Chapter:

4&5 (blue book)

5&6 (red book)

Grammar:
Vocab, Sentence
Structure &
Punctuation
 Expanding Vocabulary
 A wide range of words is important.
 Improve your writing and speech making ability.

 Often if we don’t understand just one word, we

cannot understand the entire sentence.
 The sentence often:
 Defines the word in context.
 Includes examples which may develop your
understanding of the word.
 Provide you with synonyms for the word.
 Include opposites of the word.
Derive the meaning of the word
in bold from the sentence:
1. The calumny spoken by the opposition leader led to his
being sued for libel.
2. Mark wanted to impress his date, but he thought that
creating a massive ice sculpture of her might be
superfluous, extra and unnecessary.
3. The country went through a complete metamorphosis as
beautiful as a caterpillar changing into a butterfly.
4. While planning the party, Susan was prudent with the
guest list, acting with great caution and care not to
invite anyone with whom she wouldn't want to jump
around in a bounce house.
5. Devin procrastinated to avoid his homework all day,
watching TV, playing video games and even writing
thank you cards to his grandparents.
6. The unpretentious host, looking relaxed and in
plain slacks and a cotton shirt, never referred to his
wealth.
7. The versatile musician, who could play the guitar
and piano equally well, attracted a large crowd.
8. Isabel always had a smile on her face, but Pat
was morose.
9. Be wary of salesmen and flashy advertisements
as they may not offer sound advice.
10. The financial planner proposed an unfeasible
budget, however the economist’s was more
practical.
Grammar Rules to Remember
 1. Commas
When to use commas:
 To separate parts of a list or series.
 Before a co-ordinating conjunction.
 When addressing a person (by name).
 Before/ after introductory parts of a sentence.
 Between dependant & independent clauses.
 Add commas in the correct
place:
1. Yes I would love a glass of water Sarah.
2. My ESL class starts in an hour but I am too tired to
get out of bed.
3. Although I liked what you wrote about caring for
your pet rat I have a suggestion you might want to
consider.
4. If you are unable to make the meeting please let
me know as soon as possible.
5. Your suggestion is excellent and I may regret not
trying it but I’m going to try something else first.
6. Toby Alex Bob and I went out last Friday.
2. Use a semi-colon to separate 2 independent
clauses in 1 sentence.
3. Use a colon to introduce a list.
4. Apostrophes & Possession:
 Add ‘s to all singular words and plural words
that don’t end in ‘s’. (E.G. The girl’s doll.)
 Add ‘ to plural words that end in ‘s’. (E.G. the
babies’ bottles. )
Add an apostrophe to show
possession:
e.g. The points of the opposition= The
opposition’s points.

1. The judge of chambers.

2. The judges of the chambers.
3. The office of the lawyer.
4. The windows of the buss.
5. The house of the family.
Concord (Subject-Verb
Agreement)
 If your subject is singular, make sure your
verb is singular as well.
 Singular verbs= often end in “S”

 A sentence needs a subject & verb to be

complete.
 E.g. The exam was difficult.
Subject Verb
Tricky Singular Subjects
 Collective nouns (groups of things)
 A pair of socks is lying on the floor.
 A classroom of students works very hard.
 Neither nor; Either or
 Each person had something different to
say, however neither (is/are) wrong.
 Select the correct verb that
goes with the subject
1. The courtroom’s judge (decide/ decides) that
discussions will resume after lunch.
2. My collection of extravagant vases (was/were)
stolen late last night.
3. Half of the students (is/are) in the class today.
4. The message between the lines (is/are) that we
need to finish before Monday.
5. Essay writing and grammar (is/are) both important
for the test.
6. The judge and lawyers (discuss/discusses) the way
forward.
5. Do not start a sentence with a word ending in
‘ing’.
6. Vary the length of your sentences to make your
writing more interesting.
7. Change the way you refer to a particular
concept- synonyms.
8. Avoid verbosity: using too many words for a
simple idea.
9. Keep the tense the same throughout your
sentence.
10. Write whole paragraphs keeping the same
subject number.
11. Write in the active voice. It allows your point
to come through more clearly.
 Start with the subject.
Full Sentences vs Sentence
Fragments
 Independent clause- full sentence.

 Sentence fragments- when you are

missing part of the sentence.
1. Missing a Subject
- E.G. He got into his bright red BMW. Revved it
loudly.
2. Missing a Verb
- E.G. His bright red BMW.
3. Missing a Subject & Verb
- When you start a sentence with a verb ending in
‘ing’.
- E.G. He sat at his desk, looking around the room.
Pretending to do his work.
4. Only Using a Dependent Clause
- A dependant clause cannot stand alone to make
a full sentence.
- Contains a subject & verb BUT is not a complete
idea.
- Usually start with subordinating conjunctions.
- E.G. Because it was voting day.

How to fix this?

Add an independent clause and separate the 2
clauses with a coma.
Add an Independent clause
to the following:
1. when I completed my assignment
2. which was against the chair
3. who was born in East London
4. outside the magistrate’s court
5. as the door opened