Development

Process-1
Development Process

Development is a complex and multi-dimensional concept that refers to the process

of positive change and progress towards desired outcomes.

It involves improvements in various aspects of human well-being, including economic,

social, political, and environmental dimensions.
Meaning of Development

The process of improving the social, economic, and political well-being of a country’s
citizens.

Goal: To improve the quality of life for all citizens and create a sustainable future.

Role of governance: To provide a stable and supportive policy environment, facilitate

private sector investment, and ensure the delivery of public services.
Economic Development

Definition: The process of improving the economic well-being of a country, region, or

community.

Goal: To increase the standard of living for individuals and communities by creating
jobs, raising incomes, reducing poverty, and promoting social and economic inclusion.
Forms: Development of new industries and businesses, improvement of
infrastructure and transportation systems, promotion of trade and investment,
enhancement of education and human capital.
Indicators: Gross domestic product (GDP), per capita income, employment rates.

Other factors: Environmental sustainability, social equity, overall human

development.
Social Development

Definition: The process of improving the well-being of individuals and communities

by promoting social inclusion, reducing poverty, and enhancing access to basic
services.
Goal: To promote social justice and equity, and address issues such as inequality,
discrimination, and social exclusion.

Role of governance: To create an enabling environment for social policies and

programs to be implemented effectively, and ensure that resources are distributed
equitably.
Component: Sustainable development.
Political Development

Definition: The processes and changes in the political systems of a country, aimed at
improving the quality of governance and strengthening democratic institutions.

Goal: To create institutions and systems that are responsive, accountable, and
transparent, and that can effectively meet the needs and aspirations of citizens.

Forms: Promotion of political pluralism, protection of civil liberties and human rights,
reduction of corruption, establishment of the rule of law.

Impact: Building sustainable and effective governance systems that can promote
economic development, social justice, and political stability.
Environmental Development

Definition: The efforts made by governments, policymakers, and other stakeholders

to promote sustainable and responsible practices that protect and conserve the
environment while promoting economic growth and social well-being.

Goal: To balance the needs of society and the environment through policies, laws,
regulations, and resource allocation.

Forms: Environmental protection, conservation, and restoration.

Partnerships: Fostering collaboration between government, private sector, civil

society, and communities to implement environmental initiatives and achieve
sustainable development goals.
Human Development
Definition: The process of enhancing the capabilities of individuals, communities, and
societies to improve their overall well-being and achieve sustainable development.

Goal: To create an enabling environment that promotes equal opportunities, social

justice, and respect for human rights.
Forms: Providing access to quality education, healthcare, social protection, and
economic opportunities to all individuals regardless of their socio-economic
background.
Role of governance: Providing the necessary framework to ensure that resources are
distributed equitably and public policies are implemented effectively to meet the
needs of the population.
Impact: Creating sustainable and inclusive societies that offer equal opportunities for
all citizens to live fulfilling lives.
Meaning of Development Process

Definition: The steps taken by governments, institutions, and communities to achieve

sustainable economic, social, and environmental progress.
Nature: Complex and dynamic concept that involves multiple dimensions and
stakeholders; not a linear process and can take different paths depending on various
factors; evolved over time to include a more holistic approach.

Models: Modernization, dependency, and sustainable development; each model

emphasizes different aspects of development and has its own strengths and
limitations; choice of model depends on country’s history, cultural context, and
political priorities.
Meaning of Development Process

Approach: Coordinated and strategic approach to planning, implementing, and

evaluating policies and programs that promote growth, reduce poverty, and enhance
quality of life.

Role of public policy: Public policies are the tools through which goals of
development are materialized; outcomes of each dimension of development depend
on the nature of public policies devised by the government; public policy creates
pathways for development and shapes the whole process of development.
Public Policy

Definition: The set of principles, goals, and actions that guide the decisions of
governments, organizations, and other entities in addressing public issues and
problems.
Issues: Social welfare, healthcare, education, infrastructure, economic development,
environmental protection, public safety.
Factors: Political ideology, public opinion, economic conditions, technological
advancements, social values.

Stakeholders: Government officials, interest groups, media, citizens.

Goal: To promote the public interest and enhance the overall well-being of society.
Public Policy

Significance: A document that contains the broad outline and detailed description of
formulation and implementation of various government programs and plans for
public benefit; the authoritative declaration of the intentions of the government; the
basis for the success of administration and government in a country.

