CONTENTS Ne Laser, ‘Argon Tan + Molocular Gas Lasers-Carbon sn Dioxide Laser, Excimer Laser + Liquid Lasors-Organie Dye Lasers 2 Solid Stote Lasors-Ruby Laser Na-vaG + Semiconductor Diode Laser +1HOECSem.3 & 4) a ASH to 47H ACTH to 4-108 $120 to 4-141 4158 to 421 “421K to 4-291 |. Tonic Lasers : |. In molecular lasers gas m | Exampl (OEC-Sem-3 & 4) ange: of the atoms remain in th ground applic In these lasers electrical discharge is use energy is transferred from one atom te lasers operate at low power to mainta stat opal Ionic lasers use the a In these lasers, the energy level transition contributing tolaser action comes from ions, onic gas lasers require high pump power, ofthe order of kilowat get population inversion, to wer requirement a large amount of heat is produced and hence a water cooling system is required, Fow examples ofion lasers are i, Krypton ion laser iv. Oxygen ion laser i Argon ion laser iii, Xenon ion laser ¥. Mercury ion laser Molecular Lasers + constituent gas molecules. An these lasers molecules can be excited by an electronic discharge by chemical reactions by another laser CO, laser, N, laser, ee.4-BH(OEC-Sema & 4) sion and working of He-Ne laser, Quod, | Deseribe the construc [ARTO 201617 UD, Marke ip) ARTO 201617 (MD, Markee Tp Compare it Ruby Laser- oR ieee: Describe the construction and working of He-Ne laser, ARTU 2015-16 (111), Marks 19] or What are continuous and pulse lasers ? Discuss the construction and working of He-Ne laser. ARTO 2014-16 (MN, Marks 10 oR Describe the working of three-level and four-level laser systems ‘of either laser system. land hence conclude the superiority AKTU 2015-16 (IV), Marks 10) == neon (He-Ne) laser isa gaseous laser. ion of this laser is based on a four level pumping scheme Fig. 4.2.1. Construction of He-Ne laser. 2 Itconsists ofa long dischay 5 diameter #6 discharge tube of length about 50 em and diamet 5. The tube is filled with a mixture of He and Ne gases in the ratio f He and Ne gases i tio 80: 20. 4. Helium's the pumping medium and Noni the axing medi. Electrodes ar provided to produce a discharge in the gas and they a © See eee axis ofthe tube, wore silvered)are xed estore M, (fully silvered) and M, (partially tance between the mirr orsis adjusted such thatitequalsm?2. | ion inversion is achi achioved through inelastic ato ce a In this way, M, state of Ne can beco H(OEC-Sem-3 & 4) ile of He. gram 2061 G ‘Thus, the excited He atoms retura to groundstate by ‘energy to Ne atoms throvgh collisions. ‘The kinetic energy of helium atoms provides the adgitional 0.0: exciting the neon atom. ‘This is the main pumping scheme of He-Ne system. 8 % for ‘Thus, neon atoms are active centres. ‘The helium gasin th laser tbe provides the pumping medium to attain the necessary po} rersion for laser action. sae more highly populated than level E. ‘The laser transition occurs when Ne ato through stimulated emission. ‘A red laser light of wavelength 6328 Ais generated in HeNe laser ined becat ‘ensures a ready suppl ys fall from level My t0 E ‘This population inversion is maint a. Themetastablity afevels level Ey45H (OEC-Sem3 8 4) 6H (OEC-Sem-3& 4) the neon ground state current densi wel E decay Fs A high sede population inversion, TIS Teauired for the excitation OF to get eam is obtained in He-Ne laser. a. The power suppl cones efs DO vate sense ee jaser over Ruby laser : ¢. Working and Energy Level py, D. iagram : sous laser beam while ruby laser produces 41, The argon atoms have tobe first ionized x energy levels ofthe ion. For excitation sp 11 pumping scheme while ruby laser source is required. heme. 2, Because of the large energi i then excited tothe higher ‘argon ion laser ahigh power cs involved in this, the argon ion laser pants i discharge is very intense; ypcalvalusbeing (0 eee i Laser: Refer Q. 3.11, Page S-14H, Unit-3 oe ene EE aser : Refer Q. 3.6, Page 3-7H, Unit-3. a arecnsarseavtlength out ofthe many possible ins is chosen ie F. Three and Four Level Laser: Refer Q. 3.6, placing a dispersi Prism inside the cavity Que 43. | What are ionic laser ? Explain the construction and 4, Rotation of the prism-mirror wavelength, which is incident AKTU 2016-17 (IID, Marks 10 close tone ofthe misror system provides feedback only atthe sormally onthe miror 5. Typical output power ina continuous wave argon ion laser ic 9-8 OR 6 The energy level diagram for the argon ion laser is shown Describe how the medium is excited in fonie lasers ? Explain the Fig. 4.3.2 In this lace, the transitions fake place homeee operation of Argon ion (Ar* laser with suitable energy level diagram. energy levels 4p and 4s, [AKTU 2015-16 GV), Marks 10 45 Answer B. Construction of Argon Ton Lasers : 30 + Heonsists ofa tube with two windows at the ends of the tube placed at Brewster's angle, working of Argon ion laser. Radioactive caseade splevels Laser transition Aslevels Energy (eV) 2 The two electing mirrors atthe two ends ofthe tube form a resonant cavity. ap % Jn this laser argon gas is filled in the tube and works as the gain ay Argon jon 4 ‘Taube isumaly madeof the merase beryum oxide tery tungsten, molybdenum, cer: siete Sper Ground state of ramic, yrolite, graphite, ete, neutral Ar atom Mirror Tube Soil Tatty eines i argon ion laser in its 2 se eel ante operation nthe ec Jan Te kppton ios aser uses ron a. cal discharge is used as pumping.rR FSET] what are ioie Iter? Explain the construction ana RTO BOTT OD, Marks To working of Argon ion laser- Deseribe how the 4-5H(OEC-Sem-s & 4) ly tothe neon ground state toms from level # decay ™ seanieobiined in Hee #6, ane jaser over Ruby laser + wren while aye prods rs Supriyo Ne esther eee eme while rul tee a . ploys a four level pomping seh iby ta Hee er np eel aa retour: Hofer @311, Page 9-1, Unit Unit-s, wr: Refer Q, 3.6, Page 37H, ‘Three and Four Level Laser: operation of Argon ion ( “Answer A. Tonic Lasers : Refer Q. 4.1, Page 4 2H, Unit-4 B. Construction of Argon Ion Lasers : 1. It consists of a tube with two windows at the ends of the tube placed at Brewster's angle 2 The tworeflecting mirrors at the two ends of the tube form a resonant. cavity. & In this laser argon gas is filled in the tube and works as the gain 4 ‘The tubeis usually made ofthe mater ike beryllium oxide (beryllia) tungsten, molybdeaum, ceramie, pyruite emo ue esos graphite, ete, cron Ta coat Micon ns ER Mirror IANA Return ‘Tube Power supply Fig. 4a, op (ORC-Sem-3 & 4) Specific Laser System A high current density required ry or the exe ‘opulation inversion, ‘The power supply consists ofa py §, Working and Energy Levet ‘The argon atoms have to he fr 4 energy levels of the ion, Fo Souree is required, OF ions to get C voltage generator. iagram : nied an hn eatin excited to the higher ionlaser ahigh power A particular wavelength ovt of the me 4 lacing a dispersive prism insite oe Rotation of the prism-mirror syst * avelength, which is ¥ possible lin 1 cavity close toon fem provides fe ‘ident normally on the mi es is chosen by 1¢ ofthe mirrors, feedback only at the irror. 