CHAPTER 6

ORGANIZATION IN
ARCHITECTURE
Egyptian Architecture
(4000 -2280 B.C.E)
 Art in Ancient Egypt continued
strangely unchanged through the
various phases of foreign
influence from Assyria, Persia,
Greece, and Rome.
 The religious rites of the
Egyptian were traditional,
virtually unchangeable, and
mysterious, and these traits
are reproduced in the
architecture, both of tombs
and temples.
 Egyptian monumental
architecture, which is essentially
a columnar and trabeated style,
is expressed mainly in pyramids
and in temples.
Mesopotamian Architecture
(6th Century B.C.E.)
Mesopotamian architecture is
evident in its places and
temples.
 The distinguishing
characteristics is the Ziggurat, or
tower, built at successive levels,
with ramps leading from one
platform to the next.
Ziggurat is like the modern
building with setbacks
because of the use of brick.

However, the Assyrians developed the arch and its multiple, the
canopy.
Shaped value was destined to
be among the most important
and influential devices in the
history of architecture.
 In Mesopotamia, the corners of the Ziggurat
pointed north, south, east, and west.

The vertical walls of each story of the Ziggurat

were closed, in the temple of Babylon, built by
Nebuchadnezzar (6th century B.C.)

The stones were colored white, black, blue,

yellow, silver, and gold from bottom to top.
Greek Architecture
( 1100-100 B.C.E)
 Greek architecture in its most
characteristic form is found in the temple,
a low building of post-and lintel
construction.
There are three types of
Greek architecture, Doric,
Ionic, and Corinthian.
The Doric is seen in the
Temple of Apollo at old
Corinth, and in the Parthenon,
one of the greatest temples
ever built.
The Ionic column is taller and
more slender than the Doric
The Corinthian column, with
base and shaft resembling
the Ionic, tended to become
much more slender.
The distinctive feature is the capital, which is much deeper than the
Ionic.
Roman Architecture
(1000 B.C.E – C.E., 4000)
The Romans adopted the
Columnar and trabeated style of
the Greeks and developed also
the arch and vault from the
beginnings made by the Etruscan
(the early inhabitants of west-
central Italy).
The combined use of column,
beam, and arch is the keynote
of the Roman style in the
earliest stages.
Another characteristic of
Roman architecture is the flat
round that covers an entire,
as in the Pantheon.
Roman domes are always
saucer-shaped outside,
though hemispherical within.
Roman architecture is still evident in the ruins of the coliseum.
Byzantine Architecture
(C.E. 200-1453)
Byzantine takes its name
from Byzantium, later called
Constantinopole, and now
called Istanbul.
Byzantine architecture is
characterized by a great central
dome which had always been a
traditional feature in the East.
The grouping of small domes or semi-domes round the large central
dome was effective.
One of the characteristics features of Byzantine churches was that forms
of the vaults and domes were visible externally, undisguised by any
timbered roof; thus in the Byzantine style, the exterior closely
corresponds with the interior,.
Western Architecture in the
Middle Ages
(C.E. 400-1500)
Western architecture passed
through there stages of
development during the
middle ages.
These are the Early Christian,
Romanesque, and Gothic.
These three styles developed
one out of another: The
Romanesque was an outgrowth
of the early Christian, and the
Gothic, of the Romanesque.
The Western styles follow the
general type of the Roman
Basilica, along rectangular
building divided by pillar into
a central nave and aisles.
Early Christian Architecture
(C.E. 400-700)
The early Christian Basilica has
grown in part from the Roman
house where the earliest
Christians met for worship, and
in part from pagan basilicas.
In the classic temples, the emphasis lay on the exterior; in the
Christian Church, on the inside.
Romanesque Architecture
(11th and 12th Centuries
Romanesque architecture is an
extension and development of
the Early Christian Basilica
exemplified by S. Appollinare in
Classe.
(exterior)
(interior)
 The Gothic style in
architecture is known
primarily for its cathedrals
and churches.
The Gothic style in architecture is known for its primarily for its
cathedrals and churches.
There are also many beautiful palaces, especially in Venice.
Renaissance architecture
(15th and 16th Centuries)
In Renaissance architecture, the
cathedral or temple is no longer
the typical building; secular
architectures comes to the fore,
as in Roman times.
Although Renaissance architecture is a return to the ideals of the
Greeks and Romans, it is not a slavish imitation, but rather a free use
of the materials found in classic architecture.
The designed got their ideas from Greece and Rome, but they used
these ideas freely, according their ideas, in a way that was original,.
 We find the round
arches of the Romans
Baroques Architecture
(1600-1750)
 Baroque architecture
flourished 17th century and in
the opening years of the 18th
century.
It is characterized primarily as a period of elaborate sculptural
ornamentation.
The 19th Century Architecture
The 19th century is known as a period of eclecticism.
Eclecticism in architecture
implies the freedom on the
part of the architect or client
to choose among the styles of
the past that seems to him
most appropriate.
 Modern Architecture

Modern architecture is an attempt to interprets one’s purpose

through building in a style independent of fix symmetries.
New materials came to be utilized.
Philippine Architecture
The old St. Augustine Church, the University of
Santo Tomas, San Sebastian Church and some
parts of the Intramuros, reflect not only the living
proofs of the antiquity of architecture in this
country but also trace back the influence of
Europe on this particular art at a time when most
of the civilizes countries in the world regarded
the Far East as pagan and primitive.
Philippine Churches were
designed and built during the
Spanish regime
 Japanese Architecture
The close connection between religious rites and architecture is
manifested everywhere.
Japanese Architecture
The religious rites of the
Japanese are mere traditional
and the traits are reproduced
in the architecture, in both in
tombs and temples.