KISHORI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

CHIRAWA (RAJASTHAN)
All India Senior School Certificate Examination
(2024-2025)

PRACTICAL REPORT
BIOLOGY (086)
CLASS IX

SUBMITTED BY: - SUBMITTED

TO: -
__________________ Ms. Sadhana Evane
Ms. Rekha Pancholi
 SCIENCE HOLIDAY HOMEWORK (2024-25)
INSTRUCTION: Start every single experiment from new page
INSTRUCTIONs:
 Single practical file must be made for all three subjects (Biology, Physics, Chemistry).
 Diagram must be drawn in the blank side of the practical note book.
 Cover your practical copy with yellow chart sheet.
 Take out the print of front page and stick on the cover of your practical file.

EXPERIMENT 1
OBJECTIVE: To Prepare Stained Temporary Mount of Onion Peel.
MATERIALS REQUIRED: Glycerine, Safranin solution, Dropper, Forceps, Water, Needle, Brush, Cover
slip, Glass Slide, Compound Microscope, Onion, watch glass, Blotting paper
PROCEDURE:
 Pour some distilled water into a watch glass.
 Peel off a leaf from half a piece of onion and using the forceps, pull out a piece of transparent onion
peel (epidermis) from the leaf.
 Put the epidermis in the watch glass containing distilled water.
 Take a few drops of safranin solution in a dropper and transfer this into another watch glass.
 Using a brush, transfer the peel into the watch glass containing the safranin solution.
 Let this remain in the Safranin solution for 30 seconds, so that the peel is stained.
 Take the peel from the Safranin solution using the brush and place it in the watch glass containing
the distilled water.
 Take a few drops of glycerine in a dropper and pour 2-3 drops at the centre of a dry glass slide.
 Using the brush, place the peel onto the slide containing glycerine.
 Take a cover slip and place it gently on the peel with the aid of a needle.
 Remove the extra glycerine using a piece of blotting paper.
 Place this glass side on the stage of the compound microscope and view it.

OBSERVATIONS
 There are a large number of regularly shaped cells lying side by side and each cell has a distinct cell
wall.
 A distinct nucleus is present on the
periphery of each cell.
 Lightly stained cytoplasm is
observed in each cell.
 A large vacuole is present at the
centre of each cell, and is surrounded
by the cytoplasm.


CONCLUSION
As cell walls and large vacuoles are clearly observed in all the cells, the cells placed for observation are
plant cells.
PRECAUTIONS
 Use a brush to transfer the peel from one apparatus to another.
 Staining of peel should neither be too dark, nor too light.
 Extra glycerine stain should be removed using blotting paper.
 EXPERIMENT 2
OBJECTIVE: To Prepare Stained Temporary Mount of Human Cheek Cells (Animal Cells).
MATERIALS REQUIRED: Glycerine, Methylene blue solution, Dropper, Forceps, Water, Needle, Brush,
Cover slip, Glass Slide, Compound Microscope, Cheek cells, watch glass, Blotting paper, Tooth pick
PROCEDURE:
 Gently scrape the inner side of the cheek using a toothpick, which will collect some cheek cells.
 Place the cells on a glass slide that has water on it.
 Mix the water and the cheek cells using a needle and spread them.
 Take a few drops of Methylene blue solution using a dropper and add this to the mixture on the slide.
 After 2-3 minutes remove any excess water and stain from the slide using a blotting paper.
 Take a few drops of glycerine using a dropper and add this to the test mixture.
 Take a clean cover slip and lower it carefully on the mixture with the aid of a needle.
 Using a brush and needle, press the cover slip gently to spread the epithelial cells.
 Remove any extra liquid around the cover slip using a blotting paper.
 Place this glass side on the stage of the compound microscope and view it.

OBSERVATIONS
 A large number of flat and irregular-shaped cells are
observed.
 The cells do not have a cell wall. However, each cell has
a thin cell membrane.
 A deeply stained nucleus is observed at the centre of
each cell.
 No prominent vacuoles are observed in the cells.

