1

REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CRIMINAL APPEAL NO(S). OF 2023

[@ SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CRL.) NO(S). 915 OF 2023]

MOHD MUSLIM @ HUSSAIN …APPELLANT(S)

VERSUS

STATE (NCT OF DELHI) …RESPONDENT(S)

JUDGMENT

S. RAVINDRA BHAT, J.

1. Special leave granted. With consent of counsel for parties, the appeal was

heard finally.

2. Long back, in Hussainara Khatoon v. Home Secy., State of Bihar1 this

court had declared that the right to speedy trial of offenders facing criminal

charges is “implicit in the broad sweep and content of Article 21 as interpreted

Signature Not Verified

Digitally signed by
NEETA SAPRA
Date: 2023.03.28
18:23:37 IST
Reason:

1 [1979] 3 SCR 1276: (1980) 1 SCC 81

 2

by this Court”. Remarking that a valid procedure under Article 21 is one which

contains a procedure that is “reasonable, fair and just” it was held that:

“Now obviously procedure prescribed by law for depriving a person of

liberty cannot be “reasonable, fair or just” unless that procedure ensures a
speedy trial for determination of the guilt of such person. No procedure
which does not ensure a reasonably quick trial can be regarded as
“reasonable, fair or just” and it would fall foul of Article 21. There can,
therefore, be no doubt that speedy trial, and by speedy trial we mean
reasonably expeditious trial, is an integral and essential part of the
fundamental right to life and liberty enshrined in Article 21. The question
which would, however, arise is as to what would be the consequence if a
person accused of an offence is denied speedy trial and is sought to be
deprived of his liberty by imprisonment as a result of a long delayed trial in
violation of his fundamental right under Article 21.”

3. These observations have resonated, time and again, in several judgments,

such as Kadra Pahadiya & Ors. v. State of Bihar 2 and Abdul Rehman Antulay v.

R.S. Nayak3; in the latter the court re-emphasized the right to speedy trial, and

further held that an accused, facing prolonged trial, has no option:

“The State or complainant prosecutes him. It is, thus, the obligation of the
State or the complainant, as the case may be, to proceed with the case with
reasonable promptitude. Particularly, in this country, where the large
majority of accused come from poorer and weaker sections of the society,
not versed in the ways of law, where they do not often get competent legal
advice, the application of the said rule is wholly inadvisable. Of course, in a
given case, if an accused demands speedy trial and yet he is not given one,
may be a relevant factor in his favour. But we cannot disentitle an accused
from complaining of infringement of his right to speedy trial on the ground
that he did not ask for or insist upon a speedy trial.”

4. These issues have pivotal meaning to the facts of this case. The appellant

complains that his application for bail ought not to have been rejected by the

High Court, in the present case, considering that he has suffered incarceration

for over 7 years and the criminal trial has hardly reached the half-way mark.
2 (1981) 3 SCC 671
3 [1991] Supp. 3 SCR 325: (1992) 1 SCC 225
 3

The appellant is accused of committing offences punishable under Sections 20,

25 and 29 of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985

(hereafter ‘NDPS Act’). His application under Section 439 read with Section

482 of the Criminal Procedure Code (hereafter ‘CrPC’), seeking grant of regular

bail, before the Delhi High Court, was denied by the impugned judgment 4.

Some other facts important to the decision in this case, are that at the time of his

arrest, the appellant was 23 years. He was not found in possession of the

narcotic drug; other co-accused were.

5. The prosecution alleges that on 28.09.2015, based on secret information

received by the police, a raid was conducted, leading to arrest of four accused

persons - Nitesh Ekka, Sanjay Chauhan, Sharif Khan, and Virender

Shakiyar/Sakyabar @ Deepak, who were alleged to be in possession of 180

kilograms of ganja. During investigation, the accused Nitesh Ekka was taken to

Chhattisgarh for identification of co-accused persons. At his instance, the

present appellant Mohd. Muslim was arrested on the intervening night of

03/04.10.2015. Pursuant to further investigation, three other co-accused

(Virender Singh @ Beerey, Shantilal Tigga @ Guddu, and Nepal Yadav @ Tony

Pahalwan) were also arrested. It is the prosecution’s case that Virender Singh @

Beerey would purchase ganja and make transfers to the bank accounts

belonging to Mohd. Muslim, Shantilal Tigga @ Guddu and Nitesh Ekka, and

their friends and families, before further supplying the ganja to Nepal Yadav @
4 Order dated 08.09.2022 in Bail Application No. 2675/2022.
 4

Tony Pahalwan. On 29.02.2016, the chargesheet was filed under Sections 20/

25/ 29 of the NDPS Act and Section 120B IPC, and on 05.07.2016 the charges

were framed against the appellant and other co-accused. As per pleadings, two

supplemental chargesheets were also filed on 01.08.2016 and 08.11.2017.