Policy decisions and statements: The actions taken by the governmental actors and
agencies pertaining to any issue; the formal expression or articulation of public
policies; include legislative statutes, executive orders and decrees, and administrative
rules and regulations.
Objectives of Public Policy

Definition: The goals and outcomes that public policy seeks to achieve.
Key objectives
• Promoting public welfare: Enhancing the well-being of individuals and
communities by improving access to healthcare, education, housing, and social
services.
• Fostering economic growth: Stimulating economic activity and creating jobs by
promoting innovation, entrepreneurship, investment, and trade.
• Protecting the environment: Ensuring a healthy and sustainable planet by
reducing greenhouse gas emissions, promoting renewable energy, conserving
biodiversity, and preserving natural habitats.
Objectives of Public Policy
Key objectives
• Ensuring social justice: Addressing issues of inequality and discrimination by
eliminating poverty, promoting racial and gender equity, protecting the rights of
marginalized groups, and providing equal access to opportunities.
• Ensuring national security: Safeguarding the security and stability of societies by
preventing terrorism, countering cyber threats, ensuring military readiness, and
maintaining diplomatic relations with other nations.
• Ensuring effective governance: Improving the quality of governance and
promoting transparency and accountability in public institutions by combating
corruption, enhancing public participation, promoting the rule of law, and
strengthening democratic institutions.

Challenges
• Diverse and often interconnected goals; complex and evolving needs and
priorities of societies; careful consideration of underlying problems and potential
impacts of policy options.
Policy-making process

Policy-making process refers to the complex and dynamic set of activities that
governments, organizations, and other entities undertake to create, revise, or
implement policies that affect the lives of individuals and communities. The process
involves a range of stakeholders with diverse interests, perspectives, and levels of
influence, who engage in various stages of analysis, consultation, negotiation, and
decision-making to shape the direction, content, and implementation of policies.
Policy-making process

Effective policy-making requires a deep understanding of the social, economic,

political, and environmental factors that underpin the issue at hand, as well as the
potential implications of different policy options for different groups of people. It also
requires a commitment to transparency, accountability, and participatory
decision-making, as well as the ability to balance competing priorities and trade-offs
in a manner that is fair, equitable, and sustainable.
Policy-making process

Given the complexity and multi-faceted nature of policy making, there is no

one-size-fits-all approach that guarantees success. However, by understanding the
key stages, actors, and factors involved in the process, it is possible to develop
strategies and tools that can help to facilitate more inclusive, evidence-based, and
effective policy making.
Characteristics of Policy-making

The policy-making process is complex and multifaceted, involving numerous

stakeholders and factors that can influence the outcome. Following are some of the
key characteristics of the policy-making process:
Characteristics of Policy-making
Iterative: The policy-making process is often iterative, meaning that it involves
multiple cycles of feedback and revision. Policies may be modified or adjusted based
on feedback from stakeholders or based on new information that becomes available.
This process can be time-consuming but is necessary to ensure that policies are
effective and address the needs of all stakeholders.
Incremental: Policy-making often occurs incrementally, with small changes being
made to existing policies rather than completely new policies being developed. This
approach allows for a more gradual implementation of policy changes, which can be
easier to manage and less disruptive.

Political: The policy-making process is inherently political, reflecting the diverse

interests and values of different stakeholders. Political considerations such as public
opinion, interest group pressures, and partisan politics can influence the
policy-making process and the final outcome.
Characteristics of Policy-making

Collaborative: Effective policy-making often involves collaboration between

different stakeholders, including government officials, interest groups, community
organizations, and individuals. Collaboration can help to ensure that policies are
well-informed, well-supported, and more likely to achieve their intended goals.

Evidence-based: Policy-making should be informed by evidence and data, rather

than being driven solely by political considerations or ideological beliefs.
Evidence-based policy-making involves using rigorous research and analysis to
inform policy decisions and assess the effectiveness of policies.
Characteristics of Policy-making

Inclusive: Policy-making should be inclusive, meaning that all stakeholders should

have the opportunity to participate in the process and have their voices heard. This
includes marginalized groups and communities who may be disproportionately
affected by policy decisions.

Flexible: Policies should be designed to be flexible and adaptable to changing

circumstances. This allows policies to be modified or updated as new information
becomes available or as conditions change.

