝑚 + 𝑐𝑚 = 𝑚(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 )
3. 6𝑥𝑦 2 + 8𝑥 2 𝑦 − 3𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦(6𝑦 + 8𝑥 − 3)
4. 28𝑥 4 𝑦 3 𝑧 2 − 36𝑥 2 𝑦 3 𝑧 + 8𝑥 3 𝑦 2
5. 𝑥(𝑦 + 1) + 𝑧(𝑦 + 1)

Method 2: Factoring Difference of Two Squares

𝒖𝟐 − 𝒗𝟐 = (𝒖 + 𝒗)(𝒖 − 𝒗)

Example: Factor the following expressions completely.

1. 4𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = (2𝑥 )2 − (𝑦)2 = (2𝑥 + 𝑦)(2𝑥 − 𝑦)
2. 16𝑚2 − 9𝑛2 = (4𝑚)2 − (3𝑛)2 = (4𝑚 + 3𝑛)(4𝑚 − 3𝑛)
1 1 2 1 1
3. − 𝑤 2 = ( ) − (𝑤 )2 = ( − 𝑤) ( + 𝑤)
144 12 12 12
2 2
4. (𝑟 + 𝑠) − 4𝑡
5. 𝑝4 − 1

Method 3: Factoring Sum and Difference of Two Cubes:

𝒖𝟑 + 𝒗𝟑 = (𝒖 + 𝒗)(𝒖𝟐 − 𝒖𝒗 + 𝒗𝟐 )
𝒖𝟑 − 𝒗𝟑 = (𝒖 − 𝒗)(𝒖𝟐 + 𝒖𝒗 + 𝒗𝟐 )

Example: Factor the following expressions completely.

1. 𝑥 3 + 8𝑦 3 = (𝑥 )3 + (2𝑦)3
= (𝑥 + 2𝑦)[(𝑥)2 − (𝑥)(2𝑦) + (2𝑦)2 ]
= (𝑥 + 2𝑦)(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 2 )

2. 𝑣 3 − 1 = (𝑣)3 − (1)3
= (𝑣 − 1)[(𝑣)2 + (𝑣)(1) + (1)2 ]
= (𝑣 − 1)(𝑣 2 + 𝑣 + 1)
 9

3. 27𝑏3 − 125𝑐 3 = (3𝑏)3 − (5𝑐 )3

= (3𝑏 − 5𝑐 )[(3𝑏)2 + (3𝑏)(5𝑐 ) + (5𝑐)2 ]
= (3𝑏 − 5𝑐)(9𝑏2 + 15𝑏𝑐 + 25𝑐 2 )
4. 64 − 𝑦 3 𝑧 3
8
5. 1 +
𝑥3

Method 4: Factoring Perfect Square Trinomial:

𝒖𝟐 + 𝟐𝒖𝒗 + 𝒗𝟐 = (𝒖 + 𝒗)(𝒖 + 𝒗) = (𝒖 + 𝒗)𝟐
𝒖𝟐 − 𝟐𝒖𝒗 + 𝒗𝟐 = (𝒖 − 𝒗)(𝒖 − 𝒗) = (𝒖 − 𝒗)𝟐

Example: Factor the following expressions completely.

1. 𝑝2 + 4𝑝𝑞 + 4𝑞 2 = (𝑝)2 + 2(𝑝)(2𝑞) + (2𝑞)2 = (𝑝 + 2𝑞)2
2. 9𝑎2 + 30𝑎𝑏 + 25𝑏2 = (3𝑎)2 + 2(3𝑎)(5𝑏) + (5𝑏)2 = (3𝑎 + 5𝑏)2
3. 81𝑦 2 − 18𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧 2 = (9𝑦)2 − 2(9𝑦)(𝑧) + (𝑧)2 = (9𝑦 − 𝑧)2
4. 4𝑦 2 + 12𝑦𝑧 + 9𝑧 2
5. 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2 + 1

Method 5: Factoring General Trinomial

𝒙𝒖𝟐 + 𝒚𝒖𝒗 + 𝒛𝒗𝟐 = (𝒂𝒖 + 𝒃𝒗)(𝒄𝒖 + 𝒅𝒗)
where 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑐, 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐, and 𝑧 = 𝑏𝑑. Basically, this method is also known as the “Trial and Error Method”
in determining the values of 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 and 𝑑.

Example: Factor the following expressions completely.

1. 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥𝑦 + 15𝑦 2 = (𝑥 + 5𝑦)(𝑥 + 3𝑦)
2. 2𝑢2 + 9𝑢𝑣 − 18𝑣 2 = (𝑢 + 6𝑣)(2𝑢 − 3𝑣)
3. 4𝑦 2 − 35𝑦 + 49 = (4𝑦 − 7)(𝑦 − 7)
4. 9𝑚2 + 80𝑚𝑛 − 9𝑛2
5. 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 9

Method 7: Factoring the Cube of a Binomial

𝒖𝟑 + 𝟑𝒖𝟐 𝒗 + 𝟑𝒖𝒗𝟐 + 𝒗𝟑 = (𝒖 + 𝒗)𝟑
𝒖𝟑 − 𝟑𝒖𝟐 𝒗 + 𝟑𝒖𝒗𝟐 − 𝒗𝟑 = (𝒖 − 𝒗)𝟑

Example: Factor the following expressions completely.

