Table of Contents

Ullage 3

Standard Temperature of oil cargo 3

Ship's sweat 4

Cargo sweat 4

Dew point 4
The cargo separation is arranged between cargoes for different ports 5

Cargo plan 5

Hygroscopic cargo 5

Overcarried cargo 5

Measure the liquid cargo in a tank. 6

Broken Stowage 6

Grain Capacity 7

Stowage factor 7

Crude Oil Washing 8

Standardized Cargo 9

Angle of Repose 9
Measurement cargo 9

Load on top system 10

Hazards of coal cargo 10

Unitized cargo 10

Cargo holds are prepared for loading of refrigerated cargo 11

Segregation according to the IMDG code 11

Loading Chilled Beef 12

Grain 12

General cargo 12

Optional cargo 12
Bale Capacity 13

Deadweight cargo 13

Weather deck 13

Drop Line 13

Crossover Valve 14

List the reasons for ventilating cargo spaces. 15

The preparation of cargo holds prior to loading bulk cargoes 16

Palletization 16

Pre-Slinging 16

The main difference in the carriage of "Frozen" and "Chilled" refrigerated products 18
Factors for planning a container stowage 18

Flash point 19

Contamination cargo 19
1) (a) Describe "Ullage”, "Standard temperature" relating to tanker cargo work. (8 Marks)

(b) Explain the following. (9 Marks)

(i) Ship's sweat

(ii) Cargo sweat

(iii) Dew point

Ullage

Ullage is the measurement between the surface of a liquid cargo and the top of the tank. Sometimes the

measurement may be up to the top of the ullage port, in which case the tank sounding or ullage tables will

allow for this.

Ullage port

Ullage
Liquid surface

Sounding

Standard Temperature of oil cargo

As oil expands when heated, an ullage space is kept for above the liquid level to allow for such expansion.

The expansion effect shows that the density of OIL is dependent on the temperature. At higher temperature

the OIL is less dense and occupies a greater space in the tanks.

The cargo is loaded and discharged at different temperatures and this will affect the density. To avoid

confusion the density is calculated at certain reference temperature. But different countries have different

reference temperatures.

The following are the reference temperatures used in oil trading:

- In the US 60 F

- In Western Europe 15 C

- In Brazil and Eastern Europe 20 C

Ship's sweat

Ship's sweat is formed when ship goes from warm place to cold place. The warm air in the hold cooled by

surrounding air which below dew point. Water vapor in the cargo hold which condense out into water

droplets on ship’s structure. Ship’s sweat can damage the cargo. To prevent this effect by ventilation effect.

Cargo sweat

Cargo sweat occurs when ventilation carried out during the ship goes from a cold space to warm place.

Cargo is cold & incoming air is warm, if warm air contact with cold cargo which below dew point temperature

& water droplets condense on cargo. So, ventilation should restrict to prevent cargo sweat.

Dew point

The temperature at which a parcel of air is cooled, become saturated and water vapor beings to condense

out. The temperature at which water vapor in the air condense out into water droplets.
2) (a) Explain how the cargo separation are arranged between cargoes for different ports. (8 Marks)

(b) Define the following. (9 Marks)

(i) Cargo plan

(ii) Hygroscopic cargo

(iii) Overcarried cargo

The cargo separation is arranged between cargoes for different ports

On general cargo ships, parcels of the same cargo for discharge to different ports are separated.

Separation types are,

- Coloured polythene sheets

- Burlaps (Bagged Cargoes)

- Tarpaulins (Bulk Grains)

- Cargo nets (Cargo parcels)

- Paints (Timber, steel coils)

- Marking tapes (Cars)

Cargo plan

Cargo Plan is a diagrammatic plan which shows the distribution of cargo stowed onboard the vessel for the

voyage.

Each entry onto the plan would detail the quantity, weight, location, port of discharge and special loads

such as heavy lifts, hazardous cargoes and valuable cargoes.

Information on cargo plan contain name of vessel, voyage number, loading ports, discharging ports, draft

fore and aft, name of master.

Hygroscopic cargo

Have natural moisture content and are mainly of plant origin. They may retain, absorb or release water

vapor, and excessive amounts of inherent moisture may lead to significant self-heating and ‘moisture

migration’ within the cargo. This can result caking, mildew, or rot. (e.g grain, rice, flour, sugar)

Overcarried cargo
Over-carried cargo is cargo for discharge is not discharge, and over carried to next port.
3) (a) How will you measure the liquid cargo in a tank? (8 Marks)

(b) How do you understand the following? (9 Marks)

(i) Broken stowage

(ii) Grain capacity

(iii) Stowage factor

Measure the liquid cargo in a tank.