5, Typical output power in acontinuous wave argon nel is35W, 6 The energy level diagram forthe argon ion laser i ages ca Fig. 4.5% In this laser, the transitions take place betwees'the aon nergy levels 4p and te 45 Radioactive cascade Metastable ome state at ater transition 20 agg] pugs a ut Hees Cov Radiative] 120.4 decay | 18 15.460 3 “Argon ion round state Ground state of neutral Ar atom Fig. 43.2. 1 A krypton ion laser is almost similar to argon fon laser characteristics, The enengy levels and the operation fh are almost similar. The krypton ion laser uses krypton 0) ‘medium and electrical discharge is used as pumpingul krypton ion Insors. ‘Argon Ion Laser | Krypton Ton Laser ‘The nitrogen through a gas ‘The energy difference bet ground levels, of the nitrogen molecule is v Tequired to excite the earbon dioxide mol (001) within 2 mV. ‘The carbon dioxide lived upper ding down of Energy Carbon dioxide transfer (0-C-0), Describe the working CO, laser, AKTU 2015-16 (iv), Marks 05 8 Energy (eV) ole, Pumping through | callisions Metastable ~ te Ground state Fig. 4.62.491 OEC-Sem.3 & 4) Laser System & Applications confor 60,007 cea rxide lasers are much more efficient than the other gag i ern laser energy resulting in very high efficiencies. Given: P=4mW=4x 107 Jisec 2.= 680 nm = 680 x 10m. eye ee e__3x10% v0" Ge0x10 =0.0044 x10" hertz zB 2 Weknow that e= nhvorn= 7 @ 410% (662%10™)<(0,0044%10"7) 2 137% 10%, Que 47. | Write a note on excimer laser drawing its energy level diage: [ARTU 2015-16 (IV), Marks 10 asver A Excimer Laser: 1. Eacime lasers are molecular gaslasors emitting powerful concentrated Cine son etent Fadiation in the ultraviolet spectral region Gast the excimer laser are ofthe noble gas halide types. The entire structure coma tructue and components are made of stainless steel with tmateralsauchas tefl or palyoan pth at nda sie and he the transverse direction, as s coupled with a thyratror on ‘thyratron switching device, 8. Abigh voltage ca Provide th aches 4 Air with ‘The flat quart en pee the rar of th le che. stteoutpaesuping iron, wt em 10H (OEC-Sem3 & 4) . Working : Inexcimer lasers the gain médium : is as mixture, typically contain 8 noble or inert gas (e.argon, xenon, krypton) aed serene such as halogen eg, frie ot coring) in 8 Face gas In excimer tasers purpingis usually done wth short eave fein ahigh voltage electric discharge. ee ‘Tho laser actions in excimer re ainly due oibe reas thal eaciners hhave-a bound excited state but unbound or re Thus, the lower states of the excimer are alvaye ont ‘After stimulated or spontaneous emission the excime Associate so that reabsorption ofthe geerated radiation Enérgy Level Diagram: Anoble gas halide such as argon fluoride (ArF) is excited in a pulsed discharged device excited tate ef argon furide (Ax) iformed The excited state ArP* is metastablostate and exists only fr aabor period and dissociates as per reaction ArF*> Ars P+ hy where the photon hv corresponds to a wavelength of 191m, a8 shown infig. 472 ete The power effictncy varies bxtweon 0.2 and 2% andthe intent produced by excimer lasers is ofthe order of 10° Win'SAI H(OEC-Sems @ 4) Laser System & Applications Banerey| 191 nm Laser transition Ground state Internuclear spacing. 12. Qae4S | What are excimer laser ? Deseribe its properties and ARTU 2014-16 (ID, Marks 10 oR ng and character Explain the -s of Excimer lasers with appropria A. Excimer Laser Refi B pH (OBC-SemS.&4) Specific Laser System a Hiquid Lasers-Organie Dye 1, ‘also write advantages and disndvant and working of a dye laser, ages of dye lase, oR ia what are dye laser ? Explain the lasor B. Construc 1. Fig. 4.9.1 shows a typical energy level diage the ground stat the first excited singe excited triplet states of the dye molecule. 2, Each state consists ofa large number of closely spaced vibrational and rotational subl ‘a dye in which , is and T,, Tyare the 3. Because of stro1 sublevels are coll form a continuum. eraction with the sol 1¢ losely spaced jon broadened to such an extent that they almost Singlet = pet = =, { 3 % = B an - ‘Emission Ys ges So pigs 49.4. Bnoray 16vel diagram.H(OBC-Som-s & 4) in the laser aetion joses a problem wl is reason, most dye lasers operate in short pulses. Advantages L Tei ava Range of wavelength can be produced by using dye lasers, Beam diameteris very less Construction of dye laser isnot so complex: High output power is possible ". Disadvantages : Most Dye lasers use liq maintenance of the laser, spe excitations done by another laser, which complicate the system. Shor dye fete. Dye quality degrades withtime, ana ineed tobe changed. Continuing operating. Potentially oxic (poisonous) chemicals, Volatile solvents, Hazardous waste disposal, Prose ee me id as the active medium, which complicate expenses. A ease Peseribe tuning in dye laser, 14H (OEC-Sem.2 & 4) cS joer | ‘Tuning of Dye Laser: ihe dye las0rs can be tuned to an aichdye used '0 any wavelength over Dye laser can be tuned by he bap ay essentially a thin wedged etalon placed ono WUE. This clement ig Srecitic Laser Systom wide ranges for etalon. ‘Atany particular pointon the etalon, + Joss only if the wavelength of lig wave inside the etalon eavity 5 Allether wavelengths experione higher as du tothe etalon nd wi not lase. 4 Thectalon has only slight wedge andl cavity wil tune the laser over arange slighty greater than the eke sae 1, The tuning of laser may alzobe achieved by theusesfbisehinnne dispersion through prism, ete, peers Que 4.11. | Discuss model-locked ring dye laser. ‘Answer 1. Model locking technique is used to produce laser pulsos of very high degree of peak power and comparatively short pulse duration, as short fas few femtoseconds. 