1. 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 = (𝑥)3 + 3(𝑥)2 (1) + 3(𝑥 )(1)2 + 13 = (𝑥 + 1)3
2. 8𝑥 3 + 60𝑥 2 + 150𝑥 + 125 = (2𝑥)3 + 3(2𝑥 )2 (5) + 3(2𝑥)(5)2 + (5)3 = (2𝑥 + 5)3
3. 𝑘 3 − 9𝑘 2 + 27𝑘 − 27 = (𝑘 )3 − 3(𝑘)2 (3) + 3(𝑘)(3)2 − (3)3 = (𝑘 − 3)3
4. 27𝑥 3 − 54𝑥 2 + 36𝑥 − 8
5. 𝑎6 − 3𝑎4 𝑏 + 3𝑎2 𝑏2 − 𝑏3
 10

Method 7: Factoring by Grouping

Example: Factor the following expressions completely.

1. 𝑝𝑚 + 6𝑝𝑛 − 7𝑚 − 42𝑛 = (𝑝𝑚 + 6𝑝𝑛) − (7𝑚 + 42𝑛)

= 𝑝(𝑚 + 6𝑛) − 7(𝑚 + 6𝑛)
= (𝑚 + 6𝑛)(𝑝 − 7)
2. 15𝑥𝑦 − 10𝑦 + 6𝑥 − 4 = (15𝑥𝑦 − 10𝑦) + (6𝑥 − 4)
= 5𝑦(3𝑥 − 2) + 𝑥(3𝑥 − 2)
= (3𝑥 − 2)(5𝑦 + 𝑥)
3. 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1 − 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) − 𝑦 2
2 2

= (𝑥 + 1)2 − (𝑦)2
= (𝑥 + 1 + 𝑦)(𝑥 + 1 − 𝑦)
2 2
4. 9𝑥 − 𝑦 − 4𝑦 − 4
5. 2𝑛𝑥 + 8𝑛𝑦 + 3𝑥 − 3𝑧 + 12𝑦 − 2𝑛𝑧

Method 8: Factoring by Completing a Perfect Square

This method begins by adding and subtracting a suitable term to complete the square. After
completing the square, an algebraic expression factorable by this method is written in the form 𝑢2 −
𝑣2 .

Example: Factor the following expressions completely.

1. 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 4 = (𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 4 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 ) − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2
= (𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 4 ) − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2
= (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2 − (𝑥𝑦)2
= (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦)(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦)
2. 4𝑎4 + 3𝑎2 𝑏2 + 9𝑏4 = (4𝑎4 + 3𝑎2 𝑏2 + 9𝑏4 + 9𝑎2 𝑏2 ) − 9𝑎2 𝑏2
= (4𝑎4 + 12𝑎2 𝑏2 + 9𝑏4 ) − 9𝑎2 𝑏2
= (2𝑎2 + 3𝑏2 )2 − (3𝑎𝑏)2
= (2𝑎2 + 3𝑏2 + 3𝑎𝑏)(2𝑎2 + 3𝑏2 − 3𝑎𝑏)

3. 𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 16𝑦 4
4. 4𝑎4 + 𝑏4
 11

Working Exercises:

Factor each expression completely:

1. 21𝑥 3 − 14𝑥 2 + 63𝑥 20. 𝑥 4 + 4
2. 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1 21. 2𝑚2 + 6𝑚 + 4
3. 6𝑥 4 𝑦 + 12𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 3𝑥𝑦 22. 1 − 𝑥 6
4. 𝑘 2 + 11𝑘 + 18 23. 𝑎ℎ + 6𝑎𝑥 + 2ℎ + 12𝑥
5. 𝑥 3 + 64 24. 8𝑠 6 − 𝑡 9 𝑢3
6. 2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 3 25. 8𝑚𝑛 − 12𝑛 + 15 − 10𝑚
7. 25 − 𝑦 2 26. 𝑎2 − 13𝑎 + 40
8. 𝑎2 + 8𝑎 + 16 27. 𝑥 3 − 8𝑦 6
9. 4𝑚2 − 4𝑚 − 8 28. 8𝑛3 − 36𝑛2 + 54𝑛 − 27
1
10. 4 𝑐 2 − 𝑑 2 29. 16𝑐 4 𝑑 4 − 121
30. 9 − (𝑚 − 𝑛)2
11. 𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2 + 27𝑥 + 27
31. 9𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 6𝑦 − 9
12. 𝑥 2𝑘+2 − 𝑦 2𝑘+2
32. 125 − 8𝑦 3
13. 𝑏2 − 𝑏 − 20
33. 16𝑥 2 − 72𝑥𝑦 + 81𝑦 2
14. 𝑚2𝑥 − 𝑛2𝑦
34. 100𝑧 2 − 180𝑧 + 81
15. 9𝑥 5 𝑦 4 𝑧 4 − 24𝑥 3 𝑦 4 𝑧 3 + 27𝑥 4 𝑦 3 𝑧
35. 5(𝑥 + 𝑦) − 𝑎(𝑥 + 𝑦)
16. 𝑟 6 − 64
36. 9𝑥 2 − 6𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 − 16
17. 49𝑢2 − 14𝑢𝑣 + 𝑣 2
37. 32𝑥 2 𝑣 − 129𝑥 3 𝑛 + 48𝑥 4 − 8𝑥𝑛𝑣
18. 𝑎3 − 27𝑏3
38. 2𝑎𝑥 + 4𝑎𝑦 + 3𝑥 − 3𝑧 + 6𝑦 − 2𝑎𝑧
19. 6𝑥 3 − 15𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 5
 12

