1.

INTRODUCTION
1.1. A brief description about the Project

This is Environmental and Social Impact Assessment(ESIA) report document of the envisaged
project for the establishment of sugar manufacturing plant that produces white sugar using sugar
cane in Oromia Regional State, Gujji Zonal Adminstartion , Wadera Wareda in three Kebeles
namely “Heba Hidi, Gademso Hidi, Handoye Hanchako” kables of the Wadera Woreda. Sugar is
generally used in the preparation of drinks in cafes and restaurants, confectioneries, biscuits as
well as food and beverage products.
The promoter of the project is Yirga Trading PLC which is established in 1989, holding up the
objective of contributing towards boosting the export earning of the country and supplying
import goods therewith.

The cultivation and processing of sugar produce environmental impacts through the loss of
natural habitats, intensive use of water, heavy use of agro-chemicals, discharge and runoff of
polluted effluent and air pollution. This leads to the degradation of wildlife, soil, air and water
where sugar is produced and of downstream ecosystems. Although many of the environmental
impacts of cane and beet cultivation are generic to agriculture, some impacts are distinct,
particularly in their severity. Impacts relating to irrigation of sugar cane and pollution runoff are
of particular concern.

Since the Ethiopian economy policy is a free market economy, the investment proclamation No.
37/1996, June 1996, indicates areas of investment reserved for the government, for domestic
investors, and also areas of a joint investment with foreign investors. These statements of the
proclamation outline the role of foreign investors shall be allowed to play in some areas of
investment only in the context of partnership with domestic investors where the investment
amount exceeds US$ 20 Million. The equity share of the domestic partners in a joint investment,
it shall not be less than 27%.

Economic development can have major impacts on the environment by degrading soils, polluting
bodies of water, altering landscapes and threatening biodiversity, in some cases driving species
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into extinction. In turn, environmental impacts can impose significant economic and social costs
on society, especially with regard to human health. Environmental Impact Assessment, however,
can predict development’s negative effects and recommend either why & means of avoiding the
supposed impact or map out mitigating strategies with possibility of pointing out possibilities
that will enhance the positive effects of development activities.

The need for environmental Impact Assessment arose in response to the pollution and
unnecessary degradation of natural resources caused by rapid and unsustainable industrialization,
agricultural development, and technological progress. Environmental Impact Assessment
recognizes that natural resources are finite and incapable of absorbing the unchecked demands of
modern society. Environmental Impact Assessment assesses the possible impacts of proposed
initiatives before work on the project in commenced. It is a formal study process and is used to
predict the environmental consequences of a proposed major development project. In addition to
assisting the formulation of proper development policy, Environmental Impact Assessment also
provides a forum for public involvement in the decision-making process (UNEP, 1988).

Environmental Impact Assessment is in essence the methodology for identifying and evaluating,
in advance, any effect – be it positive or negative – that result from the implementation of a
proposed project or public instrument (Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation, 2002).
Just as Environmental Impact Assessment investigates the possible environmental impacts of a
project, strategic level assessment looks at the possible environmental repercussions of
government programs, strategies, and laws. This document incorporates, introduction, the
approach followed in conducting the study, legal and policy requirements, baseline information
about the project and the environment, environment impact analysis and recommended
management options, conclusion and recommendations.

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1.2. Objective of the Study

The objectives of the study is generally to provide effective means of harmonizing and
integrating environmental, economic, cultural and social considerations into a decision-making
process in a manner that promotes sustainable development and specifically to:

 To minimize and also mitigate negative environmental impacts in the of the project

 To take advantage of the positive impact of the project such as employment opportunity,
knowledge & technology transfer and etc.

 To develop positive public attitude towards the company by showing the benefit of the
project to the local people and the national economy.

 To increase productivity and contribute to sound natural resource management.

1.3. Methodology

1.3.1. Sources of Data

This is the major role player in performing every study of which environmental impact
assessment is one as input to perform the study successfully. This includes both primary and
secondary data’s in qualitative and quantitative forms to perform the study to make the study
more full of facts. The primary sources like the existing reality on the site and the neighboring
natural and manmade features (through observation), from members living in the surrounding
area, from officials working in the town’s administration and municipality and from relevant
bodies who could provide supportive information or data.

On the other hand, secondary sources like documents publicized from different bodies (From
related sectors of the Federal and Regional government and the Media) like; reports, books,
images, photos, internet, research papers on related topics, and other written sources were used.
The study was highly responsive and heavily reliant on participatory methods, using synthesis
meeting to define project stakeholder needs and inputs, and determine environmental protection

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priorities; independent survey to determine stakeholder priorities, constraints and opportunities
and analysis of research and publication results.

1.3.2. Data Collection Techniques

This is also one critical step in every study to have access to the required data’s. Different
techniques and/or tools are used to collect data’s for the proposed project as study inputs. Of
these, the following are the major:

 Field Surveys: this is one data collection techniques which is performed through
observation of natural and manmade features. All multidisciplinary team of the
Environmental Impact Assessment has made observations in and around the project site to
gather essential data to understand the likely impacts of the upcoming project on the
particular environment around the project site to gather physical, socio-economic
environment and base line data.

 Interview: These techniques were performed through preparation of structured and/or

unstructured questions in verbal (oral) response from selected primary sources. The
residents living around the site and others who have information were also contacted here
to give supportive facts. On the other hands, in depth interview was held with relatively
skilled interviewer to elicit rich and detailed material that can be used in analysis.

 Reading and reviewing literatures (Secondary data from secondary sources) like reports,
manuals, newspapers, posters and different books as well as searching representing remote
sensing data’s like aerial photos, satellite images and the like through internet.

 Competent authority guidelines: the Federal and regional legislative and institutional
framework, policies, procedures, guidelines etc has also been reviewed.

 Consultation with relevant regional and local authorities, stakeholders, and local
community where the project site is situated through discussions to provide desired
information.

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1.3.3. Data Analysis and Presentation
The collected data’s from different sources by various techniques was analyzed through clear
and self explanatory descriptive statistics. Data presentation was accompanied by textual
discussions and maps were constructed and listed in such a way that they can clarify significant
relationships and become self explanatory. After doing (conducting) the study as per methods
identified earlier, the analysis made was interpreted, and conclusion was deduced.

1.3.4. Knowledge Gaps, Challenges, and Measures

Environmental Impact Assessment is new concept in and around the project site. This may be
due to insignificant participation of wide community in the law making process on the issues of
their concern in addition to environmental protection. This knowledge short coming on
Environmental Impact Assessment led many to consider it as a process that is designed to make
development activities difficult. Lack of sufficient understanding of Environmental Impact
Assessment led to a number of misconceptions among those who are key actors in the
Environmental Impact Assessment process.

The five year development and transformation plan of Ethiopia considers activities with the
intent to alleviate poverty as soon as possible with great concern for sustainable development.
However, when we strive to achieve one goal, we may seriously affect another important
interest, unless we take care to address all of the problems we have in a systematic way. To
ensure sustainable development, its three pillars – namely, economic growth, social
development, and environmental protection – must be proportionately considered. If one of these
pillars is missing, we cannot achieve the development we desire. Every development activities
which focus on any one of the three pillars at the cost of ignoring one or two of the other pillars
will significantly affect the sustainability of our development. Most of developing countries
including Ethiopia give much more emphasis to economic growth than to dealing with
environmental issues.

This time before, the history of efforts to alleviate poverty clearly shows that such a narrow
focus will not carry us far. Efforts must be made to enhance awareness. Emphasis must
especially be made on key actors and much has to be done to make Environmental Impact
Assessment a public concern rather than the concern of few agencies. This may be performed
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through awareness creation for the community beside private participation on participating on
giving great emphasis on environmental protection.

1.3.5. Report Structure

The report is structured in eight chapters namely: Introduction, Scoping Report, Policy,
strategies, Legal, Institutional and Administrative Framework, Description of the Project,
Baseline Information of The Project Proposal, Environmental and Social Impact Identification
and Analysis, Identified Impact and proposed Mitigation Measures, Environmental and Social
Impact Management Plan, Conclusions and Recommendations.
The various stages involve in the EA include the following:
PRE-SCREENING CONSULTATION
Pre-screening is not normally taken as a part of a stage in the EA process. However, its
application is recommended in recognition of its importance to enhance the overall effectiveness
of the EA System.
Pre-screening is a stage where the proponent and the respective environmental or sectoral
agencies establish contact and hold consultation on how best to proceed with the EA.
The undertaking of a pre-screening consultation is advisable for it saves time and fosters a
mutual understanding about the requirement.
SCREENING
Screening is the processes of determining whether or not a proposal requires EA and the level at
which the assessment should occur.
At this stage a proponent initiates the process by submitting the project profile or an initial
environmental examination report after undertaking an initial environmental assessment, to the
relevant environmental agency.
SCOPING
The scoping stage is the process of interaction. It aims at identification of:
 boundaries of EA studies,
 important issues of concerns,
 significant effects and factors to be considered

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2. Scoping
Scoping as one major steps of environmental impact assessment process identifies the degree of
the project and which of the activities has a potential to interact with the natural, legal and socio-
economic environments. It was conducted early in the process to focus on the priority issues for
the rest of the Environmental Impact Assessment process.

2.1.1. Limitation of the Study Area

The limitation of the proposed project area is basically is absence of raw material as well as other
supportive project type. This may take while to create awareness for the communities as well as
other developers create limitation to implement the project respecting our project plan, to hire
qualified man power as well as to access other basic services. The impacts of the project on the
natural landscape is very low as practically seen the proposed site for the project. This is because
the step of the project that has significant Impact on the natural landscape as well as the physical
environment has been completed before the stages which is planned to be performed in this
project.

2.1.2. Valued Ecosystems within the Study Area to be impacted

Forecasting the future impacts of the proposed project on the natural environment is mandatory
since the it is still on project phase. Based on this fact, the probable valued ecosystems which
were impacted by the project during the pre construction and the construction period may
include; alteration of the natural landscape of the area; soil & soil organism, the air, minor
disturbance of the local community. This need care during pre-construction, construction as well
as operation phase to create environmentally sound development project to the area.

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3. `Policy, Strategy, Legal and Institutional Requirements
3.1.1 Policy Framework for Environmental Impact Assessment
Ethiopia has a comprehensive environment policy at the current time. The Environmental Policy
of Ethiopia was issued in 1997 to provide overall guidance in the conservation and sustainable
utilization of the country’s environmental resources in general. The overall objective of the
environmental policy is to promote the sustainable social and economic development of the
country through, inter alia, sustainable management, and utilization of the natural resources of
the country.

Among the specific objectives the environmental policy seeks to achieve are ensuring the
conservation, development and sustainable use of essential ecological processes and life support
systems, biological diversity and renewable natural resources; and the empowerment and
participation of the people in environmental management. The environmental policy lays the
foundation for Environmental Impact Assessment in the country. In section 4.9, the environment
policy stipulates the country’s policies regarding Environmental Impact Assessment. It provides
for the enactment of a law which requires that an appropriate Environmental Impact Assessment
and environmental audits be undertaken on private and state development projects; and the
development of detailed technical guidelines that direct the undertaking of Environmental.
Impact Assessment and environmental audits in the various sectors.

It also provides for the establishment of an institutional arrangement responsible for undertaking,
coordinating and approving Environmental Impact Assessment and the subsequent
environmental audits. Furthermore, the environmental policy determines the scope and key
elements of the Environmental Impact Assessment process. Some of the policies and legal
requirement issue that need to be referred in such a project are:

 Environmental policy: The overall goal of The Environmental Policy of the FDRE which
was approved by the Council of Ministers in April 1997 is to enhance the living condition
of the people of Ethiopia by promoting sustainable development through sound
environment management. This implies that the need of the present generation should be
fulfilled without compromising to the ability of the future generation to meet their needs.

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  Health Policies: The promotion of occupational health and safety (Article 1.3;
Article2.2.2; Article 5.2) and the development of Environmental Health (Article 2.2.3) are
identified as priority policy areas for the health sector.

 Water Resources Management Policy: Water resources management policy issued in

1998. outlined development of the resource of the country for economic and social
benefits of the people on equitable & sustainable basis; allocation and apportionment of
water based on comprehensive and integrated plans and optimum allocation principles that
incorporate efficiency of use, equity of access, and sustainability of the resource;
combating and regulating floods through sustainable mitigation, prevention, rehabilitation
and other practical measures and conserving, protecting and enhancing water resources
and the overall aquatic environment on sustainable basis.

3.1.2 Strategies Promoting Sustainable Development

Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy: Ethiopia's Sustainable Development
and Poverty Reduction Strategy was formulated with the objectives of:

 Prevailing and intentional focus on agriculture as the sector is the source of livelihood for
85 % of the population where the bulk of the poor live and to be a potential source to
generate primary surplus to fuel the growth of other sectors of the economy (industry);

 Strengthening private sector growth and development especially in industry as means of

achieving off-farm employment and output growth (including investment in necessary
infrastructure);

 Undertake major investment in education and strengthen the ongoing effort on capacity
building to overcome critical constraints to implementation of development programs;

 Deepen and strengthen the decentralization process to shift decision-making closer to the
grass root population, to improve responsiveness and service delivery;

 Improvements in governance to move forward in the transformation of society, improve

empowerment of the poor & set framework/provide-enabling environment for private
sector growth and development;

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  Focus on increased water resource utilization to ensure food security;

The National Economic Development strategy: promoted labor intensive technologies and
utilization of domestic raw materials; Determination of the composition of industrial output
based on the needs and income levels of the population; and government intervention to motivate
the choice of labor intensive technology extensive use of domestic raw materials.