6. The appellant’s bail application was rejected by the district court 5 based

on the gravity of the offences alleged, severity of punishment, and the

appellant’s alleged role. It was noted that he had been in regular contact with the

other co-accused to commit the crime, and that material witnesses were yet to

be examined.

7. Aggrieved, the present appellant approached the High Court. The

impugned judgment records that the present accused was prima facie in regular

contact with other co-accused as indicated by the call records, and that the main

accused Virender Singh @ Beerey had transferred money from his bank account

to the appellant’s bank account, several times. One of the witnesses, during trial,

had also allegedly mentioned that Rs. 50,000 was received from the present

appellant. It was held that there was a prima facie case against him, and no

grounds to rely on the exceptions of Section 37 of the NDPS Act; therefore,

application for regular bail was refused, with a direction to the trial court to

expedite the trial and conclude it within six months. Aggrieved, the appellant is

now before this court, renewing his plea for grant of regular bail.

5 Order dated 08.06.2022 in FIR No. 148/2015, passed by the ASJ & Special Judge (NDPS), South East
District, Saket Court, New Delhi.
 5

8. Ms. Tanya Agarwal, learned counsel appearing on behalf of the appellant,

urged that the period of long incarceration suffered, entitled the appellant to

grant of bail. Further, 34 more witnesses were yet to be examined, with little or

no progress to the trial since the High Court’s direction to expedite the trial. It

was also pointed out that main accused Virender Singh @ Beerey and another

co-accused Nepal Yadav, had both already been granted bail by the High Court 6.

Counsel urged bail on the ground of parity.

9. Mr. Vikramjit Banerjee, learned Additional Solicitor General of India,

appearing for the State, strongly opposed grant of bail, citing Section 37 of the

NDPS Act. It was urged that the appellant was actively involved in the

commission of the offence – with call records and bank transactions implicating

him with the main accused Virender Singh @ Beerey. The ASG submitted that

such cases are deeply concerning, as the accused persons are said to be involved

in a drug peddling network. The public interest of protection against sale and

use of illegal drugs, outweighed the concerns regarding individual liberty of the

accused, and justified continued custody of the appellant. Provisions like

Section 37 of the NDPS Act have been upheld by this court, as necessary to

ensure public order and to prevent recurrence of serious crimes like drug

dealing. The learned ASG also submitted that the role of the appellant, though

6 Order dated 10.12.2018 in Bail Application No. 2188/2018, and order dated 26.07.2018 in Bail Application
No. 944/2018, respectively.
 6

he is a co-accused is prominent, as he appears to be the mastermind behind the

supply and delivery of narcotic substances from Chhattisgarh.

Analysis and Conclusions

10. Section 37 of the NDPS Act reads as follows:

“Offences to be cognizable and non-bailable—(1) Notwithstanding anything
contained in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973—
(a) every offence punishable under this Act shall be cognizable;
(b) no person accused of an offence punishable for a term of imprisonment
of five years or more under this Act shall be released on bail or on his own
bond unless—
(i) the Public Prosecutor has been given an opportunity to oppose the
application for such release, and
(ii) where the Public Prosecutor opposes the application, the court is
satisfied that there are reasonable grounds for believing that he is not guilty
of such offence and that he is not likely to commit any offence while on bail.
(2) The limitations on granting of bail specified in clause (b) of sub-section
(1) are in addition to the limitations under the Code of Criminal Procedure,
1973 or any other law for the time being in force, or granting of bail.”

11. In this case, as it stands, the appellant has been in custody since

03.10.2015, barring grant of interim bail from time to time, for wedding

ceremonies7 and to take care of his ailing mother8. It was observed by this court,

in State of Madhya Pradesh v. Kajad9 while commenting on Section 37 of the

NDPS Act, that a “liberal” approach should not be adopted:

“Negation of bail is the rule and its grant and exception under sub clause
(ii) of clause (b) of Section 37(1). For granting the bail the court must, on
the basis of the record produced before it, be satisfied that there are
reasonable grounds for believing that the accused is not guilty of the
offences with which he is charged and further that he is not likely to commit
any offence while on bail. It has further to be noticed that the conditions for
granting the bail, specified in clause (b) of sub-section (1) of Section 37 are
in addition to the limitations provided under the Code of Criminal