DAY 4: RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS

An algebraic fraction, which is also called a rational expression, is the ratio or quotient
of two polynomials.
𝑥+5 5
Examples: 1) 2)
𝑥 2 +2𝑥+1 3𝑥+7
Note: The denominator of a rational expression cannot be equal to 0 since division by 0
is undefined. So, whenever we have a rational expression containing a variable in
the denominator, we always assume that the value or values of the variable that
make the denominator 0 are excluded.

Properties and Operations of Rational Numbers

Let a, b, c and d be any real numbers, variables, or algebraic expressions such that
𝑏 ≠ 0and 𝑑 ≠ 0.
𝒂 𝒄
 Equivalent Fractions: = if and only if 𝒂𝒅 = 𝒃𝒄
𝒃 𝒅
𝒂 −𝒂 𝒂 −𝒂 𝒂
 Rules of signs: − = = and =
𝒃 𝒃 −𝒃 −𝒃 𝒃
𝒂 𝒂𝒄
 Generate Equivalent Fractions: = ,c0
𝒃 𝒃𝒄
𝒂 𝒄 𝒂±𝒄
 Add or Subtract with similar denominator: ± =
𝒃 𝒃 𝒃
𝒂𝒅±𝒃𝒄 𝒂 𝒄
 Add or Subtract with dissimilar denominator: ± =
𝒃 𝒅 𝒃𝒅
𝒂 𝒄 𝒂𝒄
 Multiply Fractions: ∙ =
𝒃 𝒅 𝒃𝒅
𝒂 𝒄 𝒂 𝒅 𝒂𝒅
 Divide Fractions: ÷ = ∙ = , c0
𝒃 𝒅 𝒃 𝒄 𝒃𝒄

Reduction of Rational Expressions to Lowest Terms

Cancellation Law for Fraction
- This is the process of taking out the common factor from both the numerator
and the denominator of a fraction.
Examples:

4 x2 y4 4 x2 y4 1
1. = - = -
12 x 4 y 5 4 (3) x 2 x 2 y 4 y 3 x2 y

4x 2 - y 2 (2x + y) (2x - y) 2x + y
2. = =
4ax - 2ay 2a (2x - y) 2a
 13

Exercise:
Simplify the following and write the answer in lowest terms.

−20𝑚4𝑛2
1.
18𝑚𝑛6

𝑥+1
2.
𝑥 2 +2𝑥+1

4𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
3.
2𝑥 2 −𝑥𝑦

𝑎2 +𝑎𝑏−42𝑏2
4.
𝑎2 +3𝑎𝑏−28𝑏2

2𝑥−3
5.
2𝑥(𝑥+5)−3(𝑥+5)

𝑚3 −27𝑛3
6.
9𝑛2 −𝑚2
 14

Multiplication and Division of Rational Expressions

To Multiply Rational Expressions

1) Factor all numerators and denominators completely.
2) Divide out common factors.
3) Multiply numerators together and multiply denominators together

To Divide Rational Expressions

Just get the reciprocal of the divisor (the second fraction) then multiply.

Examples:

Solve for the product. Write the answer in lowest term.

x 2  2x  1 x 2 - 4 (x  1)(x  1) (x  2) (x - 2)
1.     (x  1) (x - 2)  x 2 - x - 2
x 1 x2 x 1 x2

4x 3  xy 2 2  xy x (2x  y)(2x  y) 5(3x  1)

2.  2x    5(2x  y)  10 x  5y
3x  1 15x  5 3x  1 x ( 2 x  y)

x 2  4xy  3y 2 (x - y) 2 x  3y (x  3y) (x  y) (x - y)(x - y) x  3y

3.       x3y
2
x -y 2
x  3y x-y ( x  y) (x - y) x  3y x-y

x 3 - 2x 2 y  xy 2 2 - y - 3y 2
4.  2 2  x  xy
8 - 27y 3 x -y x 3 - y3

x (x - y) 2 (2 - 3y) (1  y) (x - y) (x 2  xy  y 2 ) (x - y) 2 (x 2  xy  y 2 )
=   
(2 - 3y) (4  6y  9y 2 ) ( x  y) (x - y) x (1  y) (x  y) (4  6y  9y 2 )

Try to answer number 5 and number 6:

2x 2 - x - 1 3
5.  2 
6x  3 x -1

3x 2  11x  6 3x  2
6.  
x 9
2
2x - 6
 15

Exercises
Direction: Perform the following operations and answer in lowest terms. Show your solution.

x 2 - 16 8x
1. 
4x x-4

4x 2 - 12x 2x  6
2.  2
2x - 1 4x - 1

y2 - 4 3y  6
3.  2
y  4y  4 y  2y - 8
2

x9 - x7 y4
4. 
x5y2 x3y - x2y

2x  5 9x 2  1 6x  15
5.  
6x 2  2x 2x 2  8x 12x 3  48x 2

The Least Common Multiple (LCM)

The Least Common Multiple (L.C.M.) of two numbers or polynomials is the lowest number or polynomial
that can be divided (or divisible) by the two given numbers or polynomials. It can be used to find the least
common denominator (LCD) when adding or subtracting fractions of different denominators.