The Conservation Strategy: Approved by the Council of Ministers in 1996, provides a

comprehensive and rational approach to environmental management in a very broad sense,
covering national and regional strategies, sectoral policies, action plans and programs as well as
providing the basis for development of appropriate institutional and legal frameworks for the
implementation. It also deals with providing a strategic framework for integrating environmental
planning into a new and existing policies and projects.

3.1.3 Legal and Institutional Framework for Environmental Impact Assessment

I. The FDRE Constitution

Being a supreme law of the land, a constitution provides the basic framework on which detailed
laws shall be developed for various sectors. The 1995 Constitution of the Federal Democratic
Republic of Ethiopia contains provisions that support the enactment of Environmental Impact
Assessment legislation. In this regard, it stipulates that the design and implementation of
development programs and projects in the country should not damage or destroy the
environment; and recognizes the right of the people to be consulted and express their views on
the planning and implementation of environmental policies and projects that affect them (Art.
92).

In addition, the constitution recognizes the right of citizens to live in a clean environment, and,
where they are displaced or their livelihood has been adversely affected by the development
projects undertaken by the government, the rights to get commensurate monetary or alternative
compensation, including relocation with adequate state assistance (Art. 44). These provisions
provide a perfect constitutional basis for the development and implementation of an effective
Environmental Impact Assessment process.

II. Environmental Impact Assessment Law

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 Following the provisions of the environment policy, the Ethiopian government introduced the
Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation (Proclamation № 299 of 2002). The
proclamation requires an Environmental Impact Assessment process for any planned
development project or public policy which is likely to have a negative impact on the
environment. With regard to development projects, the proclamation stipulates that no person
shall commence implementation of a proposed project identified by directive as requiring
Environmental Impact Assessment without first passing through Environmental Impact
Assessment process and obtaining authorization from the competent environmental agency (Art.
3(1)).

III. Sectoral Laws Relevant to Environmental Impact Assessment

 Investment Law: The Investment Proclamation № 280 of 2002 (as amended by

Proclamation № 375/2003) and Investment Regulation № 84 of 2003 are the laws that
regulate investment activities in the country at present. According to the Investment
Proclamation, having an investment permit is a requirement for foreign nationals to
undertake any commercial activities in Ethiopia; they cannot carry out commercial activity
in the country without first having an investment permit.

 Land Law: The legal framework governing how land is allocated for investment presents
other possibilities for the incorporation of Environmental Impact Assessment. Regarding the
utilization of land for investment, Ethiopia’s 1995 Constitution provides for the right of
investors to obtain land for investment purpose on lease in accordance with conditions to be
specified by subsidiary laws (Art. 40). In line with this, the Rural Land Administration and
Use Proclamation (Proclamation № 456/2005) recognizes the right of investors to obtain
and use rural land, provided that priority is given to peasants and pastoralists (Art. 5(4)(a)).

 Fishery Law: The government has ratified fishery legislation with a view to ensure the
conservation, development, and utilization of fishery resources in the country (Proclamation
№ 315 of 2003). Fishery laws seek to ensure the sustainable use of fishery resources in the
country. To this end, the proclamation stipulates that federal or regional organs should
ensure that development programs and projects will not have a negative impact on the
fishery resources of a basin (Art. 8).

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 Wildlife Law: Wildlife Proclamation was enacted with the view to adapt the management
of wildlife to existing realities (Proclamation № 541/2007). In relation to maximizing the
economic benefit from the wildlife resources of the country, the proclamation encourages
investment in wildlife-based tourism, to be conducted in such a way that shall not endanger
the ecological integrity of protected areas (Art. 11). In addition, it requires that any
economic activity to be undertaken in wildlife conservation areas shall be carried out in
accordance with the proclamation, and its corresponding regulations and directives (Art.
10).

 Water Law: Water Resources Proclamation (Proclamation № 197/2000) and regulation

(Regulations № 115 of 2005) aims to ensure that the water resources of the country are duly
conserved and protected from harmful effects and utilized for the highest social and
economic benefits of the country. Accordingly, the proclamation describes the measures that
must be taken for the conservation and protection of waterways and the conditions under
which water resources may be exploited. The proclamation prohibits the release of any
waste that endangers the lives of humans, animals, or plants into water bodies. In addition, it
prohibits the clearing of trees or vegetation and the construction of residential houses along
the banks of water bodies so as to ensure their protection.

 Mining Law: The mining law obliges a licensee to conduct the operation in a manner that
minimizes damage or pollution to the environment. It also requires a licensee to
immediately notify the licensing authority of anything likely to jeopardize the property or
the environment and to immediately take the necessary steps to mitigate the impacts.

 Genetic Resource Law: Proclamation № 482/2006 subjects access to genetic resources and
community knowledge in the country to the requirement of permit from the Institute of
Biodiversity Conservation, and stipulates the conditions under which access to genetic
resources may be denied. It contains provisions meant to ensure that access to genetic
resources is carried out without causing harm to the environment. (Art. 13).

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4. Description of the Project
4.1. Background of the Project

4.1.1. Project Location

The study of Environmental impact assessment for Sugar Production Plant in Wadera Woreda of
Gujii Zone of Oromia regional state specific site including three Kebeles namely “Heba Hidi,
Gademso Hidi, Handoye Hanchako” kables of the Wadera Woreda which is located at about of
535km from Finfinne/Addis Ababa and 60km from the zone capital city of Nagele town.. The
study is to be performed for the sustainability of the proposed project ecologically, socially and
economically in order to reach on its proposed objectives. This is because, Emphasis must
especially be made on key actors, and much has to be done to make Environmental Impact
Assessment a public concern rather than the concern of few agencies. Therefore, the study was
done on the environmental impacts of the proposed project, to identify possible impacts of the
project, and to come up with mitigation solutions for these expected impacts based on global and
local environmental laws.

Wadera is an area where mixed farming economic activities are major livelihood of the people.
The expansion of social services, secondary economic activities and modern means of
transportation and communication are in their early stage of development.

Astronomically, wadera is located between 5 o39'5” - 6o2'28” northing latitudes and 39o5'30” -
39o27'52” easting longitudes. It has an area of 941Km2 and its Boundaries are Girja District and
Bale zone in the east, Liben district and O/shakiso in the west and Adola rede in the north east
direction. Guji zone shares common boundaries or has direct physical contact with Borena zone
to the south and southwest, Somali National Regional State to the east, Bale zone to the north
and Regional State of Nations, Nationalities and People's of Southern Ethiopia to the
northwestdirection.

Location Advantages:- Due to its plenty of land feverously for Sugar plantation, weather
condition, existences of ample of water bodies, proximity to the Zone capital city the study
region becomes very important for the attraction of both domestic and foreign direct investment

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(FDI) in sugar cane plantation and sugar plant establishment. In addition the study region shares
relatively good infrastructures development.

The Woreda is drained by Genale, and Sokora Rivers, similarly banti stream are the major rivers
and streams. The available water bodies are largely used for domestic purposes like dirking,
cooking & washing only. There are no rivers, streams and lakes that are used for transportation,
generation of hydro electric power, irrigation and fish production i.e. there is un seen fertile
resources in this localities.

Location Map of Wadera Woreda

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4.1.2. Project Objective
This is a project profile on the establishment of sugar manufacturing plant that produces white
sugar using sugar cane in Oromia Regional State, West Oromia Region, Guji Zone Wadera
Woreda, Bako/Dedessa localities. Sugar is generally used in the preparation of drinks in cafes
and restaurants, confectioneries, biscuits as well as food and beverage products.

As every private limited company, the general objective of this Yirga Trading PLC can be seen
into two major categories (for profit and for public benefit) by giving great attention in
conformity of the products to the required quality and the specific objectives of the Company
(the project in this case) is to:

 To solve the current Shortage of Sugar elsewhere in Ethiopia

 To generate reasonable return on investment
 To increase government revenue through taxations and
 To create job opportunities during construction and implementation stages working in
the established services.
 To increase export earnings for our country

4.1.3. Justification of the Project

This project profile deals with the establishment of sugar cane plantation and sugar mill in
Oromia Regional State, West Oromia Region, Guji Zone Wadera Woreda, at the specif localites
of “Heba Hidi, Gademso Hidi, Handoye Hanchako” kables. Demand projection divulges that the
domestic demand for sugar is substantial and is increasing with time.

Sugar has become one of the essential food consumption items in the country both in urban and
rural areas. Though per capita sugar consumption in Ethiopia is one of the lowest in the world,
the volume of consumption has been growing steadily since the establishment of the first sugar
cane plantations-cum-sugar mills in the Awash Valley in the early 1950’s. As a sweetening food
item, sugar is used in preparing all types of drinks (coffee, tea, soft drinks, juices, etc) and foods
(pastries, bread of special types, etc).

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Of the important parameters that approve the viability of the project are the financial performance
indicators, which include an IRR of 51.94 percent at a discounted rate of 9.5 percent and NPV Birr
47,967,158.38. It is also substantiated with a 3.29 year payback period of its investment capital
which is reasonably viable.
Its socio economic benefits that come about in the form of employment creation, tax revenue
generation and foreign currency earning as well as saving to the government are a plus to the
attesting parameters on the viability of the project so far.

From the foregoing, all the market, technical and financial viability indicators bear a green light to
the perceived projected. Hence, the project is recommended to be promoted. In addition to this, the
proposed project possesses wide range of economic and social benefits such as increasing the level
of investment, tax revenue and employment creation.
Generally, the project is technically feasible, financially and commercially viable as well as
socially and economically acceptable. Hence the project is worth implementing.

Overall, the proposed project will have minimum impact on the Environment if the
recommended/suggested environmental management/mitigation and monitoring aspects are fully
implemented in high spirit by the project proponents.

This establishment of Sugar plant will provide sugar, power and ethanol as useful material for
Ethiopia, which will save foreign exchange in these days. This will not disturb the present land
use because our area occupied will be only small % of Influence zone 10 km. Compatible
Architecture will be adopted and No Prime Agriculture Land will be put to this industrial use.
Trees will be maintained and not razed down. No Rehabilitation is involved. The problematic
waste materials of sugar mills like molasses, press mud and bagasse will be utilized. People will
get some jobs here and the sugar, power and organic compost generated here will be useful for
farming and some incidental a lot of employment will become available to genuine people. This
will be beneficial to the society. Due to this project, farmer will get more prices for sugar cane
and sugar products. · This project is very necessary in view of converting waste bagasse,
molasses into useful steam, power and foreign exchange saver product.

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  The local people desire that this industry will be welcome in their area.
 The candidate site is suitable from general this sugar plant expectations.
 Land, Water, power, Raw material and Market is assured and found available with
ease.
 Full precautions will be taken for Pollution Control, Resource Conservation and
Environmental Protection.
 This is cost effective and Sustainable Development.

4.1.4. Raw Materials

The main raw materials required in production of sugar are sugar cane, sulphur, lime and
polyethylene bags. Sugar cane will be available from the sugar cane plantation of the envisaged
plant. Accordingly, the annual demand of the mill is estimated to be 160,000 tons of sugar cane.
On the other hand sulphur and lime will be imported from abroad while polyethylene bag will be
purchased from domestic firms.

The annual raw material and utility requirement and the associated cost for the envisaged plant is
presented in the table below.
Table: Annual consumption and estimated cost of raw materials

Annual
No. Description consumption Total cost
1 Cane seed 1280qtl 96,000
2 Chemicals 120,000tons1 2,040,000
3 Packing materials(PPbags) 240,000units 1,200,000

4.1.5. Project Product Process and Production Output

The process of producing sugar is stated as below.
Step I- Production of Sugar Cane: The first step in the process is the cultivation of the sugar
cane. This requires the development of 600 ha of seed bed of sugar cane that will allow to
cultivate 3 modules of 2000 ha each. This plantation will provide the raw material to an
industrial plant that sues 80 tons of sugar cane per hour.

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Step I- Harvesting: The second step is harvesting of sugar cane where it is weighed and fed
manually to the cane carrier and transporting it into the mill plant. Each ton of sugar-cane
produces about 100 kg of sugar, meaning that 10% of the total weight of the sugar-cane can be
transformed into crystal sugar. An average yield per hectare is 80 tons of sugar-cane.

Step II- Crushing: As soon as the cane reaches the mill, it is sliced and shredded in order to
facilitate juice extraction in the crushing process that follows. Generally three or more sets of
three-roller mills are used to press juice out of the cane. The woody fiber left as residue is called
bagasse and is used as fuel in the boilers, producing steam and electricity.

Step III- Purification of the juice: The purpose of this step is to remove the largest possible
number of impurities at the beginning. Purification is done by adding sulphur dioxide and lime
and heating them. At the first stage, sulphur dioxide is added to the juice and then lime, and heat
applied. The final pH is adjusted to 8-8.5. The chemically treated juice is left to precipitate in a
continuous decanter and the precipitate (sludge) is filtered through a vacuum filter. Purified juice
from the decanter and clear juice from the vacuum filter are mixed together.
Step IV- Evaporation: Clear juice is concentrated in multiple-effect vacuum evaporators to a
concentration of 55-65% sucrose. Steam is generated by the boilers, which use bagasse as fuel.

Step V- Crystallization: The concentrated juice or syrup is further evaporated until it is saturated
with sugar. This process is also carried out in vacuum pans. As the syrup becomes saturated,
sugar crystals are formed. As water evaporates, more syrup is added to the pan and sugar is
deposited on the crystals that have already formed. The final mass of syrup and sugar crystals is
known as massecuite.

