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Tafl Unit3

Toc unit 3

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15 views

Tafl Unit3

Toc unit 3

Uploaded by

samsinghled
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
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Unik 3, Condor Free Grammar % RL Cam be Agpresentid ellhn by RE OL by FA, but now Pepular lang. “Uae Com Nok be Acpreseuted pany them, SO there 15 a need por Aepreseuding these Languages Some example a now Acpula Languayes are biz fab! bia prime no} b= {aren nyo} 4=fab | isi ly fw! mele}. Le={wok) & ela} In AhX appioach, a Pauguage 8 Aepretented using a Aol o epnalious, Equations