Example:

Multiples of 6: 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54

Multiples of 8: 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72

Common Multiples are 24 and 48

Hence, the Least common multiple (LCM) of 6 and 8 is 24. And 24 is the smallest number that is both
divisible by 6 and 8.

To find the Least Common Multiple (LCM)

1) Factor each given number or polynomials completely. Any factors that occur more than once should be
written as powers. For example, (x + 2)(x+2) should be written as (x + 2) 2.
2) List all different factors (other than 1) that appear in any of the given numbers or polynomials. If there
are the same factors in more than one given, then write that factor with the highest exponent that it
appears.
3) The LCM is the product of all the factors listed in step 2.
 16

Examples:

1) Find the LCM of 4, 6, and 8

Step 1.
a) 4 = 2 (2) = 22
b) 6 = 3 (2) = 31(21)
c) 8 = 2 (2) (2) = 23

Step 2. 2 3 , 31
Step 3. (23)( 31) = (8)(3) = 24

Therefore, the LCM of 4,6, and 8 is 24.

2. Find the LCM of 10, 8, and 4.

a) 10 = 5 (2)
b) 8 = (2) (2) (2) = 23
c) 4 = (2) (2) = 22

LCM = 5 (23) = 5(8) = 40

3. Find the LCM of 4x2 , x2- 9 , 2x , x2+6x+9

Step 1.

a. 4x2 = 22x2
b. x2- 9 = (x – 3)(x + 3)
c. 2x = 2x
d. x2+6x+9 = (x +3)2

Step 2. 22 , x2 , (x – 3) , (x + 3)2

Step 3. ( 22 )( x2 ) (x – 3)(x + 3)2 = (4x3-12x2)(x+3)2

Therefore, the LCM of 4x2 , x2- 9 , 2x , x2+6x+9 is (4x3-12x2)(x+3)2.

Try to solve number 4 and number 5.

4. Find the LCM of x – 2 , x+2, x2 – 4.

5. Find the LCM of 9x3 , 3xy2 , 6x2y4.

 17

Addition and Subtraction of Rational Expressions

Case 1. Rational Expressions with the same Denominator

a b ab a b ab
  ,c0 ;   ,c0
c c c c c c

To add and subtract rational expressions with the same denominator

1) Copy the common denominator.
2) Add or subtract the numerators.
3) Simplify the fraction if it is possible.

Examples:

3 1 3 1
1.  
7 7 7
x 2
2x 3 x 2  2x  3 (x  3)(x - 1)
2.      x 1
x 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 ( x  3)

Case 2. Rational Expressions with different Denominators

To add and subtract rational expressions with different denominators

1) Find the least common denominator (LCD). To find it, simply list or consider all the different
denominators.
2) Find the LCM of these denominators. The LCM is now the LCD.
3) Divide the LCD by the denominator of the first fraction.
4) Multiply the numerator of the first fraction with the quotient in step 3.
5) Perform step 3 and step 4 with the rest of the fractions.
6) Copy the common denominator.
7) Add or subtract the numerators.
8) Simplify the fraction if it is possible.

Examples:

5 2 1 6(5) 4(2) 3(1) 6(5)  4(2)  3(1) 30  8  3 41 5

1.         1
6 9 12 36 36 36 36 36 36 36

6 = 3(2)
9 = 3(3) = 32
12 = (2)(2)(3) = 22(3)

LCM = (32)(22) = 9(4) = 36 = LCD

7 3 2 7(3x) 3(12x) 2(4) 21x  36x  8 57 x  8

2.  - 2     
4x x 3x 12x 2 12x 2 12x 2 12x 2 12x 2
 18

3x  4y 4xy (x - 2y) (3x  4y)  1 (4xy) - 2(x 2 - 4y 2 )

3.  2 - 2 
x  2y x - 4y 2 ( x  2y) (x - 2y)

3x 2 - 2xy - 8y 2  4xy - 2x 2  8y 2 x 2  2xy

 
(x  2y) (x - 2y) (x  2y)(x - 2y)

x(x  2y) x
 
( x  2 y)(x - 2y) x - 2y

5 y 2y 5 y 2y
4.   2   
1 y 1- y 2
y 1 1 y 1- y 2
- (1 - y 2 )

5 y 2y 5(1 - y)  1(y) - 1(2y)

  -  ; where: 1 - y 2  (1  y)(1 - y)
1  y 1 -y 1 - y
2 2
1 y 2

5 - 5y  y - 2y 5 - 6y
 
1 y2 1- y2

Exercises

Direction: Perform the following operations and answer in lowest terms.

a c ab
1. -  = __________________________
b d d2

2a 3a 2
2. - a = __________________________
a  2 a -1

2 1 2a  3
3. - - = __________________________
3a 2b 6a 2

3x 7x 8x 3
4. - -  = __________________________
5 4 5 10

3 2
5. 2 2
- = __________________________
m -n n-m

n - m n 2  m2 n2
6.  - = __________________________
n  m (n  m) 2 (n  m) 2
 19

Complex Fractions

A Complex Fraction is one that has a fraction in its numerator or its denominator or in both its numerator and
denominator.