Transparent: Policy-making should be transparent, with clear communication of policy

decisions, objectives, and outcomes. This can help to build trust and confidence in the
policy-making process and ensure that policies are accountable to the public.
Characteristics of Policy-making

Lays down Major guidelines: Public Policy, in most cases, lays down general
directives, rather than detailed instructions, on the main lines of action to be
followed. After main lines of action have been decided for, detailed sub-policies that
translate the general theory into more concrete terms are laid out for execution of
the policy.
Result in Action: Policy-making process emphasizes the importance of achieving
tangible outcomes and delivering measurable results. This characteristic is
increasingly emphasized in modern policy-making, as governments and other
organizations seek to ensure that policies are effective, efficient, and accountable.

Directed at the Future: Policy making is directed at the future. This is one of its most
important characteristics since it introduces the ever present elements of uncertainty
and doubtful prediction that establish the basic tone of nearly all policy making.
How are policies made?

Policy-making process: A series of decisions involving multiple stakeholders to

address issues or problems.

Steps in policy process: Agenda setting, policy formulation, policy implementation,

policy monitoring, policy evaluation.

Agenda setting: Identifying and prioritizing issues or problems that require policy
intervention or attention.
How are policies made?
How problems/issues reach the policy agenda? Through parliamentary tools,
protests and movements, mass media and pressure groups.
• Parliamentary tools: Question hour, zero hour, calling attention motion,
resolutions, etc. can bring issues related to policies or policy intervention to the
government’s attention.
• Protests and movements: Organised groups can influence the opinion of policy
makers to take or not to take a policy decision on a particular issue raised by
them.
• Mass media and pressure groups: Digital media, press, various groups and
associations can highlight problems faced by people and lobby for policy
intervention.
• Government’s own initiatives: Government can frame policies based on its
ideology and promises made in the party manifesto.
• Policy agenda setting: Processes begin to shape a government response and
objectives, targets and goals are decided upon to tackle the problem.
How are policies made?

Government’s own initiatives: Government can frame policies based on its ideology
and promises made in the party manifesto.

Policy agenda setting: Processes begin to shape a government response and

objectives, targets and goals are decided upon to tackle the problem.

Examples of agenda setting in India: Land Acquisition Bill and Right to Information
(RTI) Act.

Land Acquisition Bill: Aimed to replace the Land Acquisition Act of 1894 and provide
better compensation and rehabilitation to farmers and landowners; civil society
organizations and media played a key role in pushing for the bill and raising public
awareness; bill passed by parliament in 2013.
How are policies made?

RTI Act: Empowers citizens to demand information from government agencies and
public authorities; civil society organizations and media played a key role in
highlighting the need for greater transparency and accountability in government; act
came into force in 2005 and became a powerful tool for citizens to hold government
accountable and expose corruption.
Policy Design or Policy Formulation

Policy design: Setting goals, developing strategies, and selecting instruments and
institutions to achieve policy outcomes.
Setting Goals: Defining clear and measurable objectives for the policy.

Strategy Development: Identifying and choosing among various policy options.

Stakeholder Analysis: Assessing the interests and impact of the policy on different
groups.
Selection of Instruments and Institutions: Choosing the most effective and efficient
methods and entities for implementing the policy.
Policy Implementation

Carrying out and enforcing policies, laws, and regulations.

Overview of Policy Implementation in India

Policy implementation involves the following steps:

• Steps in policy implementation: Setting up implementation structures,

formulating operational plans, allocating resources, mobilizing personnel,
implementing and monitoring.
• Overview of policy implementation in India: Involves various stakeholders, often
done through executive orders, notifications, or legislation, decentralized
through district-level or state-level bodies.
Challenges in Policy Implementation in India

Policy implementation in India faces several challenges, including

• Poor institutional capacity, political interference, limited participation of

stakeholders, complex regulatory environment, lack of monitoring and
evaluation, limited financial resources, diverse socio-economic conditions.
• Implications of these challenges: Corruption, inefficiencies, inconsistencies,
delays, lack of accountability and transparency, lack of responsiveness to needs.
• Ways to address these challenges: Strengthening institutional capacity,
improving accountability and transparency, ensuring inclusive and responsive
policy implementation.
Examples of Policy Implementation in India

Digital India, NREGA, Ayushman Bharat.

Digital India: Transforming India into a digitally empowered society and knowledge
economy.
NREGA: Providing guaranteed wage employment to rural households.

