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Gastrointestinal

Pharmacy notes of some subject

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13 views

Gastrointestinal

Pharmacy notes of some subject

Uploaded by

snehal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Gastrointestinal Agents

✓ GASTROINTESTINAL AGENTS:
These are the drugs or agents which are used to treat
gastrointestinal disorders. E.g. Acidifying agents, Antacids,
Protective's & Adsorbents, Laxatives etc.

Acidifying Antacids Protective's & Laxatives


agents Adsorbents
Dil. HCl Sodium Bicarbonate Bismuth Sodium Potassium
Aluminium Hydroxide Subcarbonate Tartarate
Gel Kaolin Magnesium Sulphate
Aluminium Phosphate
Calcium Carbonate
Magnesium Carbonate
Magnesium Trisilicate
Magnesium Oxide

✓ ACIDIFYING AGENTS : Acidifying agents are the agents which act


as acid or cause secretion of acid E.g. Dil. HCl
ACHLORHYDRIA
 DEFINITION
If due to some reasons, there is no secretion or decreased secretion of
hydrochloric acid in gastric secretion/juices, the condition is called as
achlorhydria or hypochlorhydria.
 TREATMENT
A dose of 2 to 5 ml diluted 200 to 250 ml of cold water
 Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) (Muriatic Acid)
Synonym- muriatic acid or spirits of salt, aecidium hydrochloricum
 USES-
Hydrochloric acid as such cannot be used as medicine.
The dilute hydrochloric acid is used as acidifying agent in the
treatment of achlorhydria.
It is also used as a solvent in numerous industries.
Also used as laboratory reagent.

✓ ANTACID
 Antacids are the drugs or preparations which neutralize the excess
hydrochloric acid secreted in the G.I.T. These drugs give relief of
pain caused due to hyperchlorhydria.
 They are mainly classified into two types-
 SYSTEMIC ANTACIDS

 These are also called as absorbable antacids.


 They are water soluble and get readily absorbed and produce
systemic electrolyte alterations and finally systemic alkalosis. It
causes retention of Na and electrolyte disturbances.
 Due to this acid base balance of the body gets disturbed.
 E.g.- Sodium bicarbonate
 NON SYSTEMIC ANTACIDS

 These are also called as Non absorbable antacids.


 These compounds are generally water insoluble & so do not get
absorbed to a significant concentration in the system
E.g.
 Aluminium containing antacids.
Aluminium hydroxide, aluminium phosphate.
 Calcium containing antacid
Calcium carbonate, Calcium hydroxide, Tribasic Calcium phosphate.
 Magnesium containing antacid
Magnesium carbonate, Magnesium trisilicate, Magnesium oxide.

✓ Combination antacid preparation


• Combination of Aluminium hydroxide gel and Magnesium
hydroxide
• Combination of Aluminium hydroxide gel and Magnesium
trisilicate
• Combination of Aluminium hydroxide gel and Calcium
carbonate
• Combination of Aluminium hydroxide gel, Calcium carbonate
and Magnesium hydroxide.
✓ Ideal requirements of antacid
• It should not be absorbable and cause systemic alkalosis.
• It should not be laxative or cause constipation.
• It should exert effect rapidly & over a long period of time.
• It should buffer in pH 4-6.
• It should not produce large volume of gas.
• It should be palatable & inexpensive.
• It should probably inhibit pepsin.
❖ What are protectives and adsorbents? Give classification and
ideal properties of the same
Protective are the agents that cover skin or mucous membrane
from possible irritants and adsorbents are chemically inert
substances that adsorb dissolved or suspended particles, toxins etc.
and are mainly used internally/externally to prevent the irritation
and unwanted action on mucous membrane or skin.

Classification:
There are two types of protective and adsorbents.
• External /Topical protective and adsorbents:
Topical protective and adsorbents are generally applied to the
irritated areas of the skin. The irritation and inflammation is due to
moisture, friction of allergy.
• Internal protective and adsorbents:
Protective’s intended for use in the gastrointestinal tract are
internal protective. Adsorbent protective adsorb bacteria, toxins
and viruses in addition to forming protective covering over the
intestinal mucosa. Internal protective and adsorbents are used in
the treatment of diarrhea.
Ideal properties of the protective and adsorbents:
• It should be biologically inactive: Compounds which are chemically
inert are necessary in order to prevent interactions between the
protective substance and tissue.
• It should have good adsorbent action which is useful for adsorbing
moisture from skin or toxins & other harmful substances in the
G.I.T.
• It should have fine particle size since adsorbent action is maximized
with decreasing particle size. Small particles offer a larger surface
area.
• It should be water insoluble.
❖ Define Cathartics and classify them with examples. Explain mechanism
of action of saline cathartics.
Cathartics:
Cathartics are the agents used to promote defecation or to relieve
constipation. Laxatives are mild cathartic and Purgatives are strong
cathartics.
Cathartics Classification:

1. Laxatives

• Bulk producing drugs-


Isapgol, agar-agar, methyl cellulose, sodium carboxy methyl
cellulose
• Stool softners (EMOLLIENT) - LIQUID PARAFFIN
2. Strong purgatives

✓ Irritant/Stimulant purgatives-
senna glycoside, phenolphthalein, aloe, castor oil, rhubarb
✓ Saline cathartics/ Osmotic laxatives
✓ Sodium Containing proDUCTS- Sodium Potassium Tartrate, Sodium
Phosphate
✓ Magnesium Containing products- Magnesium hydroxide,
Magnesium sulphate, Magnesium Citrate, Sulfur
✓ Non official Cathartics- Sodium Sulphate, Potassium Phosphate
Mechanism of action of saline cathartics.

Saline cathartics are salts of poorly absorbable ions (phosphate,


sulphate, tartarate, magnesium) which increases osmotic load in
intestinal tract. This hypertonic condition is relieved by secretion of
additional fluid in intestinal tract. Therefore fluidity of intestinal content
increases by retention of water in the intestinal tract which stimulates
the peristaltic movement. OR

Saline cathartics are salts of poorly absorbable ions (phosphate,


sulphate, tartarate, magnesium) which increases osmotic load in
intestinal tract. The hyertonicity of the gut is relieved by the secretions
and drawing of additional fluids in to the intestinal tract. This increase
the bulk in the intestine enormously, consequently stimulates peristalsis
and bowel movement.

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