Step VI: Centrifuging: The massecuite is centrifuged in a basket-type centrifuge. Crystals of

sugar remain in the basket, while the liquid (molasses) is thrown out through the perforations in
the sides of the basket by centrifugal force. The sugar crystals are brown and still contain some

18
syrup. This sugar, known as raw sugar, can be prepared further for consumption by refining. The
molasses still contain crystallizable sucrose, which is again mixed with syrup and returned to the
vacuum pans. The new massecuite is centrifuged and the molasses returned to the vacuum pan
once more to be treated as before. After the centrifugal treatment has been repeated three times,
higher quality “A” and ‘*B*’ sugars are ready to be bagged, after drying, and the “C” (lower
grade) sugar is returned to the vacuum pans as a base for more “A” and “B” sugars. Molasses
with such a low sucrose concentration that the removal of sucrose is uneconomical are used as a
raw material for alcoholic fermentation for the production of alcohol.

Step VII- Distillation: Alcohol produced by yeast fermentation is distilled from wine in column
stills with a production of 95-96% alcohol and 12-13 litres of vinasse per liter of alcohol
produced. Vinasse is very rich in organic matter and, because of its high biochemical oxygen
demand; it cannot be emptied into rivers. It can be used as fertilizer, however, as it adds nitrogen,
potassium and phosphorus to the soil.

It is important to note that a cane-sugar processing facility is self-sufficient in its energy

requirements. After the cane juice has been extracted from the sugar-cane plant by crushing and
washing, the plant becomes bagasse, a cellulosic material that produces heat through
combustion. This heat is used to produce steam at high pressure in special boilers. The steam
generated is used for special crushing boilers and for crushing, heating, evaporation, drying and
also for producing electricity.

The alternative technologies are related to the production of white sugar or cube sugar. In
Ethiopia white sugar is produced mainly for export while cube sugar is consumed by luxurious
hotels as well as by few affluent homes. As the product of the envisaged plant will be sold to
domestic consumers, the alternative technologies will not be required by the envisaged plant.

19
 5. Base Line Information on the Project Proposal
5.1. Biological and Physical Baseline Information
5.1.1. Physical set up/Topography of the Wadera
Astronomically, wadera is located between5o39'5” - 6o2'28” northing latitudes and 39o5'30” -
39o27'52” easting longitudes. It has an area of 941Km2 and its Boundaries are Girja District and
Bale zone in the east, Liben district and O/shakiso in the west and Adola rede in the north east
direction. Guji zone shares common boundaries or has direct physical contact with Borena zone to
the south and southwest, Somali National Regional State to the east, Bale zone to the north and
Regional State of Nations, Nationalities and People's of Southern Ethiopia to the northwest
direction.
The altitude of this woreda ranges from 1500 to 2500 meters above sea level; Maleka Gudiba
Wadera Tule is the highest point. Rivers include the Ganale Dorya and the Awata. A survey of the
land in this woreda shows that 33% is arable (24% was under cultivation), 30% pasture, 20%
forest, and the remaining 17% is considered swampy, degraded or otherwise unusable. State
forests include Wadera, Zenbaba and Anferara. Khat, bananas and Enset are important cash crops.
Coffee is also an important cash crop; over 5,000 hectares are planted with it.

5.1.2. Climate
The district is characterized by two type of typical climatic zone, namely an arid and sem-arid
climate of with mean Annual temperature 12c0-34c0 and it has a bimodal rain fall pattern. It is the
most hot and sub hot condition, which has relatively shorter growing season. The annual rain fall
range between 1600mm up to 1900mm and the annual temperature of the district range from 12c0-
34c0.
The areas coverage of arid and semi-arid is 60% and 40% respectively. The land area of the district
with altitude range of 1500meter to 1900 meter above the sea level. The Long rainy season start
from mid march to May (45-60) days while the short rainy season start from Mid September to
October (30-40 days) in years.

20
5.1.3. Water Resources
Water & air are the basic necessities of all forms of plant & animals. In general without water,
life on earth is extremely difficult or impossible to live. In this district mainly the sources of
water is river, spring, Wells and Tape water are the major sources of drinking water in urban and
rural areas.
The district is drained by Genale, and Sokora Rivers, similarly banti stream are the major rivers
and streams. There are no well known lakes and spring in the district. Smoker and similar banti
Streams around the town areas is found. On other hand there are no well-known lakes and
springs in the district .The available water bodies are largely used for domestic purposes like
dirking, cooking & washing. There are no rivers, streams and lakes that are used for
transportation, generation of hydro electric power, irrigation and fish production.

5.1.4. Temperature
The mean monthly maximum temperature ranges from 24.190C (August) to 29.40C (May) and
90C (December) to 13.90C (August). The minimum and maximum annual temperature ranges
from 11.770C to 26.860C that make an average of 19.320C. The mean annual temperature of the
town (19.320C) that revealed comfortable with non-registered sweating indication for regulation
of body temperature.

5.1.5. Soil Characteristics

The physical and chemical analysis made in the laboratory of Bishoftu Agricultural Research
Center shows that the soil type in Bishoftu area is dark clay and very dark gray clay with high
organic content and hence, good agricultural potential. The black clay soil has expansive nature
that swells when wet and shrink when dry and hence, not good for engineering construction
activities.

5.1.6. Topography and Land escape

Astronomically, wadera is located between5o39'5” - 6o2'28” northing latitudes and 39o5'30”
39o27'52” easting longitudes. It has an area of 941Km2 and its Boundaries are Girja District and
Bale zone in the east, Liben district and O/shakiso in the west and Adola rede in the north east
direction. Guji zone shares common boundaries or has direct physical contact with Borena zone
21
to the south and southwest, Somali National Regional State to the east, Bale zone to the north
and Regional State of Nations, Nationalities and People's of Southern Ethiopia to the northwest
direction.
Plains, dissected hills, plateaus and mountains as well as valleys and gorges characterize the
relief of the district. Altitudinal, the district extends from about 500m and the larger portion of
the wadera district lies between 1500m masl to 1900m masl.

5.1.7. Geological and Hydrological Aspect

Geology:- Wadera district has its oldest rocks of Pre-Cambrian origin. Sedimentary rock
(consisting limestone and shale), crystalline basement complex rocks, algae group rocks
consisting of Biotitic and horn blend gneisses, granulate and magnetite with minor Meta
sedimentary gneiss have been exposed in parts of the district.

Hydrogeology:- The major soils of district are oxsois and alfisols .These two soils are found on
the highland areas, they are red brown in colors and on sloping terrain and their utilization are
good under natural vegetation.

While deposits of gold, nickel, kaolinite, chromium, and graphite have been identified in this
woreda, only the gold deposits have been commercially exploited. The gold mine near Kebre
Mangest has historically been the most important gold mine in Ethiopia since its opening in
1941.

The major soils of district are oxsois and alfisols .These two soils are found on the highland
areas, they are red brown in colors and on sloping terrain and their utilization are good under
natural vegetation.

The hydro-geological characteristics of the Wadera area can be described based upon the
geologic, topographic, and climatic conditions of the interest area. In the general study of
“Recharge – Discharge Conditions” of the country, the study area is included in Region 3 where
recharge from rainfall can be further described as moderate while recharge from runoff is
moderate or high and discharge from groundwater in the area can be generalized as moderate or
high.

22
According to the study on aquifer characteristics of different rock units on the Hydrogeology of
Ethiopia (Tesfaye Cherent, 19930), the rock units that form Wadera area are classified as rocks
of moderate to high permeability and productivity in general. Therefore, the high aquifer
permeability and productivity characteristics indicate that there is high groundwater potential
around Wadera

5.1.8. Vegetation and Wildlife

1) Vegetation
High forests, grassland, exposed sand soil, Riparian woodland or bush land and cultivated land
are available in the district but the data were not documented. Forests land, bush land and
cultivated land cover about 14.4, 6.98 and 25.69 of the total area expressed in percent.
Similarly, Riparian woodland or bush land, forest land and cultivated land about 9.3, 136.4 and
2443312 of the total area of the district respectively.
As to natural and man made forests protected by the community and government. The natural
vegetation of this district have 34190.2 hectares of forest & 1539.3 km2/area of man made forest
under preservation and management in the area.

2) Wildlife
There are no known national parks, game reserves and sanctuaries and reserved areas for wildlife
conservation in the Bore district. However, wild animals like. Spotted hyena, Columbus
Monkey, pig, antelope, ape, bush buck, warthog, leopard civet cut and others are found in the
district.

23
5.2. Socio Economic Base Line Information

5.2.1. Population

According to 1994 Population Census result, total population of the district was 54120(urban,
rural) in 2000EC. Rural population was 48540 (22276 female, 26264 male), while urban
population was 5580(2748 female, 2832 Male). The other four years does not have documented
data.

Sex ratio of the district varies from rural to urban. However, in general, the sex ratio of the
district that is number of rural per 118 urban is 103, this means that relatively there is an excess
of rural population over urban population in the district. In general, in the district as well as in
rural areas of the district male population is less than female population.

5.2.2. Health Facilities

As the data obtained from wadera district Health office indicate, comparatively there were few
health institutions in the district. In the year 1999-2000 E.C, there were one health center, 5
health posts, 8 beds, 3 Health offices, and one health assistance one Lab and x-ray technician in
the district. As we see from the documented data the information is not full in the given five
years.
The type of diseases prevailing in the Wadera district varies from year to year. Keeping this
variation into consideration, the top ten diseases in the district were malaria, TB, pneumonia,
diarrhea, gastritis intestinal parasites, rheumatic pain lung diseases and also skin infections. The
health service in the district is not sufficient both in medical personnel, and medical equipment
Therefore, attention should be given for this sector in the district
Currently, health service is not a common problem in the town in which the proposed project is
planned to be established. In diminutive way, there is no health institution which can be affected
(negatively impacted) because of the establishment of the proposed project. On the other hand,
because of the new reform of health policy, most health institutions in the town are getting
24
sufficient staff to run their objectives and the employees in the proposed project in town do not
have any problem in relation to emergencies and any other diseases. Anyway, in all directions,
the project in the town does not have any adverse impact on the surrounding environment.

5.2.3. Schools

In 1996-2000E.C, there are 129 schools of government owner ship under district. In 1996-2000
E.C. 126 primary schools (81 first cycle or 1-4, 45 second cycle or 5 -8 and 0 primary (1 -8)
were available in the wadera district Furthermore, 1 first cycle senior secondary or 9 - 10 each
data that expressed for five years. 11 - 12 (preparatory) senior secondary schools and TVET were
not available in the year 1996-2000 in the district.
Table 15: Number of schools in Wadera Distict by type and ownership, (1996-2000E.C)

Students: In 1996-2000 E.C academic years, about 48033 students (31831boys and 16202 girls)
were enrolled in the mentioned primary schools. In 2000E C, about 10159(7335 boys and 4222
girls in government) children were enrolled in government school. Primary schools gross
enrollment ratio was unknown, because there is no accurate data regarding school age group and
population size of district.
Table16: Primary (1-8) enrollment and gross enrollment ratio in the district (1996-2000E.C)

25
Teachers' Qualification and Size: In the teaching learning process, one of the main factors
which affect the quality of education is the quality of teachers. In the first and second cycle of
primary schools certified teachers accounted for 503(376male and 127 female) and 170(140 male
and 39 female) in Wadera district areas respectively and grade 9-10 certified teachers accounted
for 42 (41 male and one female).

Examination Results: As the data obtained from wadera district Education office indicate, in
2000E.C academic year, Ethiopian Higher Education Entrance Certificate still know not begun in
the district. 694 students sat for Grade 10 National Examination. Table 19 shows that the number
students in Grade 10 National Examination by sex, begun 1998-2000 E.C indicated below.

Net Enrollment: It is the best way of measuring students' participation and more indicator of
coverage in terms of explaining the proportion of peoples enrolled from a specific age group. But
it needs serious attention due to the information obtained regarding specific age group is not
accurate most of the time.

Non-formal Education: As we get information from the district education office non formal
education was under function in the district. We didn’t get data depend on the given point.

Therefore, there is no problem of education service in the town similar to other Wadera of the of
Oromia region due its location advantage. The progress of education service development in the
Wadera in comparison with its age is surprising that gives green light for the future hope of the
local community. Currently, there is education service from the service with minimum cost. This
shows that the employees of the proposed project does not expect of shortage of service that
made them to work in the confidence (because their children are in safe hand). This provides
the workers’ children with access to schooling, something that today is rare, thus also
encouraging the social development of the community. On the other hand, the establishment of
this project does not affect any education service in the town that affect the well being of the
town on the other direction.

26
5.2.4. Physical Infrastructure Developments

The social and economic infrastructure availabilities in the town include pre existing schools
with an opportunity for future development, health institutions with the same situation. With
respect to physical infrastructures; there is a 24 hours hydroelectric power, well developed
transport services.

Despite the fact that there such market access with investment activities in the project area which
still looking forward for related activities as well as the existence of huge industries in project
type with access for experience change and sub contract work, there is no sufficient organization
engaged to this activities that accommodate the ever increasing demand of the product for the
customers seekers in the town as well as for the country as a whole that serve as the source these
products from the town and its surrounding where the project is to be developed

Transport and Communication: As the data obtained from wadera District Finance and Economic
Development Office indicates, only about 45,61,87,99 and 117 rural roads and 28 gravel road
were available in the districts in 1999-2000E.respecively of each year. Other transportation
networks like railway, water and air ports/fields were not available in the districts for the spatial
distribution of roads, see the table below. Concerning telephone service in district there were one
semi-automatic and one postal services agent in mentioned year.