Ayushman Bharat: Providing financial protection to the vulnerable sections of the

society against catastrophic health expenditure.
Policy Monitoring

Tracking and evaluating policy implementation to ensure policy objectives are met.

Policy monitoring in India: Carried out by government bodies, civil society

organizations, and research institutes.
Example of policy monitoring: Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana.

Policy evaluation: Assessing the effectiveness, efficiency, and impact of policies.

Policy evaluation in India: Increasingly important for improving policy effectiveness.

Policy Evaluation
Policy evaluation: Assessing the effectiveness, efficiency, and impact of policies.

Methods of policy evaluation: Process evaluation, impact evaluation, cost-benefit

analysis, outcome evaluation.
Measures to ensure effective policy monitoring and evaluation: Defining clear
objectives and indicators, setting up a monitoring and evaluation system, conducting
periodic evaluations, incorporating feedback, reporting and dissemination, learning
and improvement.

Importance of policy evaluation: Helps to understand the impact of policies, identify

areas for improvement, and design robust policy frameworks.

Policy evaluation in India: Promoted by the government through NITI Aayog and
DMEO.
Development strategies in India

India's development strategies since independence have evolved over time,

responding to the country's changing economic, social, and political landscape. The
country's development policies have been influenced by several factors, including
political ideology, economic conditions, global trends, and social realities. India's
development trajectory has been marked by significant achievements and challenges,
reflecting the complexities of a large and diverse country.
Development strategies in India

India's development strategies can be broadly classified into three phases:

• The Nehruvian phase (1947-1964),

• The post-Nehruvian phase (1965-1991), and
• The post-liberalization phase (1991-present).
Nehruvian phase
(1947-1964)
Nehruvian phase (1947-1964)

The Nehruvian era, named after India's first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, was
characterized by the adoption of a socialist economic model that emphasized public
ownership of key industries, planned development, and the promotion of agriculture
and small-scale industries. Nehru's vision was to build a self-reliant, democratic, and
egalitarian society that could overcome the legacy of colonialism and poverty.
Main Features of The Nehruvian Development Strategy

Building a strong industrial base to become a self-sufficient and

self-reliant nation.

Nehru’s vision of industrialisation: A means to achieve

Industrialisation employment, resource generation, and national unity and pride.

India’s situation at independence: Largely agrarian and

dependent on foreign trade, few industries mostly owned by
foreigners.
Industrialisation

Industrial Licensing Policy, Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs),

Import Substitution.

Industrial Licensing Policy: Required new industries to obtain a

license from the government, aimed at regulating and planning
Policies and industrial growth.
Initiatives PSUs: Government-owned and operated industries in key sectors,
aimed at promoting economic growth and self-reliance.

Import Substitution: Domestic production of goods that were

previously imported, aimed at reducing foreign dependence and
promoting domestic industries.
Industrialisation

Capital-intensive: Required significant investment in

infrastructure, technology, and machinery; relied on foreign aid
with limitations.
Limited employment generation: Concentrated in urban areas,
leaving rural population with limited opportunities; not enough to
absorb increasing population.
Limitations
Unequal distribution of benefits: Concentrated wealth and power
in the hands of a few industrialists; rural population remained
impoverished.
Neglect of agriculture: Reduced agricultural subsidies and
investments; decline in productivity and output; perpetuation of
rural poverty.
Planning Commission
Played a crucial role in the Nehruvian development strategy by providing a
comprehensive framework for development, mobilizing resources for development,
and promoting equitable development.
Comprehensive framework for development: Linked various sectors and ensured
coordination and direction towards common goals; Five-Year Plans identified key
areas for development and set targets for various sectors.
Mobilization of resources for development: Mobilized resources through taxation,
borrowing, and foreign aid; directed investments towards priority areas such as
agriculture and infrastructure.
Equitable development: Focused on the needs of the disadvantaged sections of
society; set targets for employment creation and reducing regional imbalances;
prioritized investments in social sectors such as education, health, and housing.
Impact: Rapid industrialization and expansion of public sector; significant investments
in infrastructure; Green Revolution and self-sufficiency in food production.
Planning Commission

However, the Planning Commission's development strategy also

had some limitations and criticisms.