2 The arrangement of a passive mode! locked ring laser is shown in Fig 4.dL1, 8 Bhero are odd numbers of bam waite thin the cavity which are formed by five concave mirrors. The odd number of beam waists ctaures trier int opeeal dnt cinteer ne within the resonator. ‘ 4. The optical path length between the two jet streams is one fourth of the optical paths surrounding the ring. eae Saturable pape ten absorber htcan pass through it wth low ‘correct fr forming a standing medium,415H (OEC-Sem-s & 4) ications Laser System & APP! se eRe sa State Lasers-Ruby Lasers Nd-YAG Laser. Soli vrs? Explain Neodymium lage, solid state lase ‘Que 412, | What are oR 1s? Describe construction, working ang ro 7 Dearie re is advantageront ARTU 2016-17 (IV), Marks 10 What are solid state lase application of alexandri neodymium laser ? “Answer AL Solid State Lasers : ; ee 1 These typesoflasers make use of high density lasing material distributed in the form of solid matrix. 2. The material for these lasers consists of crystal of glass like material reasonably doped with Chromium (Cr), Neodymium (Nd), ete 3. ‘The different types of lasers, which come under this category, are Ruby lasers, Nd-YAG, Nd-glass, Titanium-Sapphire lasers, ete. B. Neodymium Laser: These lasers are four level lasers and produce pulsed as well as continuous wave output. The major pumping bands are in the range of 580-820 nm and laser output wavelength mostly lie in the range of 1047-1084.nm, Few examples of neodymium lasers are i Nd:YAG laser i, Nd: Glass laser ii N4:YLF laser iv. Nd: YVO, laser vi. Nd: YAP laser |isa chemical element. It is widely used in the form of Nd" as the laser active dopant of gain medium. These lasers are mostly used aridtarget dose sedia medicine, manufacturing rangefinders wx : try, fluid dynamics, spectroscopy, pumping source, nuclear fusion, amplifiers, ete, ee eget Que 4.13. | How does the optical — Pumping takes place in solid state aay 1. Optical pumping uses eit her continuow, é bya powerful lamp or leer get OUOUS Wave or pled light emitted pug (OEC-Sem3& 4) 2 by ee Heh 0m paver coho, ‘The incoherent light is abso — 5 gtoms are pumped tothe uso bY the act, Per laser ley ‘This method is especially 4 ited for absorption bands aro wide bough 60 gui asers wy fide band incident in sorb suf lasers whose the wie bandit ineaberet igh gun! orn 5, Optical pumping is a resonant process. must be equal to the energy die He and normal states. ences b 1. Soin neni Seiya eh weg incident hoton ener yetween the oxen enerey A the excited states, where A isthe atom excited state re within the aborption laser lights for pumping Qe 414. ] Explain the construction and working of Ruby las ‘Answer A. Ruby Laser: Ruby laser was built by T-H, Maiman in 1960. Ruby is basically Al,O, (silica crystal containing about 0.05% (by weight) of chromium atoms. ‘The Al* ions in the erystal lattice are substituted by Cr ions. Cr ions constitute the active contres whereas the aluminium and oxygen atoms are inert. ‘The chromium ions give the transparent ALO, erystal a pink or red colour depending upon its concentration. B. Construction : ‘The construction for generating Ruby laser is shown in Fig. 4.14.1 2 Active material is a small cylinder of pink synthetic ruby, about 0.5emin diameter and few centimetres long. eine 3. ‘Two parallel mirrors are used, one mirror M; is fully silvared an “yo pra ior ae eo Me hc radiation to be emitted through that end au 4. ‘The mirrors must be separated by a distance that is an exact num! half wavelengths s Cooling Saet ep the ruby at sconstanttemperatirt 6. Since quite a lot of the energy pumped into it is dssipo pumpin process is earried with the help ofa xenon fash ube-roe First they return te Power supply PN xenon fl Fig, 4.14.1. Construction of Ruby: Working: Chromium ions are excited by the optical pumping, which is achieved by the xenon flash tube and raised to higher energy states H. ‘The excited atoms return to the lowersstate L from higher state Hin two steps as shown in Fig. 4.14.2. ta-stable state M. Laser transition (6943 A) 4.14.2, Energy level diagram of Ruby laser. ‘The chromium ions that returned to M level can remain in this state for several milli-seconds, Thus the accumslation of the coming excited a a level increases its population. saealuewtclarateitaaanl ee ae ion falls to the lower level L from the meta-stable level M by spontaneous emission, it emits a photon of 6943 A. fry the sere mos eyo anita ack and ‘The photon travelling parallel the an sultpcationbystimustodenison sa oe start photon ions of M level. pIsHOEC-Sem3.& 4) tes iemerges| he form flaps D. Drawbacks: 4, The output ofthe laseris note of microseconds duration, 2, The efficiency of ruby lasers is very les 3 sntinvows but occurs inthe form of pulses It requires greater excitation in onder to schieve population inversion, Ge ‘Why Cr®* ions are dopedin A1,0, in ruby laser? Discuss the construction and working of ruby laser ? [ARTO ROWE Cy, Marks] ‘Answer A. Cr+ ions are Doped in A1,0, in Ruby Laser: 1, Ruby, is_a’erystal of aluminium oxide (Al,0,) in which some of the aluminium ions (AI) are replaced by chromium ions (Cr) This is done by doping small amount of chromium oxide (Cr,0,) in the melt of purified Al,0, : ‘These chromium ions give the crystal « pink or red colour depending ‘upon the concentration of chromium ions B. Construction and Working : Refer Q 414, Page 4-16H, Unit QueATE] Discuss the features, construction and working of Nd YAG laser, 2 3 Be ction and Explain Neodymium (Nd) lasers. Describe the const ‘Working of Nd**-YAG laser.A 1 2 3 4 5. B. Laser System & Taewer_ | 100 f reflecting mirror . Working and Energy Level 4-191 (OEC-Sem-3 & 4) ‘Applications AG Laser! lation inversion is achieve, entero fA ern s ‘Thisisafour jous mode. optical PUDPINE oth pulsed and continuous mode rose lasers can era iat 1064 nm. ‘Tho stronget lat Thigh power and can achieve extremely high power rs produce ima pulsed mode. eompact and portable. Constru Partial refleeting mirror tor Elliptical eavity ol. Capacit = Power supply ig. 4.16.1. NC-YAG laser. ‘The trivalent Neodymium ion (Na) is doped into a host material ‘yttrium aluminium garnet (YA) erystal with doping concentration of 10.795 % by weight. A small amount of Y*ions is replaced by Neodymium {ons (Nd?