7 Order dated 03.05.2016 by the Special Judge; and Order dated 28.01.2022 by the Special Judge.
8 Order dated 24.07.2020 in Bail Application No. 1859/2020.
9 [2001] Supp. 2 SCR 617: (2001) 7 SCC 673.
 7

Procedure or any other law for the time being in force regulating the grant
of bail.”
12. This court has to, therefore, consider the appellant’s claim for bail, within

the framework of the NDPS Act, especially Section 37. In Supreme Court Legal

Aid Committee (Representing Undertrial Prisoners) v. Union of India 10, this

court made certain crucial observations, which have a bearing on the present

case while dealing with denial of bail to those accused of offences under the

NDPS Act:

“On account of the strict language of the said provision very few persons
accused of certain offences under the Act could secure bail. Now to refuse
bail on the one hand and to delay trial of cases on the other is clearly unfair
and unreasonable and contrary to the spirit of Section 36(1) of the Act,
Section 309 of the Code and Articles 14, 19 and 21 of the Constitution. We
are conscious of the statutory provision finding place in Section 37 of the
Act prescribing the conditions which have to be satisfied before a person
accused of an offence under the Act can be released. Indeed we have
adverted to this section in the earlier part of the judgment. We have also
kept in mind the interpretation placed on a similar provision in Section 20
of the TADA Act by the Constitution Bench in Kartar Singh v. State of
Punjab [(1994) 3 SCC 569]. Despite this provision, we have directed as
above mainly at the call of Article 21 as the right to speedy trial may even
require in some cases quashing of a criminal proceeding altogether, as held
by a Constitution Bench of this Court in A.R. Antulay v. R.S. Nayak [(1992)
1 SCC 225] , release on bail, which can be taken to be embedded in the
right of speedy trial, may, in some cases be the demand of Article 21. As we
have not felt inclined to accept the extreme submission of quashing the
proceedings and setting free the accused whose trials have been delayed
beyond reasonable time for reasons already alluded to, we have felt that
deprivation of the personal liberty without ensuring speedy trial would also
not be in consonance with the right guaranteed by Article 21. Of course,
some amount of deprivation of personal liberty cannot be avoided in such
cases; but if the period of deprivation pending trial becomes unduly long,
the fairness assured by Article 21 would receive a jolt. It is because of this
that we have felt that after the accused persons have suffered imprisonment
which is half of the maximum punishment provided for the offence, any
further deprivation of personal liberty would be violative of the fundamental
right visualised by Article 21, which has to be telescoped with the right

10 [1994] Supp. 4 SCR 386: (1994) 6 SCC 731

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guaranteed by Article 14 which also promises justness, fairness and

reasonableness in procedural matters.”

13. When provisions of law curtail the right of an accused to secure bail, and

correspondingly fetter judicial discretion (like Section 37 of the NDPS Act, in

the present case), this court has upheld them for conflating two competing

values, i.e., the right of the accused to enjoy freedom, based on the presumption

of innocence, and societal interest – as observed in Vaman Narain Ghiya v.

State of Rajasthan11 (“the concept of bail emerges from the conflict between the

police power to restrict liberty of a man who is alleged to have committed a

crime, and presumption of innocence in favour of the alleged criminal….”).

They are, at the same time, upheld on the condition that the trial is concluded

expeditiously. The Constitution Bench in Kartar Singh v. State of Punjab12 made

observations to this effect. In Shaheen Welfare Association v. Union of India13

again, this court expressed the same sentiment, namely that when stringent

provisions are enacted, curtailing the provisions of bail, and restricting judicial

discretion, it is on the basis that investigation and trials would be concluded

swiftly. The court said that Parliamentary intervention is based on:

“a conscious decision has been taken by the legislature to sacrifice to some

extent, the personal liberty of an undertrial accused for the sake of
protecting the community and the nation against terrorist and disruptive
activities or other activities harmful to society, it is all the more necessary
that investigation of such crimes is done efficiently and an adequate number
of Designated Courts are set up to bring to book persons accused of such
serious crimes. This is the only way in which society can be protected

11 [2008] 17 SCR 369: (2009) 2 SCC 281

12 [1994] 2 SCR 375: (1994) 3 SCC 569
13 [1996] 2 SCR 1123: (1996) 2 SCC 616
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against harmful activities. This would also ensure that persons ultimately
found innocent are not unnecessarily kept in jail for long periods.”