Examples:

Simplify the following complex fractions.

2 4 2 4(3)  2(1) 14
4 
3 1 3  3 14 7 14 3 14
1)   3      2
1 2 1 2(3)  1(1) 7 3 3 3 7 7
2 
3 1 3 3 3

m n m2  n 2

m 2  n 2 m  n (m  n )( m  n ) n mn
2) n m  mn     
mn mn mn n mn mn m
n n

x 2 y2 x(x 2 ) - y(y 2 )
-
y x yx (x 3  y 3 ) (x) (x - y)(x 2  xy  y 2 ) x - y
3)    
y2 xy  y 2  x 2 xy (y 2  xy  x 2 ) y (x 2  xy  y 2 ) y
y x
x x

Exercises
Direction: Simplify the following complex fractions and write the answer in lowest terms.

3 5
-
1. 2 4 =
3 1
-
8 4

1 m
2. 1 - m =
1 m
2m
 20

DAY 5: RATIONAL EXPONENTS

The nth root of a real number

If n is a positive integer greater than 1 and a and b are real numbers such that
bn = a

then b is an nth root of a.

The principal nth root of a real number

n
If n is a positive integer greater than 1 and a is real number, and a denotes the
principal nth root of a, then

i. if a > 0, n a is the positive nth root of a;

ii. if a < 0, and is odd, n a is the negative nth root of a;
n
iii. 0 = 0.
In the above definition, the symbol is called a radical sign. The entire expression n a is
called a radical, where the number a is the radicand and the number n is the index that
indicates the order of the radical. If no index appears, the order is understood to be 2.

n
If n is a positive integer greater than 1, and is a real number, then if a is a real number,
we have
1
n n
a = a

Illustration:

(a) 811/2 = 81 = 9

(b) 321/5 = 5 32 = 2

(c) 271/3 = 3 27 = 3

(d) 1251/3 = 3 125 = 5

(e) 6251/4 = 4 625 = 5

 21

Definition
m
❒ an
If m and n is a positive integers that are relatively prime, and a
is a real number, then if n a is a real number,
1

 a  
m m
m n
an = n
 an = am

Illustration:

(a) 163/2 = 16 3

(b) 1252/3 = 3 1252

1
 1 2 1
(c)   =
 36  36

3
 4 2 43
(d)   =
 49  49 3

EXERCISE:
A. Convert the following into radical form:

1) 51/2 = _________________________________
2) 252/3 = __________________________________
3) 3(x+y)3/5 = __________________________________
4) (x2+y2)1/3 =__________________________________
5) 5mn2/5 =__________________________________

B. Convert the following into fractional exponent form:

1) 3 2m = _________________________________

2) 7x 3 xy 2 = _________________________________

3) 5 7 ( x  y) 2 = __________________________________

4) 3m 3 2n = __________________________________

5) 3 ( x 2  y 2 ) = __________________________________
 22

Other Properties of Rational Exponents

𝟏 𝒎 𝒎
1. (𝒂𝒎 )𝒏 = (𝒂𝟏/𝒏 ) = 𝒂 𝒏
𝒏
2. √𝒂𝒏 = |𝒂|, if n is even
𝒎
𝟏
3. 𝒂− 𝒏 = 𝒎 , where 𝒂 ≠ 𝟎
𝒂𝒏

Day 5 and 6: RADICALS

Let n and m be any natural numbers and a, b are not negative.

n
1. ab = n a n b

n
n
a a
2. = n
b b

mn
3. a = mn a

SIMPLIFYING RADICAL EXPRESSIONS

Example:

1) 12m5 = (4m 4 )(3m) = 4m4 3m =2m2 3m

2) 5 3 16n 8 = 53 (8n 6 )(2n 2 ) = 5 3 8n 6 3

2n2 = 10n2 3 2n2

2x 2x 2x
3) = =
25 25 5

EXERCISE

Express the following in simplest form:

1) 72 = _________________________________

2) 3 54 = _________________________________

3) 3  638 = _________________________________

2x 2
4) - = _________________________________
9
 23

5) 3m 3 16m 3 n 4 = _________________________________

6) x 4 (x  y) 2 = _________________________________

43
7) 48 = _________________________________

8) m
x m  1 y 2m  3 z 3m = _________________________________

9) 0.18x 2 = _________________________________

3
10) x 12 y 5 w 25 = _________________________________

OPERATIONS ON RADICALS

Definition

Like radicals are radicals that have the same index and the same radicand.

Example:

1) 2 x , -3 x and y x are like radicals

24 1
2) 5ab and  4 5ab are like radicals
5 2

EXERCISE

Identify each set of terms as like or unlike radicals.

1) 4 5x , -7y 5x , 9 5x _______________________________

2) - 3 xy 2 , 7 3 x 2 y , 4 3 y 2 x _______________________________

3) 4 mn , 5 mn , -7n m _______________________________

4) 3y 16x 2 , 5x 9y 2 _______________________________
 24

5) 3
x2  y2 , 5 3 (x  y) 2 _______________________________

SUM AND DIFFERENCES

To add or subtract like radicals, apply the distributive properties.