* in the active element of Nd-YAG crystal ‘The active medium is cut into cylindrical rod. The end faces of this rod are highly polished so that they are optically lat and parallel. ‘The pumping source isa flash tube ‘The optical resonatoris formed by using two external reflecting mirrors. ‘The mirror M; is 100 % reflecting while the other mirror M, is partially roflecting. Resistor ‘The energy level is a four-level systes yhich the sd band are n m in whicl pumped band are sufficiently far from ground state. The two primary pum ds are in the 7000 to 8000 A range ee Seared ‘krypton flash lamp is switched ‘on, the neodymium ions are raised from ground level E, to upper absorption bands E, and E, (als? ‘known as pumped bands) due to absorption of light, x01 (OBC-Sem-3 & 4 ‘the excited Nd** ions quig pon-radiative transition, ""*lY decay to mga, ‘the Na* ions are collected a js achieved between £, ang gp” When an ion makes aspontar, it emits a photon of ener IVE ano neous tra 00m fom stimolated photons betwen ban gad nl ss M, and M, and grows43 ona ions for laset is sataten, 1, The photon travel penne instreng wel between th. After ena "ugh strength the 08 jm tm i now emitted through partial 1. After this, Nd fons drop to groundievl Ey, Absorption band Eq) Ground level Fig. 4.16.2. Energy level diagram of N4-YAG laser, D. Neodymium Laser: Refer Q.412, Page 4-16H, Unit-. ‘Que 417. | Discuss the features, lasing transitions, operation of Na?*-YAG laser. Raver A. Fentures : Refer Q.4.16, Page 4-18H, Unit- B. Lasing Transitions + es 1. ‘Neodymium atomsin the ground state sbsorb photons and areraisedia nergy to one of the pump bands at higher energy levels 2 Atoms drop quickly to the upper evel by radiation and population: of atoms in this le: level and lasing 8. A population inversion is deve wing elo a occurs with the atoms dropping to the lower Practically empty at ambient temperature, 3 transitions‘Semiconductor Diode Laser: Le What are semiconductor lasers ? Give its Semiconductor Laser ‘onductor lasers are lasers based on semiconductor gain media, “optical gain is usually achieved by stimulated emission at an interband transition under conditions of a high carrier density in the conduetion band. Characteristies of Semiconductor Lasers : [All semiconductor lasers have a light current characteristic with a defined threshold current, A semiconductor is temperature dependent. iple longitudinal modes, laser posses fast switching and modulation of the optical Power characteristies, [tis also known as injection laser diode, mieondctor doe ser th lasing aeton i dove athe ot 22H (OBC-Sem.2 & 4) recombination, 4. A pon junction somiconductor laser is iutited sehen Fig. 4.19.2. Nea 5. ‘The shaded area isthe transition region where the laser ction akes place, This region is about 1-2mm thick, and tens of micrometers ong ‘As.a result, the emission ie squeezed into a thin plane, ening to ah litical erss-section ofthe beam. ! Radiation pattern ‘ating resion Fig 410.2p fnetion semiconductor ast ©. Recombination Radiation with Respect toLED: 1. Recombination radiation means the radiation produced by the ‘recombination of charge carriers in light emitting diode.4-29 (OBC-Sem-3 & 4) ym n-side and the 2 When LED is forward Wi towards the junction. ar ri, the junction, some of the free electrons electrons and holes in the 4, Because of the reco! ee a ee ae depletion region, the wit tion rei result more charge carriers wi level of free electrons in. ‘energy level of valence el ‘The enert 6. ‘Therefore, free electrons in the conduction band need to lose energy in order Lo recombine with the holes in the valence band. is emitted as a photon known as 7. Theenergy released by the electrons is emitted as a pl The ney rena he en af wong ght emitting diode ‘Que 420. | Discuss the semiconductor laser? Give the applications of semiconductor diode lasers. [AKTU 2014-16 (IV), Marks 10 ‘Answer Semiconductor Laser : Refer Q. 4.18, Page 4-21H, Unit-d. |. Applications of Semiconductor Diode Laser + It is used in fibre optical communication. {tis used to heal the wounds by means of infrared radiation, Itis used to produce laser diode. It canbe used as a relief to kill the pain. Peer gp VERY IMPORTANT QUESTIONS Following questions are very important. These questions may be asked in your SESSIONALS as well as UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION, See: Q.1. Describe the construction and wi ‘Compare it Ruby Laser. forking of He-Ne laser. ‘Ans: Refer Q.42, Unite, Q.2. Draw aneat diagram of How CO, laser frat” of CO, laser and explain its working. efficient than other lasers ? . Explain the construction an a4. Exp Work write advantages and disadvantages e898 laser. Also ams: Refer Q. 4.9, Unit. eS of dye laser, Q.5. Explain the construction and work gas: Refer Q. 4.14, Unit-4 'd working of Ruby laser, Q.6. Explain Neodymium wv End worn af 8 et De cotton : Refer Q. 4.16, Unit- O80Applications and Hazards and Safety Consideration Part- Part: Part.2 : Parts: Part: Part-5 +: Part-6 : + Laser Hazards and Safety... CONTENTS 5-2H to 5-8H Disease, Ophthalmology Surgery, Dermatology, Dentistry, Advantages and Disadvantages 5-8H to 513, Processing plications in. .. SASH to 5-168, Communication Laser Applications in Metrology wu... 6-16H to S-18H ‘Laser Applications in LIDAR 18H to 5-21 Laser Applications in Holography 21H to 5-251 -- S-25H to 5-278 Consideration SAH (EC-Sem3.& 4) Taswer_| ‘The lasors used the medica * gsers sent an a seas etin Argon fon laser and CO, laser rte nd surgery. 