14. In a recent decision, while considering bail under the Unlawful Activities

Act (Prevention) Act, 1967, this court in Union of India v. K. A. Najeeb14

observed that:

“12. Even in the case of special legislations like the Terrorist and
Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, 1987 or the Narcotic Drugs and
Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 (“the NDPS Act”) which too have
somewhat rigorous conditions for grant of bail, this Court in Paramjit
Singh v. State (NCT of Delhi), (1999) 9 SCC 252] , Babba v. State of
Maharashtra, (2005) 11 SCC 569 and Umarmia v. State of Gujarat, (2017)
2 SCC 731 enlarged the accused on bail when they had been in jail for an
extended period of time with little possibility of early completion of trial.
The constitutionality of harsh conditions for bail in such special enactments,
has thus been primarily justified on the touchstone of speedy trials to ensure
the protection of innocent civilians.”

The court concluded that statutory restrictions like Section 43-D(5) of the

UAPA, cannot fetter a constitutional court’s ability to grant bail on ground of

violation of fundamental rights.

15. Even in the judgment reported as Vijay Madanlal Chaudhary v. Union of

India15 this court while considering bail conditions under the Prevention of

Money Laundering Act, 2002, held that:

“If the Parliament/Legislature provides for stringent provision of no bail,

unless the stringent conditions are fulfilled, it is the bounden duty of the
State to ensure that such trials get precedence and are concluded within a
reasonable time, at least before the accused undergoes detention for a
period extending up to one-half of the maximum period of imprisonment
specified for the concerned offence by law.”

14 [2021] 2 SCR 443: (2021) 3 SCC 713

15 [2022] 6 SCR 382: 2022 SCC Online SC 929
 10

16. In the most recent decision, Satender Kumar Antil v. Central Bureau of

Investigation16 prolonged incarceration and inordinate delay engaged the

attention of the court, which considered the correct approach towards bail, with

respect to several enactments, including Section 37 NDPS Act. The court

expressed the opinion that Section 436A17 (which requires inter alia the accused

to be enlarged on bail if the trial is not concluded within specified periods) of

the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 would apply:

“We do not wish to deal with individual enactments as each special Act has
got an objective behind it, followed by the rigour imposed. The general
principle governing delay would apply to these categories also. To make it
clear, the provision contained in Section 436-A of the Code would apply to
the Special Acts also in the absence of any specific provision. For example,
the rigour as provided under Section 37 of the NDPS Act would not come in
the way in such a case as we are dealing with the liberty of a person. We do
feel that more the rigour, the quicker the adjudication ought to be. After all,
in these types of cases number of witnesses would be very less and there
may not be any justification for prolonging the trial. Perhaps there is a need
to comply with the directions of this Court to expedite the process and also a
stricter compliance of Section 309 of the Code.”

17. The facts in this case reveal that the recovery of ganja was made on

28.09.2015, from the four co-accused, including Nitesh Ekka. The present

appellant was arrested at the behest, and on the statement of this Nitesh Ekka.

The prosecution has relied on that statement, as well as the confessional

16 (2022) 10 SCC 51
17 Section 436A provides as follows:
“Where a person has, during the period of investigation, inquiry or trial under this Code of an offence
under any law (not being an offence for which the punishment of death has been specified as one of the
punishments under that law) undergone detention for a period extending up to one-half of the maximum period
of imprisonment specified for that offence under that law, he shall be released by the Court on his personal
bond with or without sureties;
Provided that the Court may, after hearing the Public Prosecutor and for reasons to be recorded by it in writing,
order the continued detention of such person for a period longer than one-half of the said period or release him
on bail instead of the personal bond with or without sureties;
Provided further that no such person shall in any case be detained during the period of investigation
inquiry or trial for more than the maximum period of imprisonment provided for the said offence under that
law.”
 11

statement of the present appellant; in addition, it has relied on the bank

statements of Virender Singh @ Beerey, who allegedly disclosed that money

used to be transferred to the appellant. As against this, the prosecution has not

recovered anything else from the appellant; its allegation that he is a

mastermind, is not backed by any evidence of extensive dealing with narcotics,

which would reasonably have surfaced. The prosecution has not shown

involvement of the appellant, in any other case. Furthermore, he was apparently

23 years of age, at the time of his arrest. It is an undisputed fact that two co-

accused persons (who also, were not present at the time of raid and from whom

no contraband was recovered) - the accused (Virender Singh @ Beerey) who

allegedly transferred money to the appellant’s account as payment for the ganja,

and the accused (Nepal Yadav @ Tony Pahalwan) from whom the original

insurance papers and registration certificate of the car from which contraband

was seized, was recovered18 - have both been enlarged on bail. The appellant has

been in custody for over 7 years and 4 months. The progress of the trial has

been at a snail’s pace: 30 witnesses have been examined, whereas 34 more have

to be examined.