The sources of energy for rural and urban are fire wood, crop residue and charcoal are the major
source of domestic energy supply in the district. But nowadays the district was got hydro electric
power supply in the year of 2001.
Attempts have been made to obtain information regarding number of job seeking/registered
employed and unemployed. The data of the social security did not documented. Attempts have
been made to obtain information regarding financial business in the districts. As the data
obtained from district Finance and Economic Development Office indicate in 1996- 2000E.C,
the total income or revenue collected from the districts was about 2140197 birr. Concerning
financial institutions, there were no branches of Commercial Bank of Ethiopia and branch of
Oromia credit and saving institution are found in the district.

27
5.2.5. Historical, Cultural, and Archaeological Resources

Wadera district has some cultural and historical tourist attraction in the district however it did not
well developed for tourists attraction. Wadera district has some natural forest in the Anoga forest
are at darba hidhe, dima rural kebeles is known by having large positional stone, and clay for the
building materials etc.

Historical, cultural and Archaeological resources in the area are also one major issue that need to
discussed in this assessment. This is Abba Gada, Sinke and there are also hot spring , Forests
considered as historical and cultural hiritage considered as historical, cultural, and archeological
site Therefore, nothing of this site was/is harmed in the area by this proposed development
project development.

5.2.6. Gender Equality

There are many beliefs that hinder the advancement of women relating to land ownership,
control and access to productive resources, sharing of household chores and selling of the farm
produce. The determinants of gender disparities in the district may include; culture, environment,
economy and government policies among others. The gender concern in the district includes
heavy workload for women and girls, and discrimination on land ownership by women and
discrimination on access to credit facilities by women and youth. Women generally have a heavy
workload and work for longer hours than men. Women till the land but men get the proceeds.
When the income of household is not properly utilized, this discourages the women and the
family may lapse into poverty.

Responsibility has undertaken to promote, along the entire production chain, respect for people,
the prevention of discrimination of any kind, safety in the workplace, and protection and social
development of the communities involved. The proposed development project, Sugar can and
sugar plant is planning to play examplinary role in highering many females than males in diffrent
sections of the company, working in production, canteen, cleanining, office workers and other
related fields.

28
5.2.7. Public Attitudes and Insight

The promoter planned to done more on this issue for the sustainability of the proposed project by
creating community forum on the proposed site with awareness. This expected to come with
positive impression from local community due to the current extra expense to have the product in
the area, employment opportunity, quality service, compatibility of the project with the local land
use in socio-cultural, economical, as well as ecological aspect and other services from the
proposed project.

29
6. Environmental Impact Identification and Mitigation Measures
6.1. A brief Description about Impact

The project is likely to have both positive and negative impacts during construction, operation
and even decommissioning phases. Construction phase negative impacts include: loss of
vegetation cover and biodiversity, alteration or destruction of wildlife and wildlife habitat,
dislocation of populations and communities, stress on infrastructure as a result of increased
population, loss of graves and the cultural value attached to them, loss of businesses, soil
erosion, surface and ground water hydrology changes and water quality degradation, ecological
imbalances, solid waste generation, noise pollution, dust emissions, generation of exhaust
emissions, increased water demand, increased energy consumption, increased use of building
materials and energy, accidents; creation of informal settlement, physical and economic
displacement, diseases, conflicts between locals and newcomers. The mitigation measures to
reduce the impacts include: efficient water use in the fields, factories and domestic areas, release
of water from the dams upstream of the project area during dry periods, use of cleaner
production tools to reduce waste generation at source, use of non- or less hazardous input
materials, protection of river banks and canals, awareness creation and education of the project
communities regarding HIV/AIDS and other diseases, safe routing of storm water, and enterprise
development e.g. development of eco - tourism to assist the local communities.

On the other hand the anticipated positive impacts include: creation of employment
opportunities, improving growth of the economy, improved living standards, and provision of
market for supply of construction materials and other services.

Operation phase negative impacts include: increased water use and reduced downstream flow,
generation of industrial effluents, reduced water quality, water logging and salinization,
sedimentation of canals, risk of flooding due to structural failure of the dykes, ground water
pollution, noise, increased incidence of water borne diseases, increased soil erosion,
contamination of soils with herbicides and other agro-chemicals, water logging and salinization
of soils, algal blooms, weed proliferation and eutrophication, terrestrial and aquatic ecological

30
changes, increased run-off from new impervious areas, solid waste generation, air pollution and
occupational health and safety risks, increase in diseases, alcoholism, changes in lifestyles,
increased road accidents, conflicts over resources. Like in the construction pahse, the mitigation
measures to reduce the impacts include: efficient water use in the fields, factories and domestic
areas, release of water from the dams upstream of the project area during dry periods, use of
cleaner production tools to reduce waste generation at source, use of non- or less hazardous input
materials, protection of river banks and canals, awareness creation and education of the project
communities regarding HIV/AIDS and other diseases, safe routing of storm water, and enterprise
development e.g. development of eco-tourim to assist the local communities.

Decommissioning phase impacts include loss of direct and indirect employment, demolition
waste, noise pollution, dust and exhaust emissions, and occupational health and safety hazards.
The preliminary findings during public consultations with stakeholders indicated that most of the
community members supported the project as long as: they are involved, it is transparent, their
livelihoods are taken care of, and they are fully sensitized on what the project involves.
The Environmental and Social Management Plan that was developed for this study outlines the
actions that are required to address the identified negative impacts, responsibility,
implementation stage, costs and relevant regulations/standards to guide monitoring and auditing
of the effectiveness of the proposed mitigation measures. The proposed project offers many
significant positive impacts at the local, regional, national and even international levels. On the
other hand, potential significant negative project impacts may affect environmentally sensitive
areas such as wetlands (rivers, brooks, lakes and the ocean), groundwater and humans and their
cultural properties. The main issues are geographically limited, well defined, and well
understood in Ethiopia. Thus, the proponents’ major task in respect of the ESMP is to show
clearly how it will manage the negative impacts while enhancing the positive ones to ensure a
project that is economically, socially and environmentally sustainable. Thus, the proposed
project could be approved for implementation provided that the proponent shows capacity to
implement the ESMP. In this regard, it is worth to note that Yirga Sugar production PLC is a
well known industry leader in promoting eco-efficiency in its operations and has accumulated
credible experience in handling environmental matters in the sugar sector.

31
6.2. Beneficial Impact

The project will have both social, Economic and Environmental Impact many beneficial impacts
among some of which are : employment generation, sugar self-sufficiency, electricity and
ethanol generation, increase in revenue, increased rural development, improved security,
provision of amenities to the local community including water, electricity, roads and bridges,
schools, health facilities, afforestation, promotion of enterprises e.g. eco-tourism and other
community-based income generating projects, direct and indirect employment opportunities of
over 20,000 people, targeting mainly the local population. The project will be a model of
“industrial symbiosis” where wastes in one industrial unit become input raw materials in another
unit. Therefore bagasse and molasses wastes generated during sugar processing with be
transformed into useful byproducts– fuel for the boilers and ethanol. The global benefits of this
will be fewer footprints in greenhouse emissions and global warming. This will further earn the
country money from the world carbon credits markets.

The global benefits of this will be fewer footprints in greenhouse emissions and global warming.
This will further earn the country money from the world carbon credits markets.

6.2.1. Economic, Environmental and Social Benefits

The envisaged project possesses wide range of benefits that promote the socio-economic goals
and objectives stated in the strategic plan of the Oromiaa National Regional State. It also boosts
the inter sectorial linkage between the agricultural and industrial sector. At the same time, it
helps diversify the economic activity of the region. The other major benefits are listed as follows:
A. Profit Generation: The project is found to be financially viable and earns on average a profit
of Birr 34.7 million per year and Birr 347.3 million within the project life. Such result induces
the project promoters to reinvest the profit which, therefore, increases the investment magnitude
in the region.

32
B. Tax Revenue
In the project life under consideration, the region will collect about birr 130.3 million from
corporate tax payment alone (i.e. excluding income tax, sales tax and VAT). Such result creates
additional fund for the regional government that will be used in expanding social and other basic
services in the region.

C. Employment and Income Generation

The proposed project is expected to create employment opportunity for several citizens of the
region. That is, it will provide permanent employment to 177 professionals as well as support
staff. Consequently the project creates income of Birr 1.275 million per year. This would be one
of the commendable accomplishments of the project.

6.3. Potential Adverse Impacts

Impact prediction is a very important phenomenon in evaluating the environmentally potential
adverse impacts for any proposed industrial project. The impact prediction is always carried out
under worst possible conditions so as to mitigate or to eliminate the environmental hazards.
These predictions thus calculated are superimposed over the baseline data to know the quality of
environment in the vicinity of the project site so as to calculate the net impact on the
environment before and after the project comes into production.

The environmental components discussed are:

Air Environment
Noise Environment
Water Environment
Land Environment
Socio-Economic Environment

33
6.3.1. Adverse Impact During Pre construction Phase
The baseline studies undertook included: habitat and vegetation; demography and settlement;
various aspects of the physical environment; wildlife and fisheries; livestock and range
resources; agriculture, pests and diseases; forest products and wood energy; community
environmental health, and environmental law and policy aspects.

This Environmental Impact Assessment Study report will give an assessment of the various
environmental impacts likely to be caused on the surrounding nature in and around the proposed
project. It will also incorporate the appropriate control measures required to be adopted or
implemented in order to minimize the adverse effects thereof.

In order to carry out such assessment study, it is first necessary to delineate and define the
existing environmental factors in and around the proposed project on the existing environmental
scenario which will include various environs like ecology, Flora-fauna, socio economic profiles,
environmental quality in respect of air, water, noise & soil etc.

Wadera Woreda is one of the poorest areas of Ethiopia that is in need of development assistance.
The Lower delta and flood plains are one of Ethiopia’s most ecologically and biologically
diverse, socially and economically important ecosystems. The river floodplain and delta support
a gallery of ecosystems ranging from forests, swamps, dunes, beaches and ocean. It supports
exotic plants and animal species, some of which are listed as endangered. The delta and flood
plains are immensely valuable to the local people who have built an intricate relationship
between their lifestyles and the dynamics of the delta’s ecosystems. High rainfall at the coast
supports crop production especially around the wadera where cash crops like cashew nuts,
cotton, mangoes and food crops such as bananas and maize are grown. The dry climate in the
hinterland supports nomadic pastoralist. The average annual temperatures are about 300c, with
humid conditions along the coast. The pastoralist communities are mainly found in the hinterland
of the district. The district is generally sparsely populated mainly due to harsh climatic
conditions exemplified by low and erratic rainfall and high temperatures.

34
An analysis of the socio-economic characteristics of the indigenous groups are:
 Low educational levels of the communities living in the project area is an indication that
the uptake of ideas about the proposed project might prove to be a challenge to the
indigenous people since it has been established that literacy levels dictate the uptake of
any innovation of intervention.
 The community is afraid that more children will drop out of school and get into child
labour and other vices due to introduction of money culture that would be instituted
through plantation farming that would require human labour.
 The project area offers dry season grazing relief to the pastoralist; this would be difficult
to attain since the sugarcane project would be purely agricultural based. The traditional
ancestral pastures/grazing land would be taken over by sugarcane production. The
grazing lands are a source of cultural heritage to the indigenous people and there is real
danger of losing the cultural identity by the community.
 Low food production complemented by high poverty levels of the populations in the
proposed project area could push people to stop producing subsistence crops in favour of
cash crops. The resultant effect could be

6.3.2. Adverse Impacts During Construction Phase

Operation phase negative impacts include: increased water use and reduced downstream flow,
generation of industrial effluents, reduced water quality, water logging and Stalinization,
sedimentation of canals, risk of flooding due to structural failure of the dykes, ground water
pollution, noise, increased incidence of water borne diseases, increased soil erosion,
contamination of soils with herbicides and other agro-chemicals, water logging and salinization
of soils, algal blooms, weed proliferation and eutrophication, terrestrial and aquatic ecological
changes, increased run-off from new impervious areas, solid waste generation, air pollution and
occupational health and safety risks, increase in diseases, alcoholism, changes in lifestyles,
increased road accidents, conflicts over resources.
The mitigation measures to reduce the impacts include: efficient water use in the fields, factories
and domestic areas, release of water from the dams upstream of the project area during dry

35
 periods, use of cleaner production tools to reduce waste generation at source, use of non- or less
hazardous input materials, protection of river banks and canals, awareness creation and education
of the project communities regarding HIV/AIDS and other diseases, safe routing of storm water,
and enterprise development e.g. development of eco-tourism to assist the local communities.
Construction activities will include leveling of site, construction of new unit etc. The possible
impacts due to these activities are discussed below:

I. Impact on Land Use

Displacement of Farm from their Farm land and Economic Activities. According to this study
more than 300 farmer will be displaced from their farm land. This farmers will be pay
compensation, trained on other farm land replaced for them in other localities and other
economic business like trading fatting etc. Besides the promoter will recreate those farmers in
the overall sugar can plantation, cultivation and Sugar Factory.
In order to mitigate potential impacts from economic displacement, Promoter has started to
implement a Farmer Development Programme (FDP) incorporating the country Farmer Field and
Life Schools (FFLS) concept. The FDP will ensure PAPs have access to sufficient land and
appropriate
The FDP will ensure PAPs have access to sufficient land and appropriate agricultural training to
be able to produce enough rice to achieve food security and enhance their livelihoods.
The primary objective of the FFLS programme is to ensure its participants are trained in modern
agricultural practice and techniques to enable them achieve higher crop yields. 2000 farmers
from the communities in the project area will be offered 30-week training programmes. The
program teaches better farming practices to improve productivity and earnings capacity but also
life skills including health and sanitation, money management etc.
The FDP will also offer agronomic services which focus on the preparation of rice fields for each
PAP and to ensure that the affected communities realise the full benefits of the improved farmer
skills taught in the FFLS. Each household will be entitled to an allocation of the plots designated
by the communities. The Promoter FDP staff will then plough and prepare the land for planting
for the first year. A total of 1960 ha of community rice fields will be established by the FDP.

