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LM5 - Matter Waves Slides

Quantum Theory Lecture 5

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9 views21 pages

LM5 - Matter Waves Slides

Quantum Theory Lecture 5

Uploaded by

dojotey532
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Wave Particle duality and Matter Waves

Plank and Einstein:


Photons: wave - particle
characteristics 𝒉
𝒑=
𝝀

Louis Victor De Broglie (1924):


matter can have wave as well as particle
characteristics
𝒉
𝝀= de Broglie wavelength
𝒑
Radiation: Particle or Wave?
𝜆𝑑𝐵 : Bohr’s quantization condition

𝒏𝒉
𝒎𝒗𝒓 = , 𝒏 = 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑 …
𝟐𝝅

𝒉 𝒏𝒉
𝒑𝒓 = 𝒓 = ,
𝝀 𝟐𝝅
Orbits are stable if the
circumference contains
𝒏𝝀𝒅𝑩 = 𝟐𝝅𝒓 integer multiples of de-
Broglie wavelengths
Bohr’s quantization condition and 𝜆𝑑𝐵
𝒏𝝀𝒅𝑩 = 𝟐𝝅𝒓

Orbits are stable if the


circumference contains
integer multiples of de-
Broglie wavelengths

The regions between the orbits


could not be occupied because a
whole number of waves would not
fit.
Treating particles as waves: de Broglie (1924)
A wave must exhibit wave-like properties, i.e. they should
exhibit interference and diffraction

Bragg’s Law for X-ray diffraction from crystals was already established
in 1912

Davisson and Germer at Bell Labs and G.


P. Thomson at Cambridge independently
tried to observe diffraction using
electrons (1927)

De Broglie got Nobel prize in


Physics in 1929

Davisson and Thomson shared the


Nobel Prize in Physics in 1937
Understanding X-ray diffraction
Young’s double slit experiment

I
z
𝒅 comparable
to 𝝀
X-ray diffraction: Bragg’s Law
Can X-rays be used in double slit experiment?

• Visible region: 𝝀 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 − 𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟎 Å


• For x-rays, 𝝀 ~ Å, so 𝒅 𝐧𝐞𝐞𝐝𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐛𝐞 ~ Å
• need a grating with slit spacing of ~Å

• W. H. Bragg and W. L. Bragg showed d

that such a situation is provided by


crystals d

• Established the technique of X-ray


diffraction from crystals, now a
common technique for crystal
d
structure determination
d
X-ray diffraction contd… d

Path difference = 2d sin 𝜃 d

Incident Diffracted
X-rays X-rays
𝜃 𝜃

𝐁𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐠 ′ 𝒔 𝐋𝐚𝐰: nλ = 2d sin θ


d
X-ray diffraction contd…
d
(Poly crystals)

𝛌 = 𝟐𝐝 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉

NaCl Single crystals


Laue patterns
Electron diffraction: Davisson-Germer
Electrons emitted from a cathode, accelerated by a voltage hits a Ni target

𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟕
𝝀𝐝𝐁 = Å
𝑽
𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟕
𝝀𝐝𝐁 = Å = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕 Å
𝟓𝟒

Calculate 𝝀 using Bragg’s Law


Electron diffraction: Davisson-Germer
𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟕
𝝀= Å = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕 Å
𝟓𝟒

Bragg’s Law (n = 1):


𝟐𝒅 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝝀
𝟓𝟎°
d = 0.91 Å for Ni (known)
𝟓𝟎
𝜽 ???? = 𝟗𝟎 − = 𝟔𝟓
𝟐
d

𝝀 = 𝟐 × 𝟎. 𝟗𝟏 × 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟔𝟓°
= 𝟏. 𝟔𝟓 Å
Electron diffraction: Thomson Experiment
• Another experiment by
G.P.Thomson added further proof.
• Passed a beam of energetic
electrons through a thin metal foil.
• The diffraction pattern of the
electrons was the same as that of
X-rays.

electron diffraction X-ray diffraction

• Particles exhibit wavelike properties…..confirmed.


Comparing X-ray with Neutron diffraction

ND pattern of NaCl powder

NaCl Single crystals: Laue patterns

X-ray Neutron
The transmission electron microscope (TEM)
Ernest Ruska (and others) argued that if electrons behave
like waves then it should be possible to focus electron
beams like light.

They designed magnetic lenses which could focus the


electron waves and created TEM (Transmission Electron
Microscope) in 1931.

Electron Microscope allows us to see things much smaller than


typical optical microscopes permit, because the wavelength of the
electron is much shorter than that of photons of visible light.

In principle, it can provide magnification factors of a million.

Ruska got a Nobel Prize in 1986.


electron microscope

Pollen grains image taken on an electron


microscope, an application of the de Broglie
hypothesis. Credit: Dartmouth College
The transmission electron microscope (TEM)

Image Credit: NIAID/NIH, a figure


created with biorender.com
YDSE with electrons: A historical perspective
Claus Joensson (1961) Interference pattern

With 2 slits

With 3 slits
YDSE with electrons: A historical perspective
Merli–Missiroli–Pozzi (1974)

P. G. Merli, G. F. Missiroli, and G. Pozzi, “On the statistical aspect of


electron interference phenomena,” American Journal of
Physics 44 (1976), 306–307.
electron double slit experiment
Akira Tonomura and co-workers at Hitachi in 1989

just one electron in the apparatus at any one time

they observed the build up of the


fringe pattern
conclusion

Photon acts like a wave in space but interacts like a particle

A de Brolie wave (particle) acts like a particle in space but


interacts like a wave

• Particle wave Duality confirmed.


The Tonomura Experiment

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