In case of smaller ships, sounding may be taken instead of ullage.

Sounding is the distance from the surface of the liquid to the bottom of the tank.
Ullage is the distance from the surface of the liquid to the top of the tank.
Weight of Oil loaded = Volume of Oil loaded x Density of Oil loaded
To calculate the amount of oil in a cargo tank using a pre-determined temperature & the advised density.

The expansion effect shows that the density of oil is dependent on the temperature.

At higher temperatures, the oil is less density & occupied a greater space in the tank.

The cargo is loaded & discharged at different temperatures & this will affect the density.

To avoid confusion, the density is calculated at Certain reference temperatures.

But different countries have different reference temperatures

USA 60 F

Western Europe 15 C

Eastern Europe & Brazil 20 C

Methods of Soundings & Ullages

- Steel measuring tape

- Calibrated glass tube

- Whessoe gastight tank gauge

- Saab radar tank gauge

Broken Stowage

Broken Stowage is the space between the packages (cargoes) which remains unfilled. It is usually

expressed as percentage of the cargo volume.

(or)
Broken Stowage is the space lost due to the uneven shape of the cargo or unavoidable gaps in cargo

stowage, expressed as a percentage of the total volume of the cargo.

Grain Capacity

Grain Capacity is the cubic capacity of a space when the lengths, breadths and depths are taken right to

the plating. An allowance is made for the volume occupied by frames and beams.

Stowage factor

Stowage factor is the cargo space (volume) occupied by unit weight of cargo. It is expressed in m3/Tones.
4) (a) What is Crude Oil Washing? (8 Marks)

(b) How do you understand the following? (9 Marks)

(i) Standardized cargo

(ii) Angle of repose

(iii) Measurement cargo

Crude Oil Washing

COW is the method of cleaning the tanks on a crude oil tanker.

By means of high-pressure jet nozzles, with the crude oil cargo itself (Oil to remove oil) at pressures of 9-

10 kg/cm2.

This operation can take place either in port or at sea.

Crude oil makes the cleaning process more efficient than when only water is being used.

Water wash would be conducted prior to gas freeing the tank for entry.

Only fixed tank washing machines can be used to carry out crude oil washing.

Mixture of oil & water can create an electrically charged mist during washing.

Therefore only dry crude should be used for crude oil washing.

Dry crude is crude with minimum water content.

Stage One: Nozzle elevated to upper level wash.

Stage Two: One-third of cargo discharged, nozzles set between 60 and 140.
Stage Three: Two-third of cargo discharged, nozzles set between 25 and 75.
Stage Four: Bottom washing, nozzles set between 0 and 30.

140 140

Full Cargo washed 60

1/3 of Cargo Discharged
Nozzle set to operate
Nozzle set to operate
Between 0 & 140
Between 60 & 140

0 0

75
2/3 of Cargo Discharged
Nozzle set to operate
Between 25o & 75o

Bottom washed
25
Nozzle set to operate

Between 0o & 30o 30o

0
0
Standardized Cargo

Standardized cargo is the cargo for the ship is provided with an approved securing system, based upon the

cargo of specific types.

Angle of Repose

The maximum slope angle of non-cohesive (i.e free flowing) granular material.

It is the angle between the horizontal plane & the cone of such material when at rest on a plane surface.

Cargoes with an angle of repose of less than 35 are considered to be in danger of shifting.

The lesser angle of repose is higher the danger of a cargo shift.

Angle of

repose

Measurement cargo

Is cargo on which freight is usually charged on the volume occupied by the cargo (this cargo is usually light,

bulky cargo stowing at more than 1.2 m3 /tonne (40 cu.ft./ton).

5) (a) Explain the Load on top system. (8 Marks)

(b) What are the hazards of coal cargo? (5 Marks)

(c) What is “Unitized cargo"? (3 Marks)

Load on top system

When a crude oil tanker complete discharge, a large quantity of oil may be left.

Load on top system is a method to deposit this oil into a slop tank.

Tank cleaning carried out in normal way with sea water.

After complete tank cleaning, slop tank will contain a mixture of oil and water.

Slop tank must settle for about 2 or 3 days.

After this period of time, oil can be floating on top of water.

When settle, water discharge through O.D.M.C.S (Oil discharge monitoring and control system).

At loading port, the new hot oil can be loaded on top of remaining oil.