36
II. Impact on Soil Quality
The construction of the proposed plant will disrupt the land and soil strata, but the disruption is
for positive causes and on barren land and the impact will be permanent. Some soil erosion will
be occurred.

 Mitigation Measures
a) Extent of vegetation removal will be minimized to prevent extent of soil erosion.
b) Vegetative cover will be rehabilitated at the earliest practicable time to minimize duration
& extent of soil erosion.

III. Impacts on Air Quality

During construction phase, suspended particulate matter will be the main pollutant, which will be
generated due to the site development activities and vehicular movement, because of vehicular
traffic there may be a marginal increase in the concentrations of NOx and SO2. The impact of
such activities would be temporary and restricted to the construction phase only. Proper upkeep
and maintenance of vehicles, sprinkling of water on roads at construction site, providing
sufficient vegetation etc. are some of the proposed measures that would greatly reduce the
impact on the air quality during the construction phase of the project. The impact of such
activities would be temporary and restricted to the construction phase only and will be confined
within the project premises.
Site preparation and construction has the potential to have a two-fold direct negative impact on
air quality. The first impact is air pollution generated from construction equipment and
transportation. The second is from fugitive dust from dusty access roads, cleared site areas, and
raw materials stored on site. Fugitive dust has the potential to negatively impact the health of
road users, construction workers, adjacent resident population, and vegetation.

37
  Mitigation
a) The access roads to site should be monitored. Dust, and any other material, falling on these
(i.e. as a result of transportation/construction activities), should be cleaned up and removed.
b) Particularly in ungrassed, exposed areas, the construction site should be dampened every 4-
6 hours (or within reason) to prevent a dust nuisance. On hotter days, this frequency should
be increased.
c) Re-vegetation of exposed, cleared, areas should be done as soon as possible.
d) Stored construction materials (e.g. top soil, marl), should be covered, or wetted (to prevent
a dust nuisance).
e) Construction workers, working in dusty areas, should be provided and fitted with
respirators protection device.

IV. Impact on Water Quality and Impact on Noise Levels

Source of water is from River. Water requirement for construction phase will be met from Sugar
Plant to the required quantity. The local labour force will be deployed during construction phase
and no colony would be proposed as the workers will be employed from the nearby local village.
Minor impact is envisaged on ground water source during construction phase, which will be
temporary. However necessary permission will be taken from the concerned authority. There is
no surface water body in construction site. The sewage generated during construction at site will
be disposed into septic tank and soak pit. Hence the effect on the water body is minimal.
The major sources of noise during the construction phase are vehicular traffic & construction
equipment like concrete mixers, cranes, generators, pumps, compressors etc. The noise level
expected due to operation of the equipment range between 70 – 80 dB(A). The noise produced
during construction will have a significant impact on the existing ambient noise levels. However,
owner will be provided to workers at site and construction machinery will be maintained
properly to check on noise and emission levels within prescribed limits.
Construction works necessitates the use of heavy equipment. This equipment includes
bulldozers, backhoes, etc. They possess the potential to have a direct negative impact on the
environment, in the form of noise they generate, during their operation.

38
 With every construction campsite comes the need to provide construction workers with showers
and sanitary conveniences. The disposal of the wastewater, generated at the construction
campsite, has the potential to have a minor negative impact on groundwater.

 Mitigation
a) Use equipment indicated, by the various manufacturers/suppliers, as having low noise
emissions.
b) Use equipment that is properly fitted with noise reduction devices (i.e. mufflers, etc).
c) Restrict the operation and use of noise-generating equipment to regular working hours,
reducing the potential of creating a noise nuisance during the night.
d) Supply construction workers, operating noisy equipment, with appropriate personal noise
protection gear (e.g. ear muffs, ear plugs, etc.). As a general rule-of-thumb, workers
operating equipment generating noise levels of ≥ 85 dBA (decibels) continuously for 8 hours
or more should be equipped with ear muffs. Workers experiencing prolonged noise levels of
70 - 80 dBA should wear earplugs.
e) Provide portable sanitary conveniences, for the construction workforce. A ratio of
approximately 25 workers per chemical toilet should be used.

V. Impact on Ecosystem
1) Terrestrial Ecosystem
The proposed land for Proposed Project is partly plain and partly terrain sloping towards eastern
side which is not having any important flora and fauna. Thus the impact on terrestrial ecosystem
during construction phase is not significant.
2) Aquatic Ecosystem
There will not be any discharge of wastewater outside the premises of the plant or any nearby
water bodies.
The sewage generated during construction at site will be disposed into septic tank and soak pit.
Hence, there will not be any impact on aquatic ecosystem of the study area.

39
 3) Socio -Economic Aspects
The positive impact of the proposed activity is expected during the start-up of construction
activities. Besides the local population would have employment opportunities in service
activities, contracts and supply of construction materials. This will lead to economic upliftment
of the area.

4) Vegetation Clearance
Site clearance and construction practices generally mean the removal of existing vegetation.
These practices remove protective plant cover and expose the soil to erosive surface runoff,
during heavy rainfall. The inappropriate disposal of the cleared vegetation could lead to burning
onsite and associated negative impacts on local air quality.

Given the fact that the project site is already clear and, therefore, does not support any vegetation
(or significant fauna), the impact of pre-construction site preparation exercises will not have a
significant impact upon onsite floral or fauna. Concurrently, however, the exposed top soil
means that the project site is susceptible to high volumes of surface water runoff/discharge, in
the form of flash flooding, soil erosion and impaired surface water quality (due to high
suspended solids, oil and grease, etc). These elements have the potential to negatively impact not
just the project site, but wider adjacent areas and properties.

 Mitigation
1) Areas of exposed soil should be replanted with grass, as soon as possible, after site
preparation and construction to help mitigate against flash flooding and soil erosion.
2) Adequate temporary drainage channels should be constructed to help facilitated the way
out of onsite (heavy rainfall event) flood waters, off the proposed project site. These
temporary drainage channels must be constructed in such a manner that they Feed into
existing, offsite, natural/engineered drains and do not result in compromise and
overtopping of existing offsite drainage features.

40
VI. Impact: Construction of Irrigation Canal
Post development site runoff tends to carry sediment and oil. In the absence of appropriate
screening/filtration these would have negative impacts on existing, offsite, drainage features and
their water quality.

 Mitigation
a) The proximity of the marsh lands to the site is indicative of significant storm water flows and
the low elevations of the proposed project site. A flood plain map should be created for the
general area to ensure that:
 The filling of the land does not put in danger the flood plain regime in the area &
 Adequacy of floor levels in the processing plant.
b) Storm water should be controlled (i.e. bermed off, channeled or put into under-ground pipes),
before it enters the site, to ensure that the processing plant is not jeopardized during heavy
rains.
c) An oil-water separator, with sedimentation should be incorporated in the pavement of the
proposed site (where the drains all congregate).
d) A detention basin, utilizing some of the natural marsh features already existing on the site,
should be incorporated in the design (after the oil-water separator) to eliminate the impact of
the increased run-off area.

VII. Solid Waste

During the construction phase of the proposed project, solid waste generation may occur mainly
from two sources:

 Mitigation
a) Skips and bins should be strategically placed within the campsite and construction site.
b) These skips and bins should be adequately designed and covered to prevent odour, a dust
nuisance, and access by vermin.
c) The skips and bins, at both the construction campsite and construction site, should be
emptied regularly to prevent overfilling.
d) Disposal of the contents of the skips and bins should be done at an approved disposal site.

41
VIII. Impact: Transportation of Raw Material and Equipment
The transportation and use of heavy equipment and trucks is required during construction.
Trucks will transport raw materials and heavy equipment. This has the potential to directly
impact traffic flow along the Town Bypass and uncovered material may result in a dust nuisance.

 Mitigation
a) Adequate and appropriate road signs should be erected to warn road users of the
construction activities. For example, reduced speed near the entrance road. This should
be done in conjunction with the Ministry of Transport and Works.
b) Raw materials, such as marl, sand and top soil, should be adequately covered within the
trucks (to prevent any escaping into the air or onto the roadway).
c) The transport and movement of equipment (trucks) should be limited to working hours.
d) Heavy equipment should be transported during early morning with appropriate tracks.
e) The use of flagmen should be employed to regulate trucks entering and exiting the access
to the main road/by-pass.

IX. Impact: Storage of Raw Material and Equipment

Construction raw materials, for example top soil and marl, will be stored onsite. There will be a
potential for them to become air or waterborne. Stored fuels and the repair of construction
equipment has the potential to leak hydraulic fuels, oils etc.

 Mitigation
a) Raw materials, with the potential to generate dust, should be covered or wetted frequently (to
prevent them from becoming, respectively, waterborne and airborne).
b) Raw material should be placed on hardstands, surrounded by berms.
c) Hazardous chemicals, fuels and oils should be properly stored in appropriate containers and
these should be safely locked away. Conspicuous warning signs should also be posted around
hazardous waste storage and handling facilities.
d) Refueling and maintenance of heavy construction vehicles, temporarily residing at the site,
should be done at specified areas or makeshift “depots” (where measures are in place to deal
with spillages and temporary storage of oily wastes). Preferably these depots should be

42
 located in an area that would ultimately be permanently paved (e.g. the parking lots) thereby
covering any contaminated soil.
e) The fuel depot site should be covered with a thick layer of marl which would absorb the
spills. This marl layer may subsequently be removed for proper disposal.

X. Impact: Emergency Response

Construction of the proposed development will involve construction workers and the
management team. The possibility of minor and major accidental injury is high.

 Mitigation:
a) A lead person should be identified and appointed to be responsible for emergencies occurring
on the site. This person should be clearly identified to the construction workers.
b) Make prior arrangements with health care facilities (e.g. Town Hospital) to accommodate
any eventualities.
c) Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) should be store onsite.

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6.3.3. Operational Phase Impact and proposed Mitigation Measures

Operational phase impacts include loss of direct and indirect employment, demolition waste,
noise pollution, dust and exhaust emissions, and occupational health and safety hazards. The
preliminary findings during public consultations with stakeholders indicated that most of the
community members supported the project as long as: they are involved, it is transparent, their
livelihoods are taken care of, and they are fully sensitized on what the project involves. The
Environmental and Social Management Plan that was developed for this study outlines the
actions that are required to address the identified negative impacts, responsibility,
implementation stage, costs and relevant regulations/standards to guide monitoring and auditing
of the effectiveness of the proposed mitigation measures. The proposed project offers many
significant positive impacts at the local, regional, national and even international levels. On the
other hand, potential significant negative project impacts may affect environmentally sensitive
areas such as wetlands (rivers, brooks, lakes and the ocean), groundwater and humans and their
cultural properties. The main issues are geographically limited, well defined, and well
understood in Ethiopia. Thus, the proponents’ major task in respect of the ESMP is to show
clearly how it will manage the negative impacts while enhancing the positive ones to ensure a
project that is economically, socially and environmentally sustainable. Thus, the proposed
project could be approved for implementation provided that the proponent shows capacity to
implement the ESMP. In this regard, it is worth to note that the promoter is a well known
industry leader in promoting eco-efficiency in its operations and has accumulated credible
experience in handling environmental matters in the sugar sector.

I. Impact on Topography and Mitigation Measures

The proposed plant involves setting up of additional major structures within the proposed site.
There will be minor changes in the topographical features. The project proponents will undertake
tree plantation, planning of waste disposal including Environmental Mitigation Measures, Use of
Selected Advance Technological, Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan. This will
have beneficial impact on the overall landscape.

44
II. Impact on Climate
Setting up of proposed plant involves the construction Farming, Plantation sugar cane and
production of sugar activities. Hence, there will be increase in the heat emissions from the
furnaces and boilers involved resulting in increase of ambient heat. The plant proponents will
undertake greenbelt development activities, which will have moderation effect on the climate in
the vicinity.
Mitigation: Wadera is faced with adverse weather conditions, such as droughts, storms and
floods, which may damage crops and lower yields. These risks are likely to increase over time
due to climate change. As a result, a number of “climate proofing” project design elements have
been incorporated. Drought risks will be mitigated by the use of irrigation during the dry season
to ensure that there is sufficient water. The plantation is also carefully designed to limit flood and
erosion risks through leveling, grassed water evacuation drains and vegetative barriers.