4, These medical lasers plays disease and also ofdiseare o the roe of digger i detecting the lcationotthe 4. Applications of lasers in medical science day by day because ofits aia eaten faster process and alnoc panes 4 The medical lasers serve the following ap a i. Inophthalmology, ii, Photocoagulation, iii, In treatment of Glaucoma, and ive In treatment of eancer, etc Que 5.2. ] What are the effects of laser on biological tissues ? ‘Answer Following are the effects of lasers on biological tissues: 1. Photothermal Effect: ne {The most common effect of asers dn bilo issuesis the getaton of heat through the absorption of laser energy by chromoph (molecules that absorb light inthe tissue, aa ii This can lead to tissue heating, coagulation, and ultimately, Aestruction me ae te shockwaves within tissues 1 High-intensity short pulse lasers can ret uetorapid heating andexpentions ‘This effect can be used for pression cutting such as in ophthalmic surgeries. ications i tissues,5-38 (OBC-Sem-3 & 4) sean generate 1s femtosecond lasers can g ing them to ereate miro-seale out significant hent generation. corneal flap ercationin LASIK eye surgery, wed in procedures 4. Photocoagulation : i. Lasers can be used to sel delivering energy to} fi, This effect is often util retinal photocoagulation, 5. Non-Ablative Treatments : like fractional lasers, are designed to target specific tissue Jy coagulate blood vessels or tissues by fares leading to their sealing or eloting rit of vascular conditions or i, These lasers stimulate collagen production and promote tissue remodeling, making them useful for skin rejuvenation and scar reduction. 6. Tissue Ablation : i. Lasers can be used for precise tissue remov cutting, vaporization, or exc damage to surrounding tissues. fi, CO, and diode lasers are commonly used for these purposes. Que53. | Write short notes on: b. Laser in ophthalmology A. Laser in Diagnostics : Laser diagnostics is the most modern method of diagnosis, 2. By using laser, the collection and analysis of diagnostic information is Possible both at macro and miero levels. 3. We know that, a three dimensional view of object is possible with the help ofhologeaphs '. The hologram may be prepared from raw data with {he help of computer. The problem of patient is diagnosed by analysing lograms, It isadvantageous because the patents not subjected to repeat testing. ‘The laser assisted spectral analysis is about 10 times more accurate and Precise than any other conventional methed. - Laser in Ophthalmology : Laser in ophthalmology is used to r remove, shrink and streteh the ocul treatingocular diseases, surgeries, such as imal bleeding and re attach the detached retina, cut, lar tissue and activate drugs when Barge te dace nt 8 ‘acess needed longo ‘The proce: NS XDOSUrO Lim, 4 ist inesthesia wot thes administering anesthesia for saa oo SFE a Was sey ining cand hence eq "could not be te d onthe other 1e duration of ex s0 the operation is almost painlons POSTE fase ui and with essbleeding 2" GeoA [Discuss the apoicaton oti gro advantages of laser surgery ? ‘Laser beam are highly intone and wsdietonal. Than propre used hy surgeon to burn up brain tumors anions cree Several problems in the neck and head ean be treated with aes Laser welding is used to rejoin blood vessels, CO, lasers are ene used in surgical operations, ty "in general surgery, What re er jpor tant technique involving the use oflaser isthe treatment where a helium-neon lasers used to stimulate the nerves in the wrists and ankles, 5. This ‘contr “reactions. B. Advantages of Laser Surgery : 1 Painless surgery. 2. Patient is not subjected to repeat testing. 8._Itis a faster process of surgery. Que 5.5. ] Write short notes on: Laser in dermatology ‘Laser in dentistry newer A. Laser in Dermatology : 1 Lasers are successfully used in skin lasers are commonly used to remove fedure has the unique sbility to stimulate the responses part of the brain and causes dramatic changes in nerve a and CO, related diseases APE the birthmeris.5-5H(OEC-Sem.2& 4) Laser System & Applications i mgestoming of eding emo 2 Laser finds wide a areas Tike home einomas, reckless wo major advantages over convent: a Laver tretmonts have two malo SON OT thine at a ing the energy of pumping as well as by Se eee : pulse also destroys any disease-causing bacteria. . evinces ater ions, denture sores and small non-cancerous tumors after laser treatment 5, It isalso used to desensitize exposed tooth dentin and root canals, tions of lasers in medical seiences with ‘special reference of cancerous tumors and eye diseases. OR Explain the application of laser in medieal seiencé. [AKTU 2014-15 (IID, Marks 10 oR ‘Write a note on application of laser in medicine and surgery. AKTU 2016-17 (i), Marks 10 ‘Answer ‘There are various applications of laser heam in medical science. In Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy : X _jaser beam is effectively sed inthe destruction of cancer tumors. 2 ar patiematoparnhyrin Derivative) is introduced inte the body ofthe patient followed by awaiting period of 46 eee & [peattacted area canbe viewed by ultraviolet light The area which leo reddish (pinkish) is irradiated with a laser beam operating at LipRm a a dosage of 800 men? for aheat doe in this argon laser has’ s is fete caf al er © eaten, This rotmet yn Bye Surgery: we to some-disease, the ret - nal la 1. Pigerlying tissue and as aresult thie area. ‘phe laser can be used for welding a d pu er may deta socal ome ated leached sting tremely smal a size of thn oer a esi can Jaser beam can be focused to an 2 aa loan gptained using a laser beam, ‘The time involved in laser beam welding sap ot required. Pulses of light the clam eyeis ne ight from a ruby lace ingot attachment. laser are used for ret] ¢. In Cardiology : jow a day's laser assisted balloon angioplas, y aiteaning! blocked arteries, 'loplasty is very common method 2 An argon on loser delivers nergy trop he balloon. 4, The balloon helps in centering the optical ber which tr laser and as a result there is opening of the vescel T™™S™#s the 4 This process is used even in the cae of totaly locked arteries, Que5.7. | How the eye surgery is made using lasers, Discus its advantages over other kind of surgeries. ‘ARTU 201416 OV), ‘Answer A. Bye Surgery usi 1. Following tw techniques are‘ed for aye surgery & Focal Photocoagul: 2 " leaking blood vessels in the small area of th : b Secatt -retinal) Photocoagulation : Scatter treatment is usec toslow the growth of ew aur tot vse tht ae ene over a wide area of the retina. : ” ‘schematic arrangement of photocagulatrisshowa in F871 & The laser produces a pulse of light energy controlled by the surgeon. is passed to the eye under treatment. ents eyetoprodvce a focused by the ens ofthe patients ey oF & er and disposal ‘Maris 10 f the tissue of the retina and the men! sonisdiforent er diferent The amount of energy required for congulation is dierent fe Patients. Therefore, an energy control unit is provi Supply unit.