One of the criticisms was that the Commission's focus on

industrialization and public sector-led growth neglected the
development of the private sector, which led to a lack of
competition and inefficiencies in the economy.
Limitations
Another criticism was that the Commission's planning process was
too centralized and top-down, which limited the participation of
local communities and civil society organizations in the
development process.
This led to a lack of ownership and sustainability of development
initiatives.
Land Reforms

Development strategy to reduce poverty and inequality, promote social justice, and
ensure agri
Land reforms implemented: Abolition of Zamindari system, tenancy reforms, land
consolidation, cooperative farming, land development.
Limitations of land reforms: Political opposition, limited implementation, lack of
support services, inadequate compensation.
cultural productivity.
Education and Human Development

Key tool for development during the Nehruvian era, aimed to empower individuals,
create a skilled workforce, and promote social and economic equality.

Policies and programs: Establishment of UGC, NCERT, IITs, IIMs, expansion

of universities and colleges, promotion of higher and technical education.

Progress and impact: Increase in literacy rate, introduction of new

disciplines, development of a robust education system.
Post-Nehruvian phase
(1964-1991)
Post-Nehruvian phase (1964-1991)
The state-led development model of rapid industrialisation, multi-purpose projects,
human development interventions in the areas of education and health, etc. was
continued during this period too. However, the exigencies of time demanded a shift in
the development strategy.

During the mid-1960’s India faced severe food crisis, mid-1970’s was a period of
political turbulence, 1980’s was a decade wherein countries across the world came to
realise that the state-led development model has not succeeded in tackling
fundamental problems of poverty, unemployment, regional disparities, gender
inequality, etc.
So, this period involved a shift in development strategies in India which can be seen
through following policies.
Green Revolution and Agricultural development

Development strategy to increase agricultural productivity through modern farming

techniques.

Features of Green Revolution: Collaborative effort, high-yielding crop varieties, irrigation

development, modern inputs to farming, rural development.

Impact of Green Revolution: Increased food production and self-sufficiency, reduced

hunger and poverty, created employment opportunities and improved standard of living
for farmers.
Limitations of Green Revolution: Environmental degradation, soil erosion, water pollution,
loss of genetic diversity, regional imbalances, labour migration.
Poverty alleviation and employment generation

Poverty alleviation and employment generation: Direct development interventions

by the government to reduce poverty and create sustainable employment
opportunities in rural areas
Integrated Rural Development Programme

IRDP: Launched in 1978, aimed at providing productive assets and inputs to the rural
poor.

Objectives of IRDP: To raise the income level of rural poor, to create employment
opportunities, to improve the standard of living, to promote social justice, to promote
participatory development.
Implementation of the IRDP

Through a three-tier institutional structure, provided financial assistance, training,

and extension services to the rural poor.
Evaluation of the IRDP

Mixed results, some success in generating employment and raising income levels, but
also faced implementation issues, did not reach the poorest of the poor, and provided
unsustainable assets.

Role of the IRDP: Played a crucial role in promoting rural development and poverty
alleviation, created awareness and participation among the rural poor, provided a
platform for addressing rural issues, and laid the foundation for subsequent rural
development programs.
Nationalisation of Banks

The nationalisation of banks refers to the transfer of ownership and control of private
banks to the government.

This was a significant development strategy that was implemented during this period
with an objective of equitable distribution of resources and balanced economic
development.
Background of Nationalisation of Banks

The Nehruvian era (1947-1964) was characterized by a state-led economic

development, where the government controlled key industries and services.
However, the banking sector remained largely in the hands of private entities.

This led to a concentration of wealth and power in the hands of a few large
industrialists and families.

The nationalisation of banks was seen as a means to address this issue and promote
social welfare.

The strategy was to make banking services available to all, particularly to those who
were traditionally excluded from the formal banking sector, such as farmers, small
businesses, and low-income households.
Nationalization of Banks

The nationalisation of banks in India began in 1969 when the Indira Gandhi
government passed the Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of
Undertakings) Bill, which nationalised 14 major private banks with deposits of over
Rs. 50 crores. This was followed by the nationalisation of six more private banks in
1980.

Development strategy to expand banking services, control credit allocation, and

reduce concentration of wealth.
Nationalisation of Banks

Bureaucratic inefficiency, political interference, lack of innovation,

Limitations of inadequate capitalization, limited financial inclusion, fiscal burden.
nationalisation
Reservation policy

Reservation to socio-educationally backward classes: Development strategy to uplift

lower castes and promote social justice and equality.