18. The conditions which courts have to be cognizant of are that there are

reasonable grounds for believing that the accused is “not guilty of such offence”

and that he is not likely to commit any offence while on bail. What is meant by

“not guilty” when all the evidence is not before the court? It can only be a
18 As per the counter-affidavit dated 21.02.2023 filed by the respondent-state before this court.
 12

prima facie determination. That places the court’s discretion within a very

narrow margin. Given the mandate of the general law on bails (Sections 436,

437 and 439, CrPC) which classify offences based on their gravity, and instruct

that certain serious crimes have to be dealt with differently while considering

bail applications, the additional condition that the court should be satisfied that

the accused (who is in law presumed to be innocent) is not guilty, has to be

interpreted reasonably. Further the classification of offences under Special Acts

(NDPS Act, etc.), which apply over and above the ordinary bail conditions

required to be assessed by courts, require that the court records its satisfaction

that the accused might not be guilty of the offence and that upon release, they

are not likely to commit any offence. These two conditions have the effect of

overshadowing other conditions. In cases where bail is sought, the court

assesses the material on record such as the nature of the offence, likelihood of

the accused co-operating with the investigation, not fleeing from justice: even in

serious offences like murder, kidnapping, rape, etc. On the other hand, the court

in these cases under such special Acts, have to address itself principally on two

facts: likely guilt of the accused and the likelihood of them not committing any

offence upon release. This court has generally upheld such conditions on the

ground that liberty of such citizens have to - in cases when accused of offences

enacted under special laws – be balanced against the public interest.

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19. A plain and literal interpretation of the conditions under Section 37 (i.e.,

that Court should be satisfied that the accused is not guilty and would not

commit any offence) would effectively exclude grant of bail altogether,

resulting in punitive detention and unsanctioned preventive detention as well.

Therefore, the only manner in which such special conditions as enacted under

Section 37 can be considered within constitutional parameters is where the court

is reasonably satisfied on a prima facie look at the material on record (whenever

the bail application is made) that the accused is not guilty. Any other

interpretation, would result in complete denial of the bail to a person accused of

offences such as those enacted under Section 37 of the NDPS Act.

20. The standard to be considered therefore, is one, where the court would

look at the material in a broad manner, and reasonably see whether the

accused’s guilt may be proved. The judgments of this court have, therefore,

emphasized that the satisfaction which courts are expected to record, i.e., that

the accused may not be guilty, is only prima facie, based on a reasonable

reading, which does not call for meticulous examination of the materials

collected during investigation (as held in Union of India v. Rattan Malik19).

Grant of bail on ground of undue delay in trial, cannot be said to be fettered by

Section 37 of the Act, given the imperative of Section 436A which is applicable

to offences under the NDPS Act too (ref. Satender Kumar Antil supra). Having

19 (2009) 2 SCC 624

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regard to these factors the court is of the opinion that in the facts of this case,

the appellant deserves to be enlarged on bail.

21. Before parting, it would be important to reflect that laws which impose

stringent conditions for grant of bail, may be necessary in public interest; yet, if

trials are not concluded in time, the injustice wrecked on the individual is

immeasurable. Jails are overcrowded and their living conditions, more often

than not, appalling. According to the Union Home Ministry’s response to

Parliament, the National Crime Records Bureau had recorded that as on 31 st

December 2021, over 5,54,034 prisoners were lodged in jails against total

capacity of 4,25,069 lakhs in the country20. Of these 122,852 were convicts; the

rest 4,27,165 were undertrials.

22. The danger of unjust imprisonment, is that inmates are at risk of

“prisonisation” a term described by the Kerala High Court in A Convict

Prisoner v. State21 as“a radical transformation” whereby the prisoner:

“loses his identity. He is known by a number. He loses personal possessions.

He has no personal relationships. Psychological problems result from loss
of freedom, status, possessions, dignity any autonomy of personal life. The
inmate culture of prison turns out to be dreadful. The prisoner becomes
hostile by ordinary standards. Self-perception changes.”