III. Impact on Air Quality

An assessment of air quality in the project area was undertaken, and the findings are detailed in
the Air Quality Impact specialist study. The methodology consisted of a baseline assessment, an
emissions inventory, and an impact assessment. Baseline concentration measurements of various
emissions such as carbon dioxide, inhalable particles, polyclinic organic matter, nitrogen dioxide
and carbon monoxide, were assessed to measure potential impacts on air quality. After the
introduction of mitigation measures, only one impact, namely impacts from inhalable particles,
will remain moderate in significance while the other impacts will be reduced to low significance.
The following actions will be undertaken in monitoring air quality impacts throughout the
duration of the project: ambient monitoring, stack monitoring during operations, the use of
internal floating roofs on the sugar tanks to reduce vapor build up and venting, and staff training.
Mitigation

a) The transportation roads to site should be monitored during transfer of raw materials.
Dust, and any other material, falling on these (i.e. as a result of transportation), should be
immediately cleaned up and removed.
b) Ensure that the pollution control devices are properly maintained and are in full working
condition.
45
 c) Install hoods in vicinity of transfer points with venting to one of the existing dust
collectors.
d) Stored piles should be properly covered to prevent particulate matter from becoming
entrained in the wind.
e) Any spill of raw material or finished product within the factory should be immediately
cleaned up to prevent the material from becoming airborne.
f) Employees working in dusty areas should be provided and fitted with safety materials.

IV. Impact on Noise Levels

During the operational phase, noise will be generated from the different sets, vehicles movement,
and general noise characteristic of a proposed industry. The different set room will be isolated
from the outside environment and proper acoustic arrangements will be made to control the noise
generated from the rooms.
The operation of the plant will generate noise which could be a potential impact to neighbors and
a direct impact on worker safety.

 Mitigation:

a) Use equipment indicated, by the various manufacturers/suppliers, as having low noise

emissions.
b) Use equipment that is properly fitted with noise reduction devices (i.e. mufflers, sound
proofing etc).
c) Ensure that the proposed vegetation (trees etc.) is planted.
d) Ensure that the perimeter wall is constructed/re-established and maintained.
e) Supply construction workers, operating noisy equipment, with appropriate personal noise
protection gear (e.g. ear muffs, ear plugs, etc.). As a general rule-of-thumb, workers
operating equipment generating noise levels of ≥ 80 dBA (decibels) continuously for 8
hours or more should be equipped with ear muffs. Workers experiencing prolonged noise
levels of 70 - 80 dBA should wear earplugs.
f) Establish a hearing conservation plan for employees especially those working in the
production area.

46
V. Impacts on Terrestrial Fauna and Flora
Likely or potential impacts on terrestrial fauna and flora were identified and categorized.
Although previous farming activities by the local population, including de-forestation and slash
and burn agriculture have adversely affected most original bio-diversity in the area, the nature of
the proposed project, introducing industrial activities and monoculture, has the potential to
further impact on biodiversity.
 Mitigation: Therefore, the project layout was specifically designed to avoid all forested areas
(terrestrial and riparian forests), which were identified as the most biodiversity areas on the
site. In addition, the creation of 1000ha of ecological corridors across the site is the primary
mitigation measure to enhance protection and recovery of bio-diversity. These corridors will
be conserved and rehabilitated where appropriate. Monitoring and the appointment by
promoter of Environmental Control Officers will also be undertaken to ensure negative
impacts are kept in check.

VI. Impacts on the Aquatic Environment and Fisheries

The possible negative aquatic impacts relate to the risk of soil contamination and potential
pollution of surface and ground waters. Contamination of aquatic environments by nutrients and
pest control agents could be of moderate significance, as are the physical and cumulative impacts
of water extraction from the surrounding River.
 Mitigation: Promoter has adopted agricultural best practices and the main mitigation
strategies have been incorporated into project design. An Integrated Nutrient Management
Plan and Integrated Pest Management Plan is required as part of the Estate Operational
ESMP. A number of field design recommendations have been made to minimize runoff such
as the incorporation of a network of coordinated shallow drains, the use of grassed spoon
drains wherever possible, the use of filter strips around the edges of the fields etc. In
particular, the segregation of finesse returned to the fields through a separate pipe-line
network and application via the irrigation system minimizes the risk of contamination of
waterways and sources. Ongoing monitoring of surface and ground water quality and
quantity, fish populations and fisheries and abstraction rates will be implemented.

47
VII. Impact on Water Quality
The implementation of the suggested mitigation methods, recommended above should be
appropriate in ensuring there are no negative impacts, related to wastewater disposal, during the
operational phase of the project. However, as is the case with installed post-project drainage
infrastructure, the absence of appropriate follow-up inspection (and maintenance of the installed
wastewater infrastructure) could lead to a “break-down in the system”, rendering the suggested
mitigative measures/infrastructure ineffective.

The implementation of the suggested mitigation methods, recommended should be appropriate in

ensuring there are no negative impacts on existing, offsite, drainage features, (or their water
quality). The latter recommendations should also be adequate in mitigating the compromise of
existing and installed drainage works, reducing the potential risk of onsite and offsite localized
flooding. However, the absence of appropriate follow-up inspection (and maintenance of the
installed infrastructure) could lead to a “break-down in the system”, rendering the suggested
mitigative measures/infrastructure ineffective, with obvious potential negative impacts.

 Mitigation

a) The evapo-transpiration bed should be inspected (and maintained) on a regular basis, to

ensure it is operating effectively and optimally.
a) Grease traps, within general wastewater treatment system, should be inspected (and
maintained) on a regular basis, to ensure they remain unblocked, clear and functional.
b) Onsite drainage channels should be inspected (and maintained) on a regular basis, to
ensure they remain unblocked and clear.
c) Similar inspection and maintenance should be conducted on the oil-water separator and
sedimentation.
d) Storm water drainage channels, in the adjoining areas, should be periodically checked
and inspected to ensure that traditional drainage pathways (to and from the site) remain
unblocked.

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VIII. Transportation and Infrastructure Impacts
The potential environmental issues associated with the transportation and infrastructure
components of the project include loss of biodiversity and habitat and contamination of the
environment.
 Mitigation for these impacts includes adequate storm water management, careful choices for
linear infrastructure pathways implementation of a ballast water management plan and the
preparation of an Emergency Response Plan.

Worker and community health and safety issues were identified and included: the risk of minor
injury to personnel; and occupational hazards due to vehicle and other emissions associated with
in field transportation, risks of major and minor vehicle collisions during haulage operations
between the fields and the factory, risk associated with a serious and minor vehicle collision
during transport to Free localities; and fire risks associated with handling products.

IX. Occupational Health and Safety Impact

Major hazardous installations
All facilities that incorporate the production, storage and transportation of large volumes of
flammable materials which could pose a hazard beyond the borders of the facility are Major
Hazard Installations (MHI).
 Mitigation: The risks associated with fires and explosions, will be assessed more accurately in
order to establish whether certain risks could be reduced through changes in the design of the
facility and appropriate standard operating procedures and emergency response strategies will be
developed. Hazard operability studies (HAZOP) will be undertaken at the Sugar plant, for the
sugar and related product like ethanol transportation operation and at the Project terminal. Each
HAZOP study will be undertaken prior to construction and identify and evaluate design and
operational aspects that may represent risks to personnel or equipment, or prevent efficient
operation and provide plans to manage these.

Emergency Preparedness
Emergency preparedness management plans will rely on the results of the HAZOPS to identify
risks and ensure that all eventualities are considered. The development of emergency response

49
plans will be required for emergencies linked to externalities such as run-away fires. A number
of action plans are therefore anticipated, such as: Emergencies preparedness for spillages action
plan; Strategy for operational upset conditions action plan etc. Close integration between
company and the government will be required.

Health and Safety

The promoter will create and instill a safe working culture and environment and provide the
workers with a safe and healthy work environment, taking into account inherent risks in this
particular sector and specific classes of hazards. Promoter will take steps to prevent accidents,
injury, and disease arising from, associated with, or occurring in the course of work by
minimizing, so far as reasonably practicable, the causes of hazards. In a manner consistent with
good international industry practice, Promoter will: identify potential hazards to workers,
particularly those that may be life-threatening; provide preventive and protective measures,
including modification, substitution, or elimination of hazardous conditions or substances; train
workers; document and report occupational accidents, diseases, and incidents; and develop
emergency prevention, preparedness and response arrangements.

Security
Promoter will perform a site-specific risk assessment for its facilities and operations co-operation
with relevant Government agencies. The objective will be to determine the likelihood that
identifiable hazards or threats that could harm its operations and personnel and will allow
Promoter to be better prepared to meet potential hazards and threats and eliminate or mitigate
consequences. A Security Operational Management Plan will be implemented and a large local
security force will be deployed to manage security issues..

Impact: Solid Waste Generation and Disposal

The project has the potential of increasing solid waste at the site, mainly in the form of day-today
solid waste generated directly by the on-duty workforce and the manufacturing process. There
will also be a need to periodically remove the screenings and grit from the site’s drains and
grease traps. The volume of day-to-day solid waste, screenings and grit, however, are not

50
expected to be large and, therefore, do not warrant any special considerations, other than the
mitigative measures recommended below.

Traditionally, the proposed operation is very efficient; and does not generally produce little solid
waste. As a result, waste from the actual processing plant is expected to minimal and
insignificant.

Mitigation:

i. Provision of adequately designed bins and skips to prevent access by vermin.

ii. Monitor skips so that they do not become overfilled.
iii. Ensure that the solid waste collected is disposed of at an approved dumpsite (e.g. the
Riverton Landfill, in Kingston).

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 Table 6.1: Significant of Environmental Impacts
S.N Impacts -ve or +ve Significant

I Pre Operation Phase

1 Expropriation of farmers/Land use -ve High

2 Sit Clearance -ve Low

2 Transportation of Construction Materials -ve Medium

3 Construction of Different Building -ve Medium

4 Installation of Sugar Plant -ve Low

6 Transpiration of Raw Materials and Auxiliaries -ve Low

II Operation Phase

7 Emissions from Farming and Sugar Cane Plantation +ve Law

8 Emission from Sugar Can Cultivation +ve Medium

9 Emissions form Sugar Factory various processes unit +ve Medium

Solid waste disposal -ve High

Wastewater discharge -ve Low

Air Quality -ve Low

8 Employment Generation +ve High

9 Risk, Health and Safety -ve Medium

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8. Environmental and social Impact Management
8.1. General overview

The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) would consist of all mitigation measures for each
item wise activity to be undertaken during the construction, operation and the entire life cycle to
minimize adverse environmental impacts as a result of the activities of the project. It would also
delineate the environmental monitoring plan for compliance of various environmental
regulations. It will state the steps to be taken in case of emergency such as accidents at the site
including fire. The proposed project in the study area needs to be intertwined with judicious
utilization of natural resources within the limits if permissible assimilative capacity of the region.
The assimilative capacity of the study area is the maximum amount of pollution load that can be
discharged in the environment without affecting the designated use and is governed by dilution,
dispersion and removal due to natural physicochemical and biological processes.

This section outlines the key Environmental Management and safeguards that will be initiated by
the project proponent to manage the project’s key Environmental concerns. Environmental
Management Plan (EMP) is the mechanism to ensure that environmental considerations are
integrated into the project survey and design, contract documents and project supervision and
monitoring. These are tools for mitigating or offsetting the potential adverse environmental
impacts resulting from various activities of the project. The Environmental Management Plan
(EMP) mainly consists of integrating potential impacts (positive or Negative), environmental
mitigation measures, implementation schedule, and monitoring plans.

The potential environmental impacts and proposed management associated with each stage of the
project development are described here. The primary objective of this proposed environmental
management and monitoring program is to control environmental impacts to levels within
acceptable standards, and to minimize possible impact on the community and the workforce of
foreseeable risks during the construction and subsequent operation phases of the project.

53
Also, it is very important to highlight here that such environmental mitigation measures shall be
used in conjunction with good management practices and good engineering design, construction
and operation practices.

Preparation of Environmental and social Management Plan (ESMP) is required for formulation,
implementation and monitoring of environmental protection measures during and after
commissioning of the proposed Plant project. This Environmental Management Plan has
indicated the details as to how various measures have been or are proposed to be taken. The base
line setting of different relevant environmental components in the study area and predicted
potential impacts on those components due to the proposed project are documented. In this plan,
mitigation measures for the identified environmental impacts are documented for both
construction and operational stages of the proposed project in the form of an Environmental
Management Plan (ESMP).

Environmental pollution is inevitable during the construction phase. The project proponent
should take appropriate steps to control pollution during construction phase. The following are
the factors requiring control during construction phase.

At the time of construction there will be a substantial quantity of soil and debris and produce
large quantities of unstable material. The disturbed slopes shall be well stabilized before the
onset of the monsoon. The leveling operation will also involve piling up of backfill materials.
Use of dust suppressant spraying to minimize fugitive dust during construction activities is
recommended. Dust masks will be provided to all workers working in the dust prone areas. Good
housekeeping and proper maintenance will be practiced which will help in further controlling the
pollution.

54
8.2. Air Quality and noise Management Plan

Noise pollution is anticipated during the construction phase due to the usage of various
construction equipment such as mechanical vibrator, mixers etc. The noise effect on the nearest
habitations due to construction activity will be negligible. However, it is advisable that onsite
workers working near the noise generating equipment shall be provided with noise protection
devices like ear plugs.
At no time, the emission level will go beyond the stipulated standards. In the event of failure of
any pollution control system adopted by the unit, the respective unit will not be restarted until the
control measures are rectified to achieve the desired efficiency.
Recommendations
a) The proposed air pollution control equipment should be installed prior to commissioning
the plant.
b) Online monitors for SPM will be provided to the Boiler.
c) Stack emissions for SO2 and NOx shall be monitored regularly to meet the statutory
requirements.
d) All the internal roads shall be asphalted to reduce the fugitive dust due to truck movement.