CONCLUSION
As the cells observed do not have a cell wall, nor a prominent
vacuole, the cells of the specimen on the slide are animal cells.
PRECAUTIONS
 Ensure toothpick used to scrape the cheek is clean, so it does not cause infection to the cheek.
 Extra glycerine stain should be removed using blotting paper.

EXPERIMENT 3
OBJECTIVE: Identification of Parenchyma, Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma tissues in plants and to
draw their well labelled diagram.
Characters of Parenchyma:

1. The cells are generally oval or spherical in shape.

2. These cells are large and are not packed closely, i.e., intercellular spaces
are present.
3. Each cell has a large central vacuole and a peripheral cytoplasm with a
prominent nucleus.
4. These living cells are found in the soft parts of the plants, i.e., root,
stem, leaves, flowers, and fruits.
5. The important functions of these cells are storage of food, filling up
spaces between other tissues and providing support to the plant. When
they contain chloroplasts as in leaves, they help in the synthesis of food.

Characters of Sclerenchyma:

1. Cells are thick-walled, hard and contain little or no protoplasm.

2. The cells are oval, polygonal and are of different shapes.
 3. The cells are dead and the nucleus is absent.
4. These cells are packed closely, i.e., intercellular spaces are
absent.
5. The cell wall is evenly thickened with lignin and perforated
with pits.
6. They provide strength and rigidity to the plant parts with
hardness.

Characters of Collenchyma:

1. The cells are mostly elongated, spherical, oval or polygonal in shape.

2. Cells are alive at maturity.
3. The primary cell wall is unevenly thickened and mostly thickened at the corners.
4. Cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin deposition in the
cell wall makes it thick.
5. They are compactly arranged and intercellular spaces
are mostly absent.
6. They are found under the epidermis of most dicot
plants. E.g. in the young stem, midrib and petiole of
leaves, etc.
7. They provide mechanical support to the growing parts
of the plant, e.g. petiole, young stem, etc.

EXPERIMENT 4
OBJECTIVE: Identification of different types of muscular tissue and nerve cell in animals and to draw
their well labelled diagram.

Smooth Muscle

1. These muscle cells do not have striations or stripes. Hence, they are called
smooth muscle cells.
2. They are also called involuntary muscles.
3. The cells have a single nucleus and the cells are spindle-shaped.
4. They are found in the walls of the hollow organs like the stomach, uterus etc.
5. Their main function is to move the material through the body.
6. The involuntary muscles are controlled by the brain.

Skeletal Muscle

1. The skeletal muscles have stripes or striations. Hence, they are also
called the striated muscles.
2. These skeletal muscles are the most common and widely distributed
muscle tissue in the body.
3. They make up around 40% of the total body mass.
4. These muscles are voluntary muscles that are controlled by us.
5. They mainly help in the locomotion and are attached to the skeleton.
6. The cells are long and cylindrical with many nuclei.
7. The skeletal muscles can be found in the muscles of the limbs, face,
neck etc.

Cardiac Muscle
1. This is a muscle that is found only in the heart.
2. The rhythmic contractions of this muscle help in the pumping of blood
through the blood vessels to various parts of the body.
3. The brain controls this muscle and is an involuntary muscle.
 4. The cells of this muscle tissue are branched and cylindrical with a single nucleus and striations
present.
5. The cells of the cardiac muscle tissue are shorter than the skeletal muscle tissue.
6. There are intercalated disks of overlapping cell membrane between the cardiac muscle cells.
7. These muscles helps the tissue to get locked tightly.

Nerve cell:

A nerve cell is the basic functional unit of the nervous system that receives and sends messages from the
body to the brain and back to the body.

Salient features:

1. Nerve cells are also called Neurons.

2. They have three distinct parts, including a cell body,
axon, and dendrites.
3. The neurons are connected to each other by thin
wirelike threads that carry electrical signals
4. Neurons make up around 10 percent of the brain.
5. Nerve cells are usually shaped like branched trees.

CHEMISTRY
EXPERIMENT 1
Aim:
To prepare a true solution of common salt, sugar and alum in water and distinguish between these on
the basis of transparency, filtration criterion, and stability.
Properties of True Solutions:
1. A true solution is a mixture of
solute and solvent that is
homogenous.
2. Solute particles are less than 1
nm (1 nm =10-9m).
3. The elements do not scatter light
and do not exhibit the Tyndall
effect.
4. Filtration will not be able to
separate the particles.
5. The solution is stable (remains uniform).
6. The solution is clear.