‘Many lasers have coagulative properties; they ieously cut and seal blood vessels during surgery. Less Searring : Laser incisions often result in smaller, neater scars compared to traditional surgical incisions. Reduced Infection Risk: Laser energy can sterilize the surgical s risk of infection during procedures, ser procedures can be less painful than traditional Wey cause less trauma to tissues and nerve endings. Different types of lasers can he used for a wide range of ‘medical and surgical apy from eye surgery (eg., LASIK) to tumor removal, skin resurfacing, and dental treatments, Lasers can damage 7 ity with Some Material em incompatible with some surgical certain materials, making instruments and PART-2 Laser Applications in Materials Processing Cutting, Laser Hardening, Advantages and Disadvantages of Laser in Material Processing. ‘Que5.9. | What do you mean by material processing ? What the various changes that can take place during material processing’ RT 0167 iy Me A. Material Processing = soos in which wet ie 1 ‘the material processing means the pros ‘melted or some part of it is remov'Laser System & Applications ing mate! 2. Following changes occurs during: 5-91 (OEC-Sem-3 & 4) ete 7 shase transformations (eg.: cutting, nergy input to induce the P tweding and dig a For hesecond catogory laser power ficiency andthe: time between th er beam andthe material ar or {Rebocos volver single or multiple phase changes Wi ‘hort period of tine els ‘The material processing mechanism involves the feu Colimated ser beam onto focal spot sizeof very sma on the workpiece ; ‘The high power density laser beam when strikes a target focal spot produces an immense heat and causing the material of th srorkpiece to melt whichin turn resll One of the m Jnteratin is jency and the important parameters affecting laser-material materials ability to absorb laser radiation this absorptivity i greatly influenced by wavelengths and temperature. ‘When the laser beam strikes the material, part of the energy is reflected and the rest is absorbed the absorptivity of some common ‘metals at different lasor wavelengths is shown in Fig, 5.9.1, Sala a tae 00, inser Sarasa [7 G03" Sug mK | SCL SS I —_ 1080805 10S ae Fie 4. Abort Ya wavlngh of ies materia rect anes eet jue 5.10. | Discuss applicati Que 5:10. | Di ‘plications of laser in material processing, Bd cuttin OF lasers regu, i Tm BOW this men Beng ATT B Discuss Jes in such materials, |, Holes of very fine dimension, havin, : 1 ratio can be drilled with the help oflacer 1° 22? tobole diameter From diffraction theory ba dh r 6.103) Where 2. is wavelength of light used, fis fea len 3 radius of beam, fis focal length of ens and ris the =| tensity Estat IfPis the power of laser beam then intensity at focused spot is we 2 Pe (6.102) PP From eq. (5.10.2) itis clear that langeris the value ofr, the sity, te i jesity a beam be the intensity, therefore in order to increase the intensity ‘xpanding device can be used. rill pance equal to This device consists of two convex lenses separated distance Sum of focal length of two lenses. cco There are various lasers such as NB-YAG,Négiss, 003604 Which can be used for drilling holes.SLB WOECSem3& 4) Js such a5 metals, 5. When laser heats up the material, the material interacts with the gas ‘and gets burnt. This method has been used to cut hard materials like Laser welding proce isa technique used to join mi laser, 2 Several materials ike stainles steel, low earbon steel, alloy steels, nickel based super alloys, lurninium alloys, titanium alloys etc. can be welded using Lasers. Laser welding has a large number of advantages : i. Lasers provide ‘Nery narrow, precise and accurate welding. ler material isr Nose ‘equired, socontamination of a welded part is iii. As laser radiation does: laser cutting process. Laser welding le pieces of metal through the use of a not posses the phenomenon of inertia itis >» the welding instantly, Tn lee eta carried outwith automatic and remote contrls. % In laser welding the material thee shrink Aisortion, stan stemet, nO ROE Undergo any shinkege, ‘Application: Prototypes are produced in g, tandard met } Fgnetional testing by laser meng’? 2, Support parts igs fxtres hls arepeduad i anda 3, Small series parts are directly prod Sandard metals luced in standard me ‘Tools for injection molds are produced in bot unk conformal cooling. ‘qasst| Write a short note on laser hardening ewer | 1 Laser hardening is a surface hardening process commonly wed for complicated shapes or large objects because it allows for absolute control on the surface hardness and texture 2. Itconsists of the rapid heating of a material's surface by laser beam, short hold at the target temperature and intensive coling dut tothe high thermal conductivity of the material 4 This process is used exclusively on ferrous materials suitable for hardening including steels and cast iron with a carbon content of more ‘than 0.2 pereent. 4 Terequires less refinishing work and has the ability to proess irregular, three dimensional workpiece. 45. Laser hardening increases hardness and wear resistance which leads to reduction of abrasive wear. a & Itcan be used to locally improve ti wear eee T arts for a wide variety of applications from pre hardening equipment. b enabling How laser is important for material processing? Diseuss Wantages and disadvantages? How laser is important for material processing ? D ABTU 2014-15 seuss in detHealth hazardous essoviated with use of laser so safety precautions are required 3. High cost Laser Applications in Optical Communication, Eee Commrrtontion yeas aoa] What are the optical sources for fibre optical ion system ? eee] A. Optical Sources for Fi 1. The fibre optical co namely tr ‘bre Optical Communication System : iter tncttion system is made up of three components “transmission medium and receiver. L 8 photon strikes a p, electric current due to, ion photo diode it produces @ ontale pair generation. ly doped n-layer botween two fa ation photodiode, Tegconversioneffciony ofpin dies higher than that of photo diode. high iii, Avalanche Photo Diode (APD) PIN diodes. These devices have internal gain by the avalanche muligization effect which increases its responsivity over p-n orpinderies Que 5.14. | Explain the working princpleotoptical communication. Why laser is important for optical communication ? ‘Answer A Working Principle of Optical Communication : 1. The optical communication through ptfibre works on the principle oftotal internal reflection. 