Example:

Perform the indicated operations. Assume that all variables represent positive numbers.

1) 5 3x - 7 3x + 10 3x = (5 – 7 +10) 3x = 8 3x

2) 2 20k + 14 5k - 5 45k = 4 5k +14 5k - 15 5k = (4+14 – 15) 5k = 3 5k

PRODUCTS

Products involving radicals can be expanded using the distributive property of real numbers.

Example:

Multiply and simplify.

1) 4x 3 2y 2 3 4 y = 8x 3 8y 2 = 16x 3 y 2

2) 2 (3  5 2 ) = 3 2 - 5 4 = 3 2 - 10

3) ( 5  x)( 5  x) = 25  x 5  x 5  x 2 = 5 – x2

4) (2 y  3)( y  5) = 2 y 2  3 y  10 y  15 = 2y +7 y -15
 25

EXERCISES:

I. Add or subtract as indicated.

1) 7 5b  3 20b  500b = ____________________________________________

2) 3x 3 x 2 + 4 3 x 5 - x 3 125x 2 = ____________________________________________

3) y 108 y  2 3y 3  3y 27 y = ____________________________________________

3w 2
4) 20 + 27w - w 3w = ____________________________________________
25 3

5) 3x 9y 2 - 5x 16 y 3 + 7 x 2 y 3 = ___________________________________________

II. Multiply and simplify when possible.

1) 53 2x  33 20x 2 = _____________________________________________

2) 2x (3  x ) = _____________________________________________

3) (5 2  3)(4 3  2) = _____________________________________________

4) ( 3n  5m )( 3n  5m ) = _____________________________________________

5) (3  2 5 )(3  2 5) = _____________________________________________

RATIONALIZING THE DENOMINATOR

The process of eliminating radicals from the denominator is called rationalizing the denominator

Example.

3 3 5 3 5 3 5
1)    
5 5 5 25 5
 26

3 3 3
2 3
2 3x 2 6x 2 6x 2
2) 3 =  = =
9x 3 3 3 3x
9x 3x 2 27 x 3

2 2 3 5 2 3  10 2 3  10
3) =  = =
3 5 3 5 3 5 3  15 3  15

EXERCISES:

Simplify and rationalize the denominators.

5
1) = ______________________________________________________
3

3m
2) 23 = ______________________________________________________
4n

2x
3) = ______________________________________________________
7 2

20mn3
4) = ______________________________________________________
30m 5 n

2 4
5) = ______________________________________________________
3 x

DAY 6: COMPLEX NUMBERS

Complex numbers are extensions of real numbers. They have important applications in the field of fractal
geometry, physics and engineering.
Informally, a complex number is a number that takes the form 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖, where 𝑎 & 𝑏 are real numbers. 𝑎 is
called the real part, 𝑏 is the imaginary part; and 𝑖 ,the imaginary unit, satisfies 𝑖 2 = 1
Visually, a complex number can be represented graphically in the complex plane as:
 27

The Principal Square Root of a Negative Number

If 𝑎 is a positive number, the principal square root of – 𝑎, denoted by √−𝑎, defined by √𝑎 = √−𝑎

Equality of Two Complex Numbers

Two complex numbers 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 and 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 are said to be equal if and only if 𝑎 = 𝑐 and 𝑏 = 𝑑
Operations on Complex Numbers
Let 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 ∈ 𝑅. The following operations hold.
1. Addition of Complex Numbers: (𝒂 + 𝒃𝒊) + (𝒄 + 𝒅𝒊) = (𝒂 + 𝒄) + (𝒃 + 𝒅)𝒊
2. Subtraction of Complex Numbers: (𝒂 + 𝒃𝒊) − (𝒄 + 𝒅𝒊) = (𝒂 − 𝒄) + (𝒃 − 𝒅)𝒊
3. Multiplication of Complex Numbers: (𝒂 + 𝒃𝒊)(𝒄 + 𝒅𝒊) = 𝒂𝒄 − 𝒃𝒅 + (𝒂𝒅 + 𝒃𝒄)𝒊
𝒂+𝒃𝒊 𝒂+𝒃𝒊 𝒂+𝒃𝒊 (𝒂𝒄+𝒃𝒅)+(𝒃𝒄−𝒂𝒅)𝒊
4. Division of Complex Numbers: = ∙ =
𝒄+𝒅𝒊 𝒄+𝒅𝒊 𝒄+𝒅𝒊 𝒄𝟐 +𝒅𝟐

Examples:

1. √−9= 3i
2. (5 − 4𝑖 ) + (−2 + 6𝑖 )= (5-2)+(-4i+6i)=3 + 2i
3. (2 − 7𝑖 )(2 + 7𝑖 )= 4 + 49 + (14 – 14)i= 53 + 0i= 53
(𝟔+ −𝟐)+(𝟒−(−𝟑))𝒊 𝟒+𝟕𝒊
4. (3 + 2𝑖 ) ÷ (2 − 𝑖 )= =
𝟐𝟐 +(−𝟏)𝟐 𝟓

Try this!