Materials Required:
Beakers, Common salt (Sodium chloride), Sugar, Alum, Test tubes, Glass Rod, Water.
Procedure:
Step 1: Fill three beakers with 100 mL of water and label them A, B, and C, correspondingly.
Step 2: In each beaker, 10g of finely powdered common salt, sugar, and alum are added separately.
Step 3: Using the glass rod, stir the solution.
Step 4: Place the solutions in test tubes and mark them with the letters A, B, and C.
Observation Table:
 Property Experimental Procedure Observation Inference

Each test tube has a small strip of

cellophane paper glued on it, and Colour spot is
the coloured paper of each test evidently seen on test
tube can be seen from the other tubes when seen from A true solution is
Transparency side. the other side. transparent.

Filtration cannot
There is no residue on separate solid
Filtration Filtrate the contents of test tubes the filter paper, and particles from true
Criterion labelled A, B, and C. the filtrate is clear. solution.

True solutions are

Allow 20-25 minutes for the test stable and do not
tubes to rest without being There is no change in exhibit component
Stability disturbed. the solutions. deposition.

Results and Discussion:

True solutions are clear and transparent. They pass through the filter paper without leaving any trace. The
filtrate is translucent as well.
Precautions to be taken during the experiment:
(i) Handle the materials and solutions with care.
(ii) While filtering a solution, pour the contents into the funnel using a glass rod.
(iii) Do not disturb the sample during the stability test.

EXPERIMENT 2
Aim: To Prepare a Mixture and Compound Using Iron Filings and Sulphur Powder
Theory
Difference between Mixture and Compound
S.
No. Mixture Compound

A mixture is a substance formed by A compound is a substance formed by

physically mixing two or more substances chemically mixing two or more substances
1. in any proportion. in a fixed ratio.

A mixture can either be homogenous or

2. heterogeneous. The compound is always homogeneous.

The properties of mixtures depend on its The properties of compounds don’t rely on
3. constituent. its constituent.

Example: Mud water, sugar solution, milk,

4. and blood. Example: Water, baking soda and salt.

Mixture
Separation of iron filings and sulphur powder mixture

Compound

Separation of iron filings and sulphur powder compound

Material Required
The apparatus and materials required for this experiment are as follows:
 Bunsen burner, Tripod stand, Wire gauze, Test tube stand, Hard glass test tube, Test tubes, Test tube
holder, China dish, Watch glass, Magnet
Procedure
1 . Preparation of iron filings and sulphur powder mixture
 Foremost, we took a pinch of iron filings and sulphur powder and mixed it thoroughly.
 The result was a mixture of iron filings and sulphur powder.
 We kept the mixture on a watch glass.
2 . Preparation of iron filings and sulphur powder compound
 Foremost, we took a pinch of iron filings and sulphur powder in a hard glass test tube.
 After that, we heated the reaction mixture on flame.
 The result was a mixture of iron and sulphur powder. A reaction between iron and sulphur was
observed, leading to the formation of the iron sulphide compound.
 We kept the compound on a watch glass.
Precautions
 Heat the iron filings and sulphur powder mixture in a china dish or a hard glass.
 Don’t inhale gases released during the experiment.
 Keep carbon disulphide away from the flame.
EXPERIMENT – 3
AIM:
To carry out the following chemical reactions and classify them as physical or chemical changes.
1. Iron with copper sulphate solution in water.
2. Burning of magnesium ribbon in air.
3. Zinc with dilute sulphuric acid.
4. Heating of copper sulphate.
5. Sodium sulphate with barium chloride in the form of their solutions in water.
Theory
1. Physical Change: When there is no change in the composition of a substance and no change
in chemical nature of the substance, such change is called as physical change.
2. In physical change, the interconversion of state takes place. For example,

3. Chemical Change: It is a change which brings change in the chemical properties of matter
and a new substance is obtained. For example, burning of oil, fuel.
4. In a chemical change – heat is evolved or taken in, formation of bubbles, gas, fumes takes
place, there is a change in colour of the reactants when they form a product.
Reactants⟶ProductsA+B⟶C(Chemicalreaction)
The chemical reactions are of four types:

1. Combination reaction: Two elements/compounds combine to form a single product.

A+B⟶C2Mg(s)+O2(g)⟶2MgO(s)CaO(s)+H2O(l)⟶Ca(OH)2(aq)
2. Decomposition reaction: When a compound decomposes/breaks due to energy, heat, light or
electricity to form simpler substance.