2 Total internal refle is the phenomenon which occurs when a Propagated light wave strikes a nee at an angle larger than a particular critical angle wit mi normal to the surface. Ifthe refractive index is lower on the ofthe boundary and the incident angie is greater than the etel#BEle, the wave cannot rey, through and is entirely reflected a refetion is used in fis This phenomenon of total interadl e000 is fibre optical cout in eng das OE Dla othr 2, UDARs sometimes also cate sere ‘ se collection speed and helps infinding the tan -*8 controls the data oe change in wavelength ofseattsred ight ee atosphereby he ws Receiver s 4, Short pulse laser provides the better conclusion of the received informatie ¢._Applications of LIDAR: Rte:@.5:5 Paes eg Que B20. | What i ‘Linear: eee Sheri ISLIDAR ? Discuss its components and their role. photo detector How atmospheric pollutants are measured using IDA? ‘Answer A. LIDAR : Refer Q. 5.18, Page 5-18H, Units, thebelps in arriving the Transmitter Beam ‘expander Laser [WWW] Oscilloscope 5.18.1. Block diagram of a pulsed LIDAR system. 8, Page 5-18H, Unit, '. Measurement of atmospheric pollutants using LIDAR 4 LIDAR hel finding the presence of pollutants preser 5. Tha time variation can easily be converted into the height from which BIBAR hells i Gnding the Pal the laser has been berec ‘ 6 rn eae i 2. The time variation canbe easily converted into the height (range) from Frhotndetelor used is ether photomltipliers or silicon avalanche ies ievintnaiarieme earl rer D. Applications of LIDAR: 3 Bg. 5.20.1 shows lt of ima apn kt igen eam, which corresponds to height inthe e simancbty 1 MIDAR has applications in various fields such as archaeology, geology, no pollutants, 'e. koek seatteringisy pure molecular gases suchas N., tralie lee nTonony, biology and conservation (e.g. forest), military, O, Arete cael He. Police for speed monitoring of vehicles, imaging, 3-D mapping, eo eof back seatered light in ee Pee ee eee ee * Fie 5.20.10) hows ptttine ee i mn 2 Commercially it i e atmospheri lta “aMie scatter : abe ally ts used in aerial surveys and water depth measurements. a atmospho ra those ight. This ie ae ‘can be used to locate and find the s; i ELE EE aed : ts and Bbetweenbieights fe and fi speed of the objects. 8, i kinds at points eee, 4 LIDARs are used to sti The curve in Fig. 5.20.1(b) has nat between points A.and By ‘wed to study the presence of clouds, fog, ete. h Jods are due tothe fo! n 5 The s, fog, and h,. These kinds are due ‘ra greater inte ‘Tey are alo sed to study of turbulence and winds. here arg a i there are pollutants which ae respons that for aclear atmosphere. This implies heights A. andh.. nce of polltants belreen5-21H (OEC-Sem3 eq) ible to study the concentration and size of the phere. Laser Applications in Holography. ‘GeeSAT | What is the basie principle of holography ? Explain, 1. Anobjectisilluminated with a beam of coherent light. Then every point on the surface ofthe object acts as a source of secondary waves, ‘These secondary waves spread in all directions. Some of these waves are allowed to fall on aholographic plate, 3. Simultancously, another beam of same coherent light is allowed to fall on this holographic plate. {In the holographic plate, both the beams combine and interference pattern willbe formed. ‘This interference pattern is recorded on the holographic plate. & The BD image of the abject can be seen by exposing the recorded holographic plate to coherent light, ‘Que 6.22. | Discuss the construction a in a hologram, ind reconstruction of image 'm a laser has been pi plitude division of the rough a 50% {he amy Jddent beam into Fror My and the am ie known da light reflect from Bf, falls on the beam, infor Reference beam oe known as hologram ‘The hologram does not sin tion in the form ferente pate 2.1 shows the method of Mir Laser ference pat recordin, Holographic plate ‘Mirror Object bean Beam splitter My Fig. 6.22.1, Recording of hologram. ed tothe laser beam from ide. This beam is known as aie 0 Real image the hologram is:5-231 (OBC-Sems g 4) ations Laser Sytem Appia ate corona . 2 Tore ating, so constructive nterforengg ree gunning cnt nen * ie e directions. takes pace in som .sthe hologram at the same angle ag nother diese gd infront of the hologram and a virtual image jg 4. Areal image is f rani nceit appears as ifthe objet is present, foun secondary waves from every point of the object Sar So, each bit of the plate contains complete reach complete abject. Hence, image can be constructed using ¢ Quesas] What is holography ? Explain recording and small piece of hologram can ruction of «hologram. How a small piec {Sve compete information about the object? [AKTU 2014-15 (IV), Marks 10 ‘Answer logaphy: Holography isa technique of recording three: wna image sen sje: Ie esventhe eee eee Inala pase dtbaton, Revording and Reconstruction of a Holdgram Refer Q, 5.2, Phos 2, Uni Hologram cap Onc: ‘helogram is the three-dimensional recording of any object, It records ‘nth the intensity and phase distribution of the object pe pllgram consists ofa speckled pattorn of fine dots that are the “rons Ptteruof two coherent beams required for the retracting gram, B. sive Complete Information about the » ndranaaramnt small pieces, the nteforonc des not change snd remains an affected. ‘ Thecomplets infomation shout th ob i ationabout theabjeet ed by iluminatng ‘any stall pices of hologram °° °bieet-can be obtained by ilk 8 8 Thoswee the objet"? “8 smal piece of hologram ean give complete about =m] © 524] Discuss a Di