Mandal Commission: Established in 1979 to identify SEBCs and recommend measures

for their upliftment.

Mandal Commission report: Submitted in 1980, identified 3,743 SEBCs,

recommended 27% reservation in government jobs and educational institutions.

Opposition and support: Faced strong opposition from upper castes, supported by
lower castes and political parties.

Implementation: Approved by Parliament in 1990, extended reservation policy to

government jobs and educational institutions.
Reservation policy

Impact and criticism: Increased access to education and employment opportunities

for lower castes, reduced social inequality, but also affected quality of education and
merit-based selection process, caused brain drain, did not address root causes of
social inequality and discrimination.

BoP crisis and LPG reforms: Faced severe BoP crisis in 1991, adopted LPG reforms
under IMF conditionalities, changed development model to liberalization,
privatization, and globalization.

Governance reforms: Witnessed governance reforms in the 1990s, promoted greater

role for private sector and civil society in governance, envisaged state as facilitator of
development, slogan of ‘minimum government and maximum governance’.
Post Liberalization
phase (1991-till
present)
Market-oriented economic development with environmental policies.
LPG reforms (1991)

Liberalization: Removal of restrictions on private sector and government control over

industries.
Privatization: Sale of government-owned enterprises and private sector participation
in various industries.
Globalization: Integration of Indian economy with global economy through trade and
investment.
Impact of LPG Reforms

Economic growth: Average rate of 7% per year since reforms, driven by investment,
exports, and productivity.
Foreign investment: Highest ever FDI of $84 billion in 2021-22, almost all sectors
opened up to FDI.
Trade: Exports reached an all-time high of $669 billion in 2021-22, imports increased
as well, foreign exchange reserves at $561 billion.
Employment: New job opportunities in private sector, concerns about jobless growth
and income inequality.
Infrastructure: Significant investment in telecommunications, transport, and power.
Challenges and Criticisms

Increased inequality: Low-paying and informal jobs, disproportionate share of

benefits to top 10%.

Environmental degradation: Increased pollution, deforestation, land degradation, and

greenhouse gas emissions.

Political opposition: Protests by workers and labour unions, criticism of reduced

government role in the economy.

LPG reforms: A significant development strategy in India, leading to a more open and
competitive market, private sector growth, global integration, poverty reduction,
balance of payments improvement, and sectoral growth.
Human development

Human development: Enlarging people’s choices, creating an enabling environment,

and providing opportunities for empowerment.
Human development as a development strategy: Gaining popularity since 1990s,
especially after UNDP’s human development report
India’s economic situation before 1991: Low economic growth, high poverty, and
income inequality.
Background of Human development

India’s economic reforms of 1991: Liberalization, privatization, and globalization

policies to boost economic growth and stabilize the economy.
India’s economic situation after 1991: Increased economic growth, but low human
development and increased income inequality.
Human Development Strategy in India

Health,

The Indian government recognized the Education,

limitations of economic growth as a
development strategy and began to
focus on human development as a way Gender Equality,
to improve the well-being of its citizens.
The human development strategy in
India is broadly based on the following Skill Development, and
parameters
Poverty Eradication.
Human Development Strategy in India

Improving health outcomes by providing access to quality

healthcare services.

Health policy initiatives: National Rural Health Mission (NRHM),

Health Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Mission, increasing expenditure in
health infrastructure.
Health indicators: Maternal mortality rate (MMR) declined from
556 to 97, infant mortality rate (IMR) declined from 80 to 28.
Human Development Strategy in India

Providing access to quality education, a healthy learning

environment and developing the creative potential of students.

Education policy initiatives: Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), New

Education Education Policy, 2020.

Education indicators: Literacy rate increased from 52% to 74%,

enrolment rate in primary schools increased from 80% to 96%.
Human Development Strategy in India

Empowering women and girls and reducing gender-based

discrimination.

Gender equality policy initiatives: Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP)

Gender scheme, Maternity Benefits Act, Prevention of Sexual Harassment
Equality at Workplaces, Equal pay for equal work, Self-Help Groups,
reservation in Panchayati Raj Institutions and Urban Local Bodies.

Gender equality indicators: Sex ratio at birth improved from 918

to 929 females per 1,000 males.
Human Development Strategy in India
Providing employment, food security, and social protection to the
poor and vulnerable..