1. √−25
2
2. (−3 − 3√−3)
3. (3 + 2𝑖 ) ÷ 4𝑖
4. 5 − 6√−4
5. (5 − 4𝑖 ) − (−2 + 6𝑖 )
6. (4 − 3√−16) + (3 + 4√−25)
28
29
 30

Complex Numbers
- Is a number that takes the form 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖, where 𝑎 is called the real part, 𝑏 is the imaginary
part, and 𝑖 the imaginary unit.
-
The Principal Square Root of a Negative Number

If 𝑎 is a positive number, the principal square root of – 𝑎, denoted by √−𝑎, defined by √𝑎 = √−𝑎
Equality of Two Complex Numbers
Two complex numbers 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 and 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖 are said to be equal if and only if 𝑎 = 𝑐 and 𝑏 = 𝑑
Operations on Complex Numbers

Let 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 ∈ 𝑅. The following operations hold.

5. Addition of Complex Numbers: (𝒂 + 𝒃𝒊) + (𝒄 + 𝒅𝒊) = (𝒂 + 𝒄) + (𝒃 + 𝒅)𝒊
6. Subtraction of Complex Numbers: (𝒂 + 𝒃𝒊) − (𝒄 + 𝒅𝒊) = (𝒂 − 𝒄) + (𝒃 − 𝒅)𝒊
7. Multiplication of Complex Numbers: (𝒂 + 𝒃𝒊)(𝒄 + 𝒅𝒊) = 𝒂𝒄 − 𝒃𝒅 + (𝒂𝒅 + 𝒃𝒄)𝒊
𝒂+𝒃𝒊 𝒂+𝒃𝒊 𝒂+𝒃𝒊 (𝒂𝒄+𝒃𝒅)+(𝒃𝒄−𝒂𝒅)𝒊
8. Division of Complex Numbers: = ∙ =
𝒄+𝒅𝒊 𝒄+𝒅𝒊 𝒄+𝒅𝒊 𝒄𝟐 +𝒅𝟐
Examples:

5. √−9
6. 5 − 6√−4
7. (5 − 4𝑖 ) + (−2 + 6𝑖 )
8. (5 − 4𝑖 ) − (−2 + 6𝑖 )
9. (4 − 3√−16) + (3 + 4√−25)
10. (2 − 7𝑖 )(2 + 7𝑖 )
2
11. (−3 − 3√−3)
12. (3 + 2𝑖 ) ÷ (2 − 𝑖 )
13. (3 + 2𝑖 ) ÷ 4𝑖
 31

Equations in One Variable

 Algebraic Equation– is a statement that two algebraic expressions in 𝑥 are equal.
 Unknown– a variable in an equation.
 Domain– is the set of numbers for which the algebraic expressions in the equation are defined.
 Solution/Root– is the number which, when substituted to the variable of the equation, will result
to a true statement.
 Solution Set– is the set of all solutions satisfying the equation.
 Identity– is an equation whose solution set of any equation in one variable is the same as the
domain of the variable.
𝑥
Example: 𝑥 + 5 = 5 + 𝑥,𝑥 = 1
 Conditional Equation – is an equation whose at least one number in the domain of the variable that
is not in the solution set.
3 2
Example: 𝑥 − 7 = 0, 𝑥 2 + 12 = 7𝑥, 𝑥 + 2 = 𝑥 + 3, = 3𝑥−2
𝑥+4
 Equivalent Equations – are equations having the same solution set.
Example: 7𝑥 − 21 = 0, 7𝑥 = 21, 𝑥 = 3

Linear Equation in One Variable

(First-Degree Polynomial Equation)
An equation of the form
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = 0
 32

where 𝒂 and 𝒃 are real numbers and 𝒂 ≠ 𝟎, or any equation equivalent to an equation of this form.
Exercise 1: Find the solution set of the following equations in one variable. Check your solution
whenever necessary.
 33

1. 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟒 = 𝟐𝟓 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐
5. + =
2. 𝟒𝒘 − 𝟑 = 𝟏𝟏 − 𝟑𝒘 𝟖 𝟐𝒙 𝒙
𝟏 𝟒 𝟒𝒙+𝟒
3. 𝟐(𝒕 − 𝟓) = 𝟑 − (𝟒 + 𝒕) 6. − =
𝟑 𝟐 𝟐𝒙+𝟓 𝟐𝒙−𝟏 𝟒𝒙𝟐 +𝟖𝒙−𝟓
4. =
𝒙+𝟒 𝟑𝒙−𝟐
Applications of Linear Equation in One Variable
Steps in Solving Word Problems
1. Read the problem carefully.
2. Determine the quantities of unknown and known.
3. Use a variable to represent the unknown.
4. Formulate an equation.
5. Solve the equation.
6. Conclude the given results.
Exercise 2: Solve the given word problems.
1. The sum of two numbers is 25. One of the numbers exceeds the other by 9. Find the
numbers.
2. The sum of three numbers is 64. The second number is 3 less than the first number, the
third is 11 less than twice the first. What are the numbers?
3. The sum of the least and the greatest of 3 consecutive integers is 60. What are the
values of the 3 consecutive integers?
4. The length of the sides of a triangle are consecutive odd numbers. What is the length of
the longest side if the perimeter is 45?
5. You need 20 liters of 20 % acid solution. You have jugs of 10 % solution and 25 %
solution. How many liters of each should be mixed to get the needed solution?
6. how many liters of 20% alcohol solution to be added to the 40 liters of 50% alcohol
solution to make a 30% solution?
7. John wants to make a 100 ml of 5% alcohol solution mixing a quantity of a 2% alcohol
solution with a 7% alcohol solution. What are the quantities of each of the two solutions
he has to use?
8. A man invested part of ₱15,000 at 12% and the remainder at 8%. If this annual income
from the two investments is ₱1,456, how much does he have invested at each rate?
9. Hakim invested ₱15,000. He put part of it in a term deposit that paid 4% per annum,
and the remainder in a treasury bill that paid 5% per annum. After one year, the total
interest was ₱690. How much did Hakim invest in each rate?
10. Miguel is 46 years old. He is 4 years older than thrice his son’s age. Find the age of his
son.
11. Pete, Bryan, and Philip are cousins. Pete’s age is one-third of Bryan and Philip is five
years elder than Bryan. If the sum of the age of the cousins is 40, find the age of each?
12. Ana is 5 years more than Jack. The sum of their age is 29. Find the ages of Ana and Jack.
 34