23. There is a further danger of the prisoner turning to crime, “as crime not

only turns admirable, but the more professional the crime, more honour is paid

to the criminal”22 (also see Donald Clemmer’s ‘The Prison Community’

20 National Crime Records Bureau, Prison Statistics in India https://ncrb.gov.in/sites/default/files/PSI-

2021/Executive_ncrb_Summary-2021.pdf
21 1993 Cri LJ 3242
22 Working Papers - Group on Prisons & Borstals - 1966 U.K.
 15

published in 194023). Incarceration has further deleterious effects - where the

accused belongs to the weakest economic strata: immediate loss of livelihood,

and in several cases, scattering of families as well as loss of family bonds and

alienation from society. The courts therefore, have to be sensitive to these

aspects (because in the event of an acquittal, the loss to the accused is

irreparable), and ensure that trials – especially in cases, where special laws

enact stringent provisions, are taken up and concluded speedily.

24. For the above reasons, the appellant is directed to be enlarged on bail,

subject to such conditions as the trial court may impose. The appeal is allowed,

in the above terms. No costs.

.............................................J.
[S. RAVINDRA BHAT]

.............................................J.
[DIPANKAR DATTA]

New Delhi,
March 28, 2023

23Donald Clemmer, The Prison Community (1968) Holt, Rinehart & Winston, which is referred to in Tomasz
Sobecki, ‘Donald Clemmer’s Concept of Prisonisation’, available at: https://www.tkp.edu.pl/wp-
content/uploads/2020/12/Sobecki_sklad.pdf (accessed on 23rd March 2023).
 16

ITEM NO.1501 COURT NO.14 SECTION II-C

S U P R E M E C O U R T O F I N D I A
RECORD OF PROCEEDINGS

Criminal Appeal No. 943/2023

MOHD MUSLIM @ HUSSAIN Appellant(s)

VERSUS

STATE (NCT OF DELHI) Respondent(s)

([HEARD BY: HON. S. RAVINDRA BHAT AND HON. DIPANKAR DATTA,

JJ.]
IA No. 4901/2023 - EXEMPTION FROM FILING C/C OF THE IMPUGNED
JUDGMENT
IA No. 4905/2023 - EXEMPTION FROM FILING O.T.
IA No. 4897/2023 - PERMISSION TO FILE ADDITIONAL DOCUMENTS/
FACTS/ ANNEXURES)

Date : 28-03-2023 This matter was called on for hearing today.

CORAM :
HON'BLE MR. JUSTICE S. RAVINDRA BHAT
HON'BLE MR. JUSTICE DIPANKAR DATTA

For Appellant(s) Ms. Tanya Agarwal, Adv.

Mr. Ajay Singh, Adv.
Mrs. Shubhangi Tuli, AOR

For Respondent(s) Mr. Vikramjit Banerjee, ASG

Mr. Shreekant Neelappa Terdal, AOR
Ms. Nachiketa Joshi, Adv.
Mr. Digvijay Dam, Adv.
Mr. Sachin Sharma, Adv.
Mr. Rajan Kr. Chourasia, Adv.
Ms. Shruti Agarwal, Adv.
Ms. Janhvi Prakash, Adv.
Mr. Kartik Dey, Adv.

UPON hearing the counsel the Court made the following

O R D E R

Hon’ble Mr. Justice S. Ravindra Bhat pronounced the

reportable judgment of the Bench comprising His Lordship and

Hon’ble Mr. Justice Dipankar Datta.

 17

Leave granted.

The operative portion of the reportable judgment

reads as follows:

“23. There is a further danger of the

prisoner turning to crime, “as crime not only

turns admirable, but the more professional the

crime, more honour is paid to the criminal”

(also see Donald Clemmer’s ‘The Prison

Community’ published in 1940). Incarceration has

further deleterious effects - where the accused

belongs to the weakest economic strata:

immediate loss of livelihood, and in several

cases, scattering of families as well as loss of

family bonds and alienation from society. The

courts therefore, have to be sensitive to these

aspects (because in the event of an acquittal,

the loss to the accused is irreparable), and

ensure that trials – especially in cases, where

special laws enact stringent provisions, are

taken up and concluded speedily.

24. For the above reasons, the appellant is

directed to be enlarged on bail, subject to such

conditions as the trial court may impose. The

appeal is allowed, in the above terms. No costs.

 18

The appeal is allowed in terms of signed reportable

judgment.

All pending applications are disposed of.

(NEETA SAPRA) (MATHEW ABRAHAM)

COURT MASTER (SH) COURT MASTER (NSH)
(Signed reportable judgment is placed on the file)