bout the characteristics of a hologram. Explain the importance of las construction and reconstructio ‘Answer A a izinal one, ‘The two images pseudoscopic ang Orthoscopic can be constructed from a Aeslindrial hologram provided 36% yey an eis possible to store more than ong; wo independent seo photographic plate and can be vieweg oi thetinn wi Jnterference , oR er in holography technique. How the of image takes placein holography, AKTU 2014-15 (IID, Marks 10 Importance of Laser for Holography : ‘mage of an object without the use of lenses or mirrors Holography record both phase as wel as intensity Forholograp! Provides a flight, hy the long range coherent sources are required. ‘The laser Powerful monochromatic and long-ranged coherent source Principle of Holography : Refer Q 5.21, Page 5-21H, Units Construction and Reconstruction of ‘Holography : Refer Q. 5.22, Page. 5~21H, Unit-5. Applications of Holography : 7 : Holograms are used f ty in many industries and are common thou etprodleelat computer software, bandon 3 host of product, paskaging compat dite puter so 'meties, watches and sporting goods. ates Rolography is actively used in medial scene, eat 80 “*doscopies, eye surgery, urology, pathology scanners to read the bar Celoerephic lenses are sed in super markets5.2511 (OFC-Sema @ 4 Applications SSS & ay Soa ised for testing stresses, [parr7] Laser Hazards and Safety Consideration GavEaE: | iseuss about the laser hazards. “al roe ii Eye and Skin Damage: Fast Bye Injury : Laser beams can cause severe eye injuries, including ny Laser Menent vision los Evenbiefexposureto costa ‘cinemas amb areal tune Burge High-power lasers can cause burns and tissue damage to fheskinupon dre contac. Fire and Combustion Hazards : Ignition of Materials: Laser beams can ignite flammable materials, including paper, pasties, and certain gases, posing fire hazards. Explosive Materials : When lasers interact with explosive or reactive ‘materials, they can trigger explosions or chemical reactions, Electrical Hazards : i. High Voltage :Laser systems often require high voltage power supplies, ‘which can pose electrical shock hazards if not properly insulated or rounded. i. Blectrie Ares : Misaligned or malfunctioning lasers may produce ‘electrical ares that can damage equipment and pose a risk to personnel. Chemical Hazards : Emission of Harmful Gases : Some laser processes, such as laser cating or engraving on certain’ materials, may produce hazardous chemical byproducts or fumes, MetnsParts: Laer jstememay have moving parts, such asmirrors Gnd lenses, which can pose a risk of mechanical injury if not properly guarded or controlled, a are a Optical Hazards ; Reflections and Scatter : by surface: ant Scatter : Laser beams can be reflected or scattered Unintended 2 2°CHllY polished or reflective materials, leading to ed exposure and potential eye damage. prectrical and Radiation y, ‘gig Voltaxe Components 5 Hide Monts that canteens Non-Lonizing Radiatio 5, NOM visible, ultraviolet forsur CA CAUSE tsa separent. iological Hazards : jerobiological Safety in med, Mimpotentially cause coat etaand aminatin snaterials, leading toinfection sae Waerds ¢ tLe ee Lasers Gandini webeatingan non ht Prolonged amg, particulate and Aerosol Fo ablation can produce airborne, hazardous materials. Adequa tomitigate these risks, mation :Lase articulates an Tbroceses like cuttingor te Ventilation, eerie ‘Gue5.27, | What are the safety considerations oflaser ‘hazards? ‘Answer ‘Training and Education: Al personnel who work with lasers Cron tar esr ee ea aoe safety procedures, including the potential risks and protective measuree Laser Classification Classify lasers based on their potential hazards, Different classes of lasers have varying levels of ‘danger, and safety measures should correspond to the laser's classification. & Protective Eyewear : Provide and mandate the use of laser safety goggles or eyewear with appropriate optical density (OD) ratings for the specific laser wavelength. Warning Labels and Signage : Clearly labo lasers and laer-rlated ‘equipment with appropriate warning signs, labels, and information about ‘the laser's class, wavelength, and potential hazards. ; ign and eallimate Beam Alignment and Collimation : Carefully align and 7 laser beams to prevent unintended reflections or scatter that may pos risk to personnel. Controlled Acces: ‘authorized personnel only, i Restrict acces to laser-operating aes (0 ‘and implement secure entry contr Emergency Procodres: Fash tw emergency procedures for responding t° ‘including eye injuries and fires.10, As yy Audits and Ris tgof laser-related acti jons : Famili 2 a sand standardafor Lene sf seen eet wpei to pour induatry oy ssessments : Periodically conduct safety ‘and equipment to Following ques VERY IM2ORTANT QUESTIONS ‘may be asked very important. These questions your SESSIONALS as well as UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION. QL. Write short notes on |. Explain the apy Refer Q. 5.6, Unit . Discuss appli . What is LIDAR ? Laser diagnostics Laser in ophthalmology Refer Q.5., ‘Write short notes on : Laser in dermatology Laser in dentistry : Refer Q.5.5, Unit, Refer Q. 5.10, Unit-s. LIDAR. Refer Q.5.18, Units, Explain the principle of holography and discuss its appli Refer Q. 5.25, Unit, tions of laser in material processing. Explain the principle of operation of a O00 ji. Define coherence, 5, Coherence 108 (faves are other. ‘There are two types . i. Spatial coherence, and ii. Temporal coherence, Differentiate between spatial a Spatial and temporal echerence, Spatial Coherence i | "Spatial coherence refers to 4| the continuity and uniformity of a wave in a direction, Ikis related to the finite size of the source, ‘Temporal Coherence] istelatedtothefinte bandwad of the source, 14, What is coherence time? ABE Coherence time of apropagating wave idfined asthe tne which the phase relationship of the wave remains c: ‘may also be defined asthe time interval within hich phase ofthe wave is on average, predictable ata given point inspace 15. Discuss coherence length. *8E Coherence length is defined as the pro electromagnetic wave from coherent 5 ‘Wave maintains a fairly sinusoidal 18. Write the different properties oss