During loaded passage, the new and old oils combine and any water sink to the bottom of slop tank.

At discharge port, water pump out to shore side and Pure oil pump out to shore side oil tanks.

Slop tank

Oil mixture of New Oil

Water

Old Oil
Water

Hazards of coal cargo

They may emit flammable gases (i.e. Methane gas)

It has a tendency to self-heat (Indicated by increasing Carbon Monoxide)

Oxidation (Depletion of Oxygen from the Holds)

Reaction with water (Produce acids that can cause corrosion)

Liquefaction hazards (Moisture content exceeds Transportable Moisture Limit TML)

Unitized cargo

Cargoes loaded as grouping together by the reason of this “sizes”.

6) (a) Explain how cargo holds are prepared for loading of refrigerated cargo. (8 Marks)

(b) Explain segregation according to the IMDG code? (8 Marks)

Cargo holds are prepared for loading of refrigerated cargo

RF cargo require a great care before loading.

Pre-cooling checks to be carried out before loading.

More thorough cleaning is required.

Holds are washed down and disinfected.

Bilges are cleaned and disinfected.

Blood-stains scraped for Bacteria.

Residual Smell removed to prevent cargoes damaged by taint.

Cargo hold to be inspected, inspection of Insulations, fans, scupper pipes, sounding pipes, vent pipes, air

pipes etc.... Any damages to be repaired.

Wooden dunnages are to be pre-cooled.

When hold is cleaned and dry, then pre-cooling can begin.

All temperatures recorded in log.

At right temperature, Surveyor inspects the hold.

Then, Loading can begin.

Segregation according to the IMDG code

Segregation is the process of separating two (or) more substances (or) articles which are considered

mutually incompatible when their packing (or) stowage together may result in hazards in case of leakage

(or) spillage (or) any other accident.

Segregation terms are

- away from

- separated from

- separated by a complete compartment (or) hold from

- separated longitudinally by an intervening complete compartment (or) hold from

7) (a) Write a short note about the loading chilled beef. (5 Marks)

(b) Define the following:

i. Grain

ii. General cargo

iii. Optional cargo

Loading Chilled Beef

Loaded at a temperature about 0 C to 2 C

Carried at a temperature about (-1.5) C

Due to soft nature of chilled beef, it is carried hung on hooks from the deckhead.

Fores and hinds are loaded alternately. This reduces the broken stowage.

Do not place too close together as air circulation would then be restricted.

(b) Define the following. (9 Marks)

Grain

Grain includes wheat, maize (corn), oats, rye, barley, rice, pulses, seeds and processed forms thereof,

whose behavior is similar to grain in its natural state.

General cargo

General cargo is a term which is a Great variety of Goods.

Goods may be in bags, cases, drums or they may be kept together in Bale.

(or)

General cargo is break bulk cargo which means cargoes of different types and sizes making up a general

cargo.

Optional cargo

Optional cargo is Cargo for discharge at either one of two, or even more ports.

Readily available for discharge once port is declared.

8) (a) How do you understand the following. (9 Marks)

(i) Bale capacity

(ii) Deadweight cargo

(iii) Weather deck

(b) Explain the arrangement and use of "Drop Line", "Crossover Valve" in oil tanker. (8 Marks)

(c) List the reasons for ventilation cargo spaces. (5 Marks)

Bale Capacity

Bale capacity is the cubic capacity of a space.

Breadth is taken from the inside of the cargo battens.

Depth from the top of wood sheathing to the underside of the deck beams.

Length from the inside of the Bulkhead stiffeners or spar ceiling if fitted.

Deadweight cargo

Deadweight cargo is cargo on which freight is usually charged on its weigh (cargo stowing at less than 1.2

m3/ tonne (40 cu.ft./ton) is likely to be rated as deadweight cargo)

Weather deck

Weather deck means the uppermost complete deck exposed to weather & sea.

Drop Line

Cargo is loaded through filling lines called drops.

These are located on each line in the pump room & at various locations on the main deck.

Drop line is fitted with a valve, this must be opened when loading through that line.

When discharging, drop valves are kept closed to prevent cargo from recirculation to the tanks.
 Main Deck Piping

Main Deck
To Manifold

Block valve

Pump
room
Discharge
Bulkhead
Drop Line
Valve

Block
Pump Drop valve valve

Suction valve

Bottom Piping

Crossover Valve

The various systems are connected by sections of pipe known as crossovers.

Crossover is fitted with a valve, thus making it to isolate the systems or link them together as desired.

When loading the same products, Crossover valves are opened to allow cargo to flow freely through all

systems.

In the case of different products, Crossover valves must be closed to prevent cargo mixing.

To wings
Pump

No.1

Crossover

Valve
Pump

No.2

To Centres
List the reasons for ventilating cargo spaces.

- To supply Fresh air

- To remove Heat

- To remove Dangerous Gases

- To remove Smell

- To prevent Sweat (cargo sweat or ship's sweat)

9) (a) Describe in detail the preparation of cargo holds prior to loading bulk cargoes. (8 Marks)

(b) What is palletization and pre-slinging? (6 Marks)

(c) List three hygroscopic cargoes. (3 Marks)

The preparation of cargo holds prior to loading bulk cargoes

- Good Sweeping down & collecting cargo residues.

- Cargo residues & any dunnage are to be removed.

- Special attention needs to remove residues from difficult areas (such as Hatch covers, frame)

- Then, Holds are washed with seawater & final rinse with fresh water to reduce corrosion.

- Bilges & strum boxes are to be properly cleaned & disinfected.

- Then, Bilges are covered with burlap to prevent entry of cargo.

- New dunnage should be laid out.

- Hold inspections are to be carried out & any damages are to be repaired. (Inspection of Bilges,

Sounding pipes, ventilation pipes, etc....)

- Hatch covers must be checked for weather tight & if required, rubber packing to be renewed.

- Fixed firefighting equipment and ventilation equipment must be checked & tested.

- Hold lightings, means of access & cargo gears must be checked and tested.

- If required, Fumigation is to be carried out.

Palletization

Handling of goods on pallets was more efficient than using hand trucks (or) carrying sacks (or) boxes by

hand. Greatly speed up on loading and unloading. But Pallets need to handle with pallet jacks or forklift

trucks.

Advantages of Palletization
- Less handling of cargo

- Less cargo damage

- Faster loading & discharging times

- Minimize Broken stowage

Pre-Slinging

Sling is any device attached to the cargo or its container for the purpose of hoisting it on board the ship.

Pre-slinging arrangement of cargo handling device for quick loading & unloading.

Slings around a group of smaller bags, which once loaded, are left in position with sling eyes for the cargo

to be hooked up & lifted out upon discharge, a technique known as Pre-slinging.

(c) List three hygroscopic cargoes. (3 Marks)

(1) Grain, (2) Rice, (3) Sugar

10) (a) What are the main differences in the carriage of "Frozen" and "Chilled" refrigerated products?

(5 Marks)

(b) What factors you will consider for planning a container stowage? (8 Marks)

(c) Define Flash point. (3 Marks)

(d) Define Contamination cargo. (3 Marks)

The main difference in the carriage of "Frozen" and "Chilled" refrigerated products

Refrigerated cargoes include both frozen & chilled goods.

Chilled goods including fresh fruits & vegetables.

Frozen goods do not suffer if over-cooled.

Chilled goods can be damaged by low temperatures, either by freezing (or) by chilled.

Many chilled cargoes are damaged cause of temperatures below that experienced in the growing area.

(b) What factors you will consider for planning a container stowage? (8 Marks)

Factors for planning a container stowage

Understand & review the stowage plan

- Be aware of special requirements for DG containers (Dangerous Goods), stowage and location,

segregation & marking.

- Be aware of special requirements for Reefer containers, stowage and location, segregation &

temperatures.

- Be aware of special requirements for over-height, over-width containers (Out Of Gauge), stowage &

location.

- Be aware of special requirements for Flat-rack containers, stowage and location, lashing of Break-bulk

cargo stowed on Flat-Rack containers.

- Be aware of special requirements for sizes of container (20, 40, 45 ft) stowage and location

- Stack limit is to be checked & not exceeded.

- Physical damages is to be checked & noted.

- Leakage & other evidence of cargo damages are to be checked & noted.

- Container door seals are to be checked & noted.

- Ensure that the lashing plan is correctly followed.

- All lashings are to be checked on completion.

- To be attended at Ballast for ship remains upright & reasonable trim by the stern.

- Drafts & Port rotation to be checked.

- Proper records are to be kept.

(c) Define Flash point. (3 Marks)

Flash point

Flash point is the lowest temperature at which a liquid gives off sufficient vapor to form Flammable mixture

with air near the surface of the liquid. Flash point is change point from safe to risk.

It is expressed in C or F.

(d) Define Contamination cargo. (3 Marks)

Contamination cargo

Cargo which taint easily. E.g. tea, flour, tobacco should keep well away from strong smell.