13. Devon is 12 years old. His age is 2 more than half the age of Steven. Find the age of
Steven.
14. On painter can paint the room in 12 hours and another can paint the same room in 10
hours. How long will it take to paint the room if they work together?
15. Lejon can finish a job in 6 hours while Romel can do the same job in 3 hours. Working
together, how many hours can they finish the job?
16. Eleven men could finish the job in 15 days. Five men started the job and four men were
added at the beginning of the sixth day. How many days will it take them to finish the
job?

Quadratic Equations in One Variable

(Second Degree Polynomial Equation)

An equation that can be written as

𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
Where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 are real number constants and 𝑎 ≠ 0.

 Factoring Method
If 𝑟 and 𝑠 are real numbers, then
𝑟𝑠 = 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑓 𝑟 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑠 = 0
Exercise 1: Find the solution set of the quadratic equation in one variable using the factoring
method.
1. 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2 = 0 5𝑥 2𝑥 2
3. 1 + =
6 3
2. 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 10 = 0 3𝑥 𝑥+4
4. =
𝑥+2 𝑥

 Extracting Square Root / Square Root Method

𝑥 2 = 𝑑 𝑖𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = ±√𝑑
Exercise 2: Find the solution set of the quadratic equation in one variable using the square
root method.

1. 𝑥 2 = 23 3. 𝑥 2 = 9
2. 𝑥 2 = 11 4. (𝑥 − 4)2 = 5
 35

 Completing the Square

To complete the square of𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥, add the square of one-half the coefficient of x; that
𝑏 2
is, add ( ) .
2
𝑏 2 𝑏 2
𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + ( ) = −𝑐 + ( )
2 2
Exercise 3: Find the solution set of the quadratic equation in one variable using the method of
completing the square.

1. 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 8 = 0 3. 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 6 = 0
2. 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1 = 0 4. 3𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + 2 = 0

 Quadratic Formula
If 𝑎 ≠ 0, the solutions of the equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 are given by
−𝑏 ± √𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎
Exercise 4: Find the solution set of the quadratic equation in one variable using the square
root method.

1. 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4 = 0
2. 2𝑥 + 2 = 𝑥 2
3. 5𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 − 2 = 0
4. 64𝑦 2 − 80𝑦 + 25 = 0

Discriminant
-is a number used to determine the characteristic of its roots.

 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0 roots are real and equal; a double root

 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0 roots are real and unequal
 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0 roots are imaginary and unequal; they are complex conjugates of
each other.
 36

Exercise 5: Find the discriminant of the following quadratic equations in one variable and give
the characteristics of the solution (or root).

1. 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 6 = 0 3. 2𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 7 = 0
2. 4𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 9 = 0

Inequalities

 Trichotomy Property of Order:

If 𝑎 and 𝑏 are real numbers, exactly one of the following three statements is true:
𝑎<𝑏 𝑏<𝑎 𝑎=𝑏
 Transitive Property of Order:
If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 are real numbers, and
If 𝑎 < 𝑏and 𝑏 < 𝑐, then 𝑎 < 𝑐
 Properties of Inequalities:
If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 are real numbers and
i.) If 𝑎 < 𝑏, then 𝑎 + 𝑐 < 𝑏 + 𝑐 (Addition Property)
ii.) If 𝑎 < 𝑏, then 𝑎 − 𝑐 < 𝑏 − 𝑐 (Subtraction Property)
iii.) If 𝑎 < 𝑏 and 𝑐 > 0, then 𝑎𝑐 < 𝑏𝑐 (Multiplication Property)
iv.) If 𝑎 < 𝑏 and 𝑐 < 0 , then 𝑎𝑐 > 𝑏𝑐 (Multiplication Property)

Exercise 1:Find and show on the real number line the solution set of the linear inequality in
one variable.

1. 3𝑥 − 8 < 7
𝑥−7
2. ≤𝑥
4
 37

3. 3 < 4𝑥 + 7 ≤ 15