3. Displacement reaction: It takes place when more reactive metal reacts with the salt of less
reactive metal and displaces it to form a new compound.

4. Double displacement reaction: In this reaction when two salts are mixed together in solution
form then exchange of ions takes place and a new product is obtained.
E.g.

Materials Required
Test tubes, test tube stand, test tube holder, a pair of tongs, Bunsen burner.
Chemicals Required
Iron filings, copper sulphate solution, magnesium ribbon, zinc granules, dilute sulphuric acid, sodium
sulphate and barium chloride solutions and copper sulphate crystals.
Procedure
Iron with copper sulphate solution in water

Reactions of Fe+CuSO4
Burning of magnesium ribbon in air

Reaction of Mg+O2

Zinc with dilute sulphuric acid.

Reactions of Zn+H2SO4

Reaction: Zn(s)+Zn+H2SO4⟶ZnSO4(aq)+H2(g)
Heating of copper sulphate salt

Reaction of heat on CuSO4 crystals.

Reaction of sodium sulphate and barium sulphate solutions.

Reaction of Na2SO4+BaCl2

Precautions

1. Use all the chemicals in very less quantity.

 2. Use test tube holder for heating.
3. Clean magnesium ribbon with sand paper and use fire tongs for holding magnesium ribbon.
4. Handle the acids and alkalies carefully.

EXPERIMENT 4
Aim: To determine the melting point of ice and boiling point of water.
Theory
Conditions Affecting Melting Point and Boiling Point

Materials Required
Two thermometers, (Celsius scale), boiling tube, a glass rod, two iron stands, a bunsen burner, wire gauze,
beakers, tripod stand, distilled water, ice cubes prepared from distilled water.
Procedure
(A)To determine the boiling point of water.

1. Take 25-30 ml of water in a

boiling tube and add few
pumice stones to it.
2. Clamp the boiling tube on iron
stand with two holed cork, in
one hole fix the thermometer
and in the other one fix the
delivery tube.
3. Place the thermometer above
the water in the flask as shown
in the figure and record its
temperature.
4. Place a burner under the
boiling tube.
5. Read the temperature and
record it in the given
observation table till the water
boils. Record the reading after
the time interval of 1 minute.

Observation Table

Result

1. Boiling Point of water is 100 °C.

2. Once the boiling point is attained the temperature reading on thermometer does not change for
sometime.
(B)To determine the melting point of ice.
 1. Take a beaker half-filled with the dry crushed ice
obtained from distilled water.
2. Suspend a Celsius thermometer from the clamp
stand such that the bulb of the thermometer is
completely surrounded by ice.
3. Read the thermometer reading and record the
temperature after every 1 minute till the ice melts
and the thermometer reading remains stationary for
2 minutes.
4. Note the readings in the observation table.

Observation Table

Result
1. Melting point of ice is 0 °C.
2. Once the melting of ice begins the temperature remains constant for some time.
Precautions

1. Choose a better quality thermometer whose graduated scale is clearly readable.

2. Record the temperature in whole numbers.
3. While reading the thermometer the eye level should be parallel with mercury level.
4. Dip only the bulb of thermometer into water/ice.
5. Thermometer should not touch the walls of beaker or boiling tube.
EXPERIMENT 5
Aim
To verify the law of conservation of mass in a chemical reaction.
Theory

1. Matter can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical change.

2. Law of conservation of mass: In a chemical reaction (except for nuclear reactions as matter
can change to energy) mass can neither be created nor destroyed.
The reactants —> atoms of one or more substances simply get rearranged to form product.
Total mass of reactants before reaction = Total mass of the product after reaction
This law was proposed by Antoine Lavoisier.
3. Chemicals undergo several kind of changes, i.e. Physical, Chemical and nuclear.
4. Physical change: Matter only changes its phase from solid to liquid and from liquid to gas.