The major noise levels will be confined to the working zones of the proposed activities. The Leg
of eight hours will be within the prescribed standards. Community noise levels are not likely to
be effected due to the proposed thick green belt and attenuation due to the physical barriers.
Recommendations
a) By adopting shock-absorbing techniques impact can be reduced.
b) Earplugs shall be provided to the workers and this shall be enforced strictly.
c) Increase the distance between source and receiver, by altering the relative orientation of
receiver and the source.
d) Rotation of workers working in the noise prone areas.
e) Thick greenbelt shall be developed to further mitigate the noise levels.
The incremental of pollutants gases in the air due to the proposed project have been predicted to
be within the norms. Because, the developer of the project has planned to receive the clinker

55
directly from big cement factories. This eliminates the kiln operation unit in which burring of the
raw material takes place and which is the main source of air pollution. However, the following
measures are proposed to mitigate negative impact of operation phase of the project on the
surrounding air environment:
 All transfer points will have bag filter attached to them to control & capture dust
emission.
 Height of all the stacks will be as per statutory requirement. All the stacks will have stack
monitoring facility (SMF) consisting of sampling port-hole, platform and access ladder.
 Adequate spares of critical components of dust collection systems will be kept to ensure
trouble - free operations and continuous compliance to emission norms.
 A comprehensive plan for fugitive emission control based on environmental pollution
control guidelines is prepared.
 All stacks will be provided with on-line CPM (continuous particulate measurement)
analyzers and interlocking system with production plant will be provided which will
automatically shut - off production activities when the emission concentration exceeds the
set limit.
 Possibility of use of vehicles using cleaner fuel will be explored and if found feasible will
be implemented on a large scale.
 Transport vehicles will be properly maintained to reduce air emissions.
 Vehicles will be periodically checked for pollutant emissions against stipulated norms.
 Idle running of vehicles will be minimized during material loading / unloading operations.
 Company will also designate Environment Manager, who will look after fugitive dust
emission control including emergency situations. He will be adequately trained to handle
the responsibility of control of fugitive emissions.
 All personnel working on fugitive emission control systems will be given regular training
on operation and maintenance of the system.
 A proper record and documentation of fugitive dust control system will be kept.
 All other guidelines of national and international environmental policy too will be
complied.

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8.3. Terrestrial Ecological Management Plan

There will be no major generation of hazardous waste from the project. A small quantity of used
lubricating oil will be generated which will be properly stored and disposed off. There will be no disposal
of industrial effluent on land as small quantity of treated industrial effluent will be re-used. Only treated
sewage will be used on land for gardening purpose. Thus, no impact on land is envisaged due to discharge
of gaseous emission, solid waste, or liquid effluent from the proposed unit.
Land Environment

Following steps are proposed to take care of impact of construction activity on project land area:
 On completion of civil work, all remains etc. will be completely removed from site to avoid any
incompatibility with future use.
 Other material like paints, diesel etc. will be properly stored and handled to prevent any spillage on
land.
 All the wastes will be stored at a designated site within the premises to prevent scattered discharge on
land.

Ecology
As the proposed project will be within premises no major tree cutting exercise will be there and no major
impact on ecology is anticipated. However, possibility of raising of green - belt along with construction
activity will be explored so that greening of area can be started at the beginning of proposed project.

8.4. Aquatic resources management Plan

Proper and sufficient sanitary facility will be provided to construction workers to maintain
hygienic conditions at site. The sewage is treated in a common sewage treatment plant. While the
purified water will be reused for the cement manufacturing process, the sewage sludge, which is
an excellent fertilizer, shall be set out in the areas where reforestation is anticipated. No
untreated waste water will be sent off to the water body not to affect aquatic life.

8.5. Water quality Management Plan

Following mitigation measures will be adopted to avoid impact on water resources
 Construction equipment requiring minimum water for cooling and operation for optimum
effectiveness shall be chosen.
 High pressure hose will be used for cleaning and dust suppression purposes.
57
  Water harvesting measures would be taken.
 Appropriate sanitation facilities, septic tank and soak pits will be provided for the
workers onsite and offsite to reduce impact on water resources. Regular maintenance will
be done during the entire life cycle.
 No discharge of construction wastes to surface water bodies or ground water will be
allowed during construction.
 Efforts will be made for reuse of water and its conservation.
 During Construction period in rainy season, the water quality is likely to be affected due
to the construction work and loosening of topsoil. This is likely to increase the suspended
solids in the run – off during heavy precipitation. In order to reduce the impact on water
quality, temporary sedimentation tanks will be constructed for the settlement of the
suspended matter. However, it is envisaged that the monsoon period will be avoided for
cutting and filling of earthwork. Additionally, following measures will be taken to avoid
the surface water pollution.
 Soil binding and fast growing vegetation grass would be grown around the construction
site before commencement of construction activity to reduce soil erosion;
 Appropriate sanitation facilities will be provided for the construction workers to reduce
impact on ground water resources and also to maintain hygienic conditions.
There is no likely hood of ground water contamination, as no waste will be discharged to ground
water bodies during construction. However sewage generated during the construction phase will
be treated in the Septic Tank and Soak Pit. Wherever construction wastes need to be disposed off
on land or of - site, the same will be disposed off in a proper manner.
Water quantity being small, no major impact on existing water resources of the study area is
envisaged. Further, there will be no housing facility at site for construction workers and hence a
major source of impact on water environment will be avoided. Proper and sufficient sanitary
facility will be provided to construction workers to maintain hygienic conditions at site. Storm
water drain compatible with the local hydrological pattern of the area is provided to carry - off
any run - off or storm water from the premises and this water will be harvested through ground
water recharge or storage. Care will be taken during construction work not to create any

58
obstruction / dips in the topography which can lead to accumulation of water within premises
leading to undesirable consequences like health and hygiene problems etc.
 Identify water savings opportunities, taking advantage of existing audit tools &
procedures;
 Develop and implement a water conservation plan;
 Optimize water efficiency, review bills, monitor flow meters and implement preventive
 maintenance programs;
 Specify water-saving equipment and devices for future purchases, such as water-efficient
fixtures including toilets, faucets, showerheads and appliances;
 Retrofit toilets, urinals, showers, faucets, and drinking fountains to reduce water use;

The employees at the proposed project site shall be provided with water for their requirement
and for the construction activities. The proposed construction site shall be provided with
sufficient and suitable toilet facilities to allow proper standards of hygiene. These facilities
would preferably be connected to a septic tank and shall be maintained properly to have least
environmental impact.
The waste water generated will be treated in Effluent Treatment Plant. In distillery, it will be
utilized in Bio digester, which in turn gives biogas as fuel. Finally aerobic bio composting will
be done to achieve zero discharge.

As per CPCB recommendations the spent wash generation is restricted to a maximum of 10 kl/kl
of R.S. by adopting continuous fermentation technology with yeast recycle. The Maximum
Spent wash generation from the proposed distillery plant will be 500 cum/day. The non process
water comprise of cooling tower blow down, DM plant regeneration & softener regeneration
water and sanitary waste water.

Recommendations:
a. Minimize the quantity of effluent through reuse to the maximum possible extent.
b. The ETP shall be constructed before commissioning of the main plant.
c. The ETP units shall be taken up for maintenance, when ever for main plant is taken for
maintenance.
59
d. Inlet and outlet effluent samples shall be collected monthly and shall be analyzed to ascertain
the efficiency of ETP and meet the statutory requirements.
E. Identify waste reduction opportunities, taking advantage of existing auditing tools and
procedures;
F. Develop and implement a waste reduction action plan, including an awareness program for
employees;
G. Separate waste streams at source to facilitate reuse, recycling and proper disposal;
H. Centrally collect environmentally-harmful wastes, & store and dispose of them safely

8.6. Occupational Health and Safety Management Plan

Following measures will be adopted in the plant:
 Regular inspection and maintenance of pollution control systems.
 All measures related to safety such as safety appliances, training, safety awards, posters,
slogans will be undertaken.
 The workers exposed to noisy sources will be provided with ear muffs/plugs.
 Adequate facilities for drinking water and toilets will be provided to the employees.
 The fire and safety equipment will be properly utilized and maintained regularly.
 The health of the workers will be regularly checked by a well qualified doctor and proper
records will be kept for each worker.

8.7. Solid Waste Management Plan

Minimization at all levels need be attempted for discarded products, empty containers (which are
rare), packing surpluses, incoming raw material unloading spillages (which is rare) and fugitives.
The factory has very little scrap materials. All these, however, be carefully stored on raised
platform with dwarf toe walls all around, and a roof over-head.
The contents should not be held in the premises for more than a fortnight.
The main solid waste from sugar factory will be bagasse and press mud. The bagasse will be
utilize in the boiler completely and the press mud also used in Bio-Composting Process to
produce the organic fertilser. Hence there will not any problem due the solid waste generated in
the sugar factory.
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The main solid waste generated during the process is Ash. These will be disposed off using the
Ash handling system. The part of ash can be utilized in the Bio-Composting process and it will
be use for brick making, etc. The solids collected in wet scrubber will be separated in settling
tank and will used in Bio-Composting.
This is not a big problem in Distillery. The solid in process generate only as yeast spent residue.
This is highly biodegradable and can be taken to compost yard without difficulty. Other will be
empty drums which can be used for refill or may be disposed to original vendors. The colony is
very small the organic portion will be composted and inert sent for low land filling.
 All the solid wastes will be stored separately in a “Solid Waste Storage Area” within the
factory premises. It will have non -percolating floor and covered roof. The storage area
will have proper illumination and ventilation and equipped with fire extinguisher device
wherever required. A sign - board will be put out-side the storage area marked “Solid
Waste Storage Area” and “Danger”.
 Non - hazardous dried bio-sludge from septic tank will be rich in nutrients and hence will
be used as fertilizer and nutrient within premises for gardening.
 Hazardous waste i.e. used lubricating oil will be given to CPCB registered recycler / re-
processor of oil.

61
 Table: Environmental Management Cost

S.N Rehabilitation Activities Unit QTY EM Cost Estimated

Unit Cost Total Cost

1 Eviction of Farmers for Their Farming Land(Compensation) and Employment of No 300 500.00 1,800,000.0
Farmer in The Sugar Cane Farming and Sugar Factory(Average) 0

2 Refilling (leveling compaction of 100 hectare) by appropriate slop gradient) hector 100 - 10,000.0
0

3 To avoid soil Erosion and flood hazards the following activities will be done as
required.

Cat of Drain LPS 200,000.00 200,000.0

0

Soil bund in forced by Grass Strip LPS 100,000.00 100,000.0

0

4 Tree and Grass Planting Indigenous Tree(Appropriate species) M3

Purchase of seedling M3 1,320.0 1.00 1,320.0

0 0

Pitting M3 1,200.0 0.75 900.0

0 0

Planting M3 1,200.0 0.50 600.0

0 0

Grass planting/Cultivation 3,000.0

0

5 Treatment Activities(Purchase and Use of Advance Technology)

Waste Water LPS 1.0 50,000.00 50,000.0

0 0

Air LPS 1.0 70,000.00 70,000.0

0 0

Sold Waste LPS 3.0 50,000.00 150,000.0

0 0

6 Aquatic and Wild Life Resources Conservation and Rehabilitation LPS 40,000.00 40,000.0
0

7 Recruitment of Environmental Monitoring and Management Professional No 3 2,500.00 90,000.00

2,515,820.00
Total Rehabilitation Cost Over the life Span of the Project
8.8. Environmental and Social Impacts Management Monitoring Plan

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Environmental Monitoring is important parameters to assess the status of environment during
construction and operation phases of the project. With the knowledge of baseline conditions, the
monitoring program can serve as an indicator for any deterioration in environmental conditions
due to construction and operation of the proposed Integrated Sugar Complex and suitable
mitigation steps could be taken in time to safeguard the environment. Monitoring is as important
as that of control of pollution since the efficiency of control measures can only be determined by
monitoring.
The objectives of monitoring are:
 To verify the results of the impact assessment study in particular with regard to new
development.
 To follow the trend of parameters which have been identified as critical.
 To check or assess the efficiency of the pollution control measures;
 To ensure that new parameters, other than those identified in the impact assessment
study, do not become critical through the commissioning of new development.
 To establish a database for future impact assessment studies for new projects.

The monitoring of various environmental parameters is necessary part of the environmental

protection measures. Monitoring is an important feature because the efficiency of control
measures can only be determined by monitoring. A comprehensive monitoring programme is
given below.
Infrastructure for Environmental Protection
The project proponent shall provide a fully equipped laboratory to carry out the analysis /
appoint an external testing laboratory. The following manpower shall be provided on regular
basis.