Poverty eradication policy initiatives: Mahatma Gandhi National

Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 (MGNREGA), National
Food Security Act, 2013 (NFSA), National Social Assistance
Programme (NSAP)
Poverty
Eradication Poverty eradication outcomes: MGNREGA provided 100 days of
guaranteed work to 11 crore people, created productive assets in
rural areas, and reduced rural poverty;
NFSA provided subsidized food to 90 crore people and improved
food security;

NSAP provided monthly pension to 20 million elderly, disabled, and

widowed individuals living below the poverty line.
Human Development Strategy in India

Skill development: A critical development strategy in India to

leverage the large youth population and meet the needs of the
economy.

Skill development policy initiatives: National Skill Development

Corporation (NSDC), Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana
(PMKVY), Skill India Mission.
Skill
Development Skill development institutions: National Skill Development Agency
(NSDA), Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship
(MSDE).

Skill development role of private sector: Training institutes and

programs by companies, skill development initiatives by CII and
FICCI.
Human Development Strategy in India

Skill development challenges: Ensuring quality and relevance of

training, creating employment opportunities, mainstreaming skill
development in development agenda.

Human development impact: HDI score improved from 0.427 to

Skill 0.633, poverty rate declined from 45% to 21%, 35 crore people
Development lifted from poverty.

Human development challenges: Income inequality, access to

quality healthcare and education, gender-based discrimination.
Sustainable Development

A development strategy that balances economic growth, environmental protection,

and social equity.

Sustainable development in India: A critical strategy to address the environmental

and social challenges faced by the country.

Sustainable development policy initiatives: National Action Plan on Climate Change,

Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission, National Wind Energy Mission, Jal Shakti
Abhiyan, Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana, Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana,
Panchamrit Strategy.
Progress of Sustainable Development in India

Renewable energy accounting for 40% of total installed power capacity, water
conservation practices improving water availability, sustainable agriculture practices
increasing agricultural productivity and minimizing environmental degradation.
Challenges of Sustainable Development in India

High population growth: Pressure on natural resources and environmental

degradation, population expected to reach 1.5 billion by 2030.

High levels of pollution: Air pollution, water pollution, and soil pollution posing
health risks, initiatives such as National Clean Air Programme and National River
Conservation Plan yet to yield significant results.
Waste management: 62 million tons of solid waste annually, only 30% processed, rest
in landfills causing environmental degradation and health risks, initiatives such as
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan and Waste-to-Energy Mission yet to yield significant results.
Way Forward of Sustainable Development
Initiatives such as International Solar Alliance, Lifestyle for Environment (LiFE),
transition to electric mobility, promotion of sustainable tourism.

International Solar Alliance: A global initiative to promote solar energy, India aims to
achieve a renewable energy capacity of 500GW by 2030

Lifestyle for Environment (LiFE): A global initiative to promote sustainable lifestyles

and consumption patterns.

Transition to electric mobility: Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric

Vehicles (FAME) scheme to promote electric vehicles, government aims to have 30%
of all vehicles on Indian roads to be electric by 2030.
Promotion of sustainable tourism: Swadesh Darshan scheme and PRASHAD scheme
to promote sustainable tourism practices, such as conservation of cultural and natural
heritage sites and promotion of eco-tourism.
Conclusion of Sustainable Development

Sustainable development is a critical development strategy for India, requiring

cooperation, collaboration and consensus among government, private sector, and
civil society.
Government: Formulates policies, regulations, and laws; provides financial and
technical support; regulates and monitors private sector and civil society.

Private sector: Creates jobs, generates income, and promotes economic growth;
provides goods and services; invests in research and development, innovation, and
technology.
Civil society: Provides services and resources to communities; advocates for rights
and interests of marginalized communities; holds government and private sector
accountable.
Collaboration and Cooperation
Critical for the development process in India between the government, private sector,
and civil society.

Government, private sector, and civil society: Work together to identify and prioritize
development needs and opportunities, and to formulate and implement policies and
programs.
Government: Provides an enabling environment for the private sector and civil
society to operate.

Private sector and civil society: Contribute to the development process through
investment, innovation, and community engagement.

Civil society: Provides feedback and advocacy to the government and private sector
on the impact of their actions and policies.
Conclusion

Development process in India is a cooperative and collaborative effort between the

government, private sector, and civil society to promote sustainable development and
ensure inclusiveness and responsiveness.
Thank you