Elementary Statistics and Probability

Unit 1
Basic Concepts and Terminologies in Statistics

Teacher: Jay-cen T. Amanonce

College of Teacher Education
Cagayan State University
 1. Define Statistics and determine its importance

2. Define, differentiate, and cite examples on the terminologies used in Statistics

such as descriptive statistics and inferential statistics, population and sample,
variables and types of data, and levels of measurement.

Learning Objectives
Topic 1
Definition and Importance of Statistics
Statistics
Statistics is a science that deals with the collection, presentation, analysis
and interpretation of data.

Statistics is a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data

and then organizing, summarizing, presenting, analyzing, interpreting and
drawing conclusions based on the data.
Identify which of the following questions are answerable using a
statistical process.

What is the ratio of teachers to students in secondary public schools in Cagayan Province?
(Requires statistical process)
What is the smallest bone in a human body?
(Does not require statistical process)
What seminars and trainings do teachers of CSU need for the next five (5) years?
(Requires statistical process)
Is planet Mars bigger than planet Earth?
(Does not require statistical process)
Who have a better study habit, teacher education students or medical technology students?
(Require statistical process
Objectives of Statistics
Practitioners need to understand statistics:
➢ To know how to properly present and describe information,
➢ To know how to draw conclusions about large populations based only on
information obtained from samples,
➢ To know how to solve problems and make sensible, valid, and reliable
decisions on the basis of the statistical analysis conducted.
Main Objective of Statistics
To help us in making wise decision.

Decision-making is an important part of our lives. Everybody makes

decisions almost everyday.
Main Objective of Statistics
For instance,
▪ Students decide on what course they would take in college that could give
them high salary and a better future.
▪ Mothers decide on what brand of milk to buy.
▪ Business-minded people think whether to put their money in the bank or to
open a business or a factory
Topic 2
Basic Terms in Statistics
Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
Descriptive Statistics are statistical Inferential Statistics are statistical
procedures used for summarizing, procedures that allow one to draw
organizing, graphing and describing inferences to the population on the basis of
sample data. In particular, these statistics
univariate data. test for statistical significance of results –
Examples: i.e. statistically significant relationships
between variables, or statistically
frequencies, percentages, measures significant differences between two or more
of central tendency, measures of groups. In quantitative data analysis, there
variation, and cross tabulations are several statistical tests that can be
used to examine relationships between two
or more variables, or differences between
two or more groups.
Population Vs. Sample

A POPULATION is a complete A SAMPLE is a portion/sub-

collection of all elements (scores, collection of elements drawn
people, measurements) to be from a population.
studied.
Determining Adequate Sample Size
To determine the sample size from a given population size, the Slovin’s
formula is used.

𝑵 Where n = sample size

𝒏= N = population size
𝟏 + 𝒆𝟐 𝑵
e = margin of error
Solve!
1. A group of researchers will conduct a survey to find out the opinion of residents
of a particular community regarding the oil price hike. If there are 10,000
residents in the community and the researchers plan to use a sample using a
10% margin of error, what would be the sample size?
Solution: Here: N = 10 000 and e = 10% or 0.10. Substituting the given values in the formula, we have

𝟏𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒏=
𝟏+. 𝟏𝟎𝟐 (𝟏𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎)

𝟏𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒏=
𝟏+. 𝟎𝟏 (𝟏𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎)

𝟏𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒏=
𝟏𝟎𝟏

𝒏 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟎𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝟗𝟗
Solve!
2. Suppose that in Example 1, the researchers would like to use a 5% margin
of error. What should be the size of the sample?
Solution: Here: N = 10 000 and e = 5% or 0.05. Substituting the given values
in the formula, we have
𝟏𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒏=
𝟏+. 𝟎𝟓𝟐 (𝟏𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎)

𝟏𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒏=
𝟏+. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟓 (𝟏𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎)

𝒏 = 𝟑𝟖𝟒. 𝟔𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝟑𝟖𝟓
Parameter Vs. Statistic

A PARAMETER is a numerical A STATISTIC is a numerical

measurement describing some measurement describing a
characteristics of a population. characteristic of a sample.
Summary data from a population Summary data from a sample
Data Vs. Variable
Data Variable
Measurements or observations of A characteristic that is
a variable observed or manipulated
The word “data” is plural, datum is Can take on different values
singular.
A collection of data is often called
a data set (singular)
Classifications of Variables
Qualitative Data Vs. Quantitative Data

QUALITATIVE DATA (categorical) QUANTITATIVE DATA

can be separated into different (numerical) consist of
categories that are distinguished numbers representing counts
by some nonnumeric or measurements.
characteristics.
Qualitative Data Vs. Quantitative Data
QUALITATIVE DATA QUANTITATIVE DATA
Smoking Status Weight
Physical Activity at Home Body Mass Index
Cause of death Blood Glucose
Nationality survival time
Race systolic blood pressure
Gender number of children in a family
severity of pain
Classifications of Variables
Discrete Data Vs. Continuous Data

DISCRETE DATA result from either CONTINUOUS DATA result from

a finite number of possible values infinitely many possible values
or countable number of possible that can be associated with
values as 0, or 1, or 2, and so on. points on a continuous scale in
such a way that there are no
gaps or interruptions.
Discrete Data Vs. Continuous Data
DISCRETE DATA CONTINUOUS DATA
The number of eggs that hens lay The amounts of milk that cows
number of pregnancies produce
number of missing teeth duration of a seizure
body mass index
height
Dependent Variable Vs. Independent Variable
DEPENDENT VARIABLE – the variable INDEPENDENT VARIABLE – the
that is being affected or explained variable that affects or explains
What is measured as an outcome in Precede dependent variables in
a study time
Values depend on the independent Are often manipulated by the
variable researcher
The treatment or intervention
that is used in a study
Dependent Variable Vs. Independent Variable

Example
Research Title: Effect of crime rates on tourist arrivals

Crime rates represent the independent variable, and tourist arrivals

represent the dependent variable.
Dependent Variable Vs. Independent Variable

Example
Research Title: Enhancing Students’ Performance in Analytic Geometry
Through GeoGebra Software

Independent variable – Use of Geogebra software in teaching AG

Dependent variable – Students’ performance in AG (grades or test scores)
Topic 3
Levels of Measurement
Levels of Measurement
Levels of Measurement
Example:
The nominal level of Survey responses of yes, no, and
undecided
measurement is characterized
Civil Status
by data that consist of names,
labels, or categories only. Television shows watched at 7PM
Treatment preference (e.g.,
manipulation, mobilization,
massage)
Eye color
Levels of Measurement
Example:
Rankings
The ordinal level of Pain level (e.g., mild, moderate,
measurement involves data that severe)
may be arranged in some order Military rank (e.g., lieutenant,
but differences between data captain, major, colonel, general)
values either cannot be Stage of disease
determined or are meaningless. Level of satisfaction
Levels of Measurement

The interval level of Example:

measurement is like the ordinal Temperatures
level, but meaningful amounts Years
of differences can be IQ
determined. It has no inherent
(natural) zero starting point.
Levels of Measurement
Example:
Weights
Prices
The ratio level of measurement
Mass
is the interval level modified to
include the inherent zero Heights
starting point. Energy and electric charge
Levels of Measurement
Permissible mathematics Best measure of
Measurement scale
operations central tendency
Nominal Counting Mode
Greater or less than
Ordinal Median
operations
Symmetrical – Mean
Interval Addition and subtraction
Skewed – Median
Addition, subtraction, Symmetrical – Mean
Ratio
multiplication and division Skewed – Median
Thank you for listening my dear students.
Lecturer: Jay-cen T. Amanonce