During site clearance and construction phase Monitoring should be:

Daily monitoring to ensure that the cleared areas and access roads are not creating a dust
nuisance is required from the organization. Any temporarily installed (onsite and offsite)
drainage works should be inspected, at these times, to ensure they are clear and functioning
properly. Where suitable and practical, instructions may also be given for the temporary (or

63
permanent) grassing/re-egetation of areas where the top soil is likely to remain exposed to soil
erosion, over an extended period of time.
The project engineer / construction site supervisor should monitor or assign a person to carry out
this activity. National Environmental Protection Act (NEPA) should conduct spot checks to
ensure that this stipulation is followed. It is not anticipated that this exercise will incur additional
costs.
The organization should carryout daily inspections to ensure that construction activities are not
being conducted outside of regular working hours. In addition, a one off noise survey should be
undertaken to determine workers exposure and construction equipment noise emission.
The project engineer / construction site supervisor should monitor the construction work hours.
NEPA should conduct spot checks to ensure that the hours are being followed. The monitoring of
the construction work hours is not expected to incur any costs.
Undertake daily inspections of trucks carrying raw material to ensure that they are not over laden
as this will damage the public access road and onsite lead to soil compaction; also to ensure that
they are covered and not spilling materials along the roadway.
Conduct daily inspections to ensure that trucks carrying raw materials and heavy equipment are
parked at the designated area on the proposed site so as to prevent traffic congestion and
accidents. Person(s) appointed by the developer may perform this exercise. No additional cost is
anticipated for this exercise.
Conduct daily inspections to ensure that flagmen are in place and that adequate signs are posted
along the roadway. This is to ensure that traffic along the Town By-pass have adequate warnings
and direction. Person(s) employed by developer may perform this exercise. No additional cost is
anticipated for this exercise.
Undertake daily assessment of the quantity of solid waste generated and keep records of its
ultimate disposal. Additionally, solid waste generation and disposal of the campsite should also
be monitored. Person(s) appointed by the developer may perform this exercise. No additional
cost is anticipated for this exercise.
Weekly assessment to determine that there are adequate numbers of portable toilets and that they
are in proper working order. This will ensure that sewage disposal will be adequately treated.

64
Person(s) appointed by the developer may perform this exercise. No additional cost is anticipated
for this exercise.
Monitor and ensure that approved suppliers and sources of local materials are used.
Inspection of quarry licences should be conducted to ensure that they are legal. Copies of these
licences should be kept on file. Person(s) appointed by the developer may perform this exercise.
No additional cost is anticipated for this exercise.
Daily monitoring of vehicle refuelling and repair should be undertaken to ensure that these
exercises are carried out on hardstands. This is to reduce the potential of soil contamination from
spills. Spot checks should be conducted by NEPA. Person(s) appointed by the developer may
perform this exercise. No additional cost is anticipated for this exercise.
Where possible, construction crews should be sourced from within the study area. This will
ensure that the local community will benefit from the investment. Person(s) appointed by the
developer may perform this exercise. No additional cost is anticipated for this exercise.
Daily inspection of construction activities to ensure that the proposed wastewater infrastructure,
drainage infrastructure and building plans are followed and are being constructed properly.
NEPA and the local community Council can provide checks and balances. Person(s) appointed
by the developer may perform this exercise. No additional cost is anticipated for this exercise.

Monitoring During the Operational Phase of the Proposed Development:

Onsite drainage channels should be inspected (and maintained) on a monthly basis, during the
dry season, and a weekly basis, during the wet season; to ensure they remain unblocked and
clear.
Similar inspection and maintenance should be conducted on the oil water separator and
sedimentation. In addition, storm water drainage channels, in the adjoining areas, should be
checked and inspected, on a monthly basis, to ensure that traditional drainage pathways (to and
from the site) remain unblocked.
The vapor transpiration bed, and general wastewater treatment facility/infrastructure, should be
inspected (and maintained) on a regular basis, to ensure it is operating effectively and optimally.
At the very least, the recommended frequency is once a month. Grease traps, within general
wastewater treatment system, should be inspected (and maintained), during this exercise, to
ensure they remain unblocked, clear and functional.
65
Solid waste handling and disposal should be monitored, on a weekly basis, to ensure there are
adequate numbers of bins and skips, for receiving the solid waste generated at the site. The
individual in charge of this should ensure that:
i. The skips are not being overfilled (i.e. they have sufficient capacity to handle the daily
waste), and
ii. The collected solid waste is being disposed of at the designated and approved dumpsite.
Plant operations and efficiency should be monitored on a daily basis to ensure the grinding (and
bagging) process is operating efficiently and energy consumption is as optimal/efficient as it can
be, under the circumstances.
Ambient dust levels should be monitored at the mixing, grinding and bagging facilities on a
quarterly basis.
Heat levels should be monitored at the facility on a quarterly basis. Daily spot checks should be
done to ensure workers are:
i. Suitably equipped for the various work environments in which they work, and
ii. Utilizing the protective equipment, provided.
Noise levels should be monitored at the facility on a yearly basis.
i. Hearing conservation plans should be established for the facility,
ii. Ensure that signs are in place in areas with high noise ratings,
iii. Ensure that workers are properly equipped with hearing protection devices such as ear muffs
and plugs.

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Table MONITORING SCHEDULE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS

67
8.8.1. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
A. Conclusion

This study presents the finding of a study undertaken to assess the status-quo and significant
environmental impacts of two selected large-scale Irrigation and Establishment of sugar plant on
natural resources in Ethiopia. Main focus is on the environmental impacts of Irrigation on natural
resources with special emphasis on soil quality, water quality and downstream impacts,
hydrology and potential interference with ecosystems.
It is well known that Irrigation and Establishment of sugar production projects can have several
adverse environmental impacts that may threaten the sustainable production of agricultural
goods, which is of major importance and interest in Ethiopia since it contributes 44 percent to
Ethiopia’s GDP, employs 80 percent of the labor force, and provides a livelihood to 85 percent
of the nearly 80 million populations.

Irrigation and Establishment of sugar production projects inter alia can have potential impacts on
the hydrological characteristics of aquifers, quality of downstream water bodies, quality of soils
and ecosystems. The most prominent results and environmental impacts of the selected case
study sites could be summarized as follows. In general the Irrigation water is of good quality, but
the electric conductivity is unfavorable to the adjusted sodium ratio, which leads in some
instances to soil crusting and has a negative impact on infiltration rate.

In general, the study conducted shows that the Irrigation water used in the investigated case
studies is of good quality with regard to Environmental standards for water used in agriculture
and does not spell any risk for Irrigation purposes.
With regard to impact of the used water source on the soil quality EC to SAR ratio however
indicates potential negative long-term effects on infiltration rates due to damage of the soil
structure and soil crusting through induced sodicity in case of Sugar Plantation.
The most crucial environmental impacts of large scale Irrigation in Ethiopia which could be
identified are related to improper Irrigation management and development of Irrigation project
on saline and saline-sodic soils.

68
Inefficient application of water and seepage of water from reservoirs and unlined distribution
canals lead to rising of groundwater
Study showed that on some fields of the Sugar Plantation the groundwater table is less than one
meter below soil surface. This tendency has mainly two adverse effects. The rise of the
groundwater table up to the root zone interferes with the proper development of the planted crop,
leads to damage of the soil structure and insufficient soil ventilation.
Secondly it induces secondary salinisation due to capillary rising. Improper Irrigation
management and attempts to leach the accumulated salt by additional application of water, which
leads to rising groundwater table, has even aggravated this effect (Tena, 2002).
Besides installation of drainage systems to intercept deep percolation of the excess water, other
in the long run more cost-effective measures need to be considered. Installation of drip systems
could avoid excessively use of Irrigation water and make the application of water more efficient
and therefore increase the overall water productivity of the schemes.
Development of large scale Irrigation, political decision making and investment strategies are
often oriented on short-term profit maximization whereby environmental sustainability is
neglected. Due to the fact that environmental sustainability of Irrigation projects is rather on the
low end of the policy priority list, adverse and irreversible environmental impacts are bound to
happen in the contrary nexus of profit maximization, short-term benefits and environmental
sustainability.
In order to avoid possible negative impacts of the expansion of irrigated agriculture in causing
deterioration of land and soil quality, proper understanding of the quality of soil and Irrigation
water and implementation of appropriate measures have paramount importance for sustainable
development. There is no doubt that Irrigation can increase intensification and productivity, can
help to limit the size of cultivated areas, can provide ample labour and agro-industrialization
opportunities and other potentially positive benefits. On the other hand it can also cause negative
impacts such as deterioration of soil and water quality, impact on eco-system, health and other
negative externalities. It is important to support such endeavors through by implementing such
ESIAMP, so that the positive roles could be enhanced with timely mitigation measures for the
negative impacts.

69
 B. Recommendations

Loss of habitats and associated species – The project will cause a loss of habitat and potentially
impact associated species, but much of the land to be affected by the project is already degraded.
The Promoter project will modify the environment further but the introduction of ecological
corridors will increase the overall biodiversity value of the area.

Contamination of the terrestrial and aquatic environment by pest control agents and fertilizers –
The project is a potential source of contamination to the aquatic and terrestrial environments.
This could potentially have serious impacts on the ecological functioning of various systems, as
well as impacting on the health of the local human population. Several management strategies
and monitoring programmes have been introduced to manage these issues. Using these and
international Best Management Practices (BMPs), this key issue has been adequately mitigated
and can be effectively managed.
Community conflicts – The project has the potential to cause conflicts both within the
communities themselves, as well as conflicts between communities and prompter directly.
Promoter has from the start of the project sought to communicate with communities and local
authorities directly and through their local partners, and have designed the lease agreements to
establish a direct link with the communities. Ongoing open engagement with all stakeholders
will ensure that this issue continues to be properly addressed.
Economic and Physical displacement – Local communities subsist off the land and the project
will result in the loss of access to an area of 1000ha. Around 300 people will also need to be
physically displaced the promoter will pay compensation.

70
Compensation from the promoter. The EPRDF sets a framework for the conditions under which
any resettlement might take place, whether displacement is physical or economic, and is
applicable to all phases of the project.
The lease payments, acknowledgement agreements and monetary compensation for physical
assets lost (determined through the Resettlement Action Pan ) provide a financial mitigation for
this impact. The implementation of the SEMP including the (Framer development Program)FDP
and a number of ESMPs which deal with the communities provide a second, longer term
mitigation and the combination of both these types of mitigations will adequately deal with
impacts related to food and livelihood security. The outcome of the financial and skills training
measures will be to sustain and enhance food and livelihood security in the project area, thus
adequately addressing economic displacement issues.

Socio economic benefits – The project has the potential to significantly enhance the standard of
living of those directly affected, as well as of the population in the Wadera Districts in terms of
employment, agricultural capacity building, creation of small businesses and social development.
These impacts are particularly important in an area where poverty is endemic and where
employment opportunities are lacking. Expectations of job opportunities and development
projects are high amongst local residents. It is very important to instill realistic expectations with
regards to benefits from the project, and to develop a strategy of equitable distribution of job
opportunities and benefits amongst the affected parties. As the skills base in the area is poor, in
order to optimize local employment opportunities and involvement in the FDP, skills training
will be necessary. Particular attention will need to be given to women and youth. With these
strategies in place, in general socio-economic benefits were seen to be of high or very high
significance.
Health, safety and security issues – The project has the potential to impact on health, safety and
security. These issues are primarily management issues and are dealt with through the
implementation of several management plans.

Sustainability of the project – The project has been designed to ensure it is sustainable and
results in net carbon emissions savings. The sustainability assessment found that the project

71
complies with all sustainability criteria based on the RSB Principles, and in some cases even
exceeds them.
This Project will result in environmental, social and health impacts that can be managed to levels
of significance that would be regarded as acceptable to society and the natural environment,
provided the recommendations presented in this report are implemented as part of the social and
environmental management programme developed as part of the ESIAM process.
These are some professional recommendations forwarded by the consulting group:

 To enhance the potential economic benefits and social acceptability of the project, the
company proponents should avoid or minimize any adverse impacts of the project on
human health and other natural resources by keeping up the current inspiration.

 The solid waste disposal site planned to be provided in the compound should be buffered
by minimum 5 meter wide deep greeneries.

 Promote intensive and selective plantation around the compound and strengthen the
existing initiation in development of greeneries and open spaces with adequate sitting and
playing areas in the compound with indigenous trees, environmentally friendly fast
growing trees.

 The promoter should also create harmonious relationship between the local community
and the project so as to develop strong linkage between the project and the affected local
communities to avoid unexpected conflicts.

 The promoter must develop its own environmental regulation standards, introduce proper
environmental management system, and comply with the federal and regional state
environmental regulations by limiting emissions within the given Standards.

 Valuable Social Responsibility, promotion of the entire production chain, respect for
people, the prevention of discrimination of any kind, safety in the workplace, and
protection and social development of the communities should be taken in to
consideration.

 The project should undertake other respective Environmenta Impact Assessement in

advance for any project expansion bofore the expansion.

72
 Reference Materials

 Abrol I.P., Yadav J.S.P., Massoud P.I. (1988): Salt Affected Soils and their
Management, FAO Soils Bulletin No 39. FAO, Rome. Abdel-Deyem S. (1998):
Waterlogging and salinity. In: Biswas A.K. (ed), Water Resources: Environmental
Planning, Management and Development, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
Limited. New Delhi, India.
 Ahmed Amdihun (2006): Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing
Integrated Environmental Impact Assessment of Irrigation in Fincha Valley, MSc.
Thesis, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia.
 Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation (Proclamation № 299 of 2002),
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 Ethiopian Herald News Paper, Paying attention to Environmental Impacts Saterday

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Berhanina Selam Printing Press, Addis Ababa Ethiopia

 D.C. Barry, Aug, 1992, Modified EIA & Indicators of Sustainability: 1st steps
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April 1997, Berhanina Selam Printing Press, Addis Ababa Ethiopia

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 Ronald A.Williams (2000), Environmental planning for sustainable urban

development, trinidal, Spain
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Development; Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

73
 The Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, 1995, Berhanina
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 The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Proclamation № 456/2005, , Berhanina

Selam Printing Press, Addis Ababa Ethiopia

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