5. Chemical change: The atoms of reactants rearrange and form new compounds.
Nuclear change: The nucleus of an atom can be changed by adding/reducing the number of
protons, in it/by splitting of nucleus.
For example, Uranium can undergo fission to become Barium and Krypton.
6. In chemical reaction, when the reactants react they may take/give heat, gas may be released,
bubbles may be formed, colour may change or precipitate may be formed.

Materials Required
Two watch glasses, beakers, weighing balance and glass rod.
Chemicals Required
Distilled water and one of the following sets of chemicals.
METHOD A
Procedure
1. Take two watch glasses and weigh them using the physical balance and record their weight.
2. Weigh 3.6g of BaCl2.2H2O in a watch glass of known mass.
3. Take 100 ml beaker with 50 ml distilled water in it. Label it as Beaker ‘A’.
Dissolve the weighed BaCl2.2H2O in the beaker ‘A’.
4. Now weigh 8.05 g of Na2SO4.H2O in another watch glass of known mass and dissolve it in the
other beaker containing 50 ml of distilled water. Label the beaker as ‘B’.
5. Take another beaker. Weigh it and label it as ‘C’
6. Mix the contents of beaker ‘A’ and ‘B’ in beaker ‘C’ Stir it with glass rod.
7. You will observe the white precipitate that is formed in beaker ‘C’, due to the formation of
(BaSO4) Barium Sulphate.
8. Weigh beaker ‘C’ again with the product obtained and record your observations.
9. To get the mass of the product formed, subtract the mass of beaker ‘C’ before adding the
solutions and after adding the solutions from ‘A’ and ‘B’ beaker.
Observations

1. Mass of Reactants = 44 g
2. Mass of Products = 44 g
3. Mass of BaCl2.2H2O = 3.6 g
4. Mass of BaCl2, solution = 53.6 g
5. Mass of Na2SO4.10H2O = 8.05 g
6. Mass of Na2SO4 solution = 58.05 g
7. Total mass of reactants is 53.6 g + 58.05 g = 111.65 g
8. (BaCl2, soln.) (Na2SO4soln.)
9. Mass of beaker ‘C’ is C1 = 500 g
10. Mass of reaction mixture on adding in beaker ‘C’ is C2 = 611.65 g
11. Mass of the product formed = C2 – C1 = 111.65 g
Note: Mass of 50 ml of distilled water = 50.0 g
(density of water = 1 g/mL)
Result
1. Within the reasonable experimental limits:-
2. Initial mass of reactant = Final mass of the product (reactant mixture)
METHOD B
Procedure
1. Prepare a 5% solution of any one pair of substances X and Y given.
2. Take a little amount of solution of Y in a conical flask and some solution of X in an ignition
tube.
3. Hang the ignition tube in the flask carefully as shown in the figure. The solution from the test
tube should not spill in the flask.
4. Put a cork on the flask.
5. Weigh the flask with its contents carefully.
6. Now tilt and swirl the flask gently, so that the solutions X and Y get mixed.
7. Weigh the conical flask again.
8. Record your observation.
9. Note the mass of the conical flask before reaction.

Observations

1. Initial weight of conical flask + ignition tube with the respective solution X and Y = …….g
2. Weight of conical flask + ignition tube when solution X and Y are mixed and reaction has
taken place =……. g.
3. The weight of reactants = Weight of products.
Result
1. Mass of the reactants = Mass of the products
2. There is no loss of mass in a chemical reaction.
Precautions
1. Be careful while using the weighing machine.
2. Prepare the solution in distilled water only.
3. Do not taste any chemical.
4. Fix a cork when solution X and Y are mixed.
5. Subtract the mass of conical flask + cork to get the resultant mass of product.
6. Cork should be used when the chemicals (reactants) are mixed, so that the gas, vapours formed
is not allowed to escape.
7. The law is verified only in closed system.
8. Do not allow the chemical to spill from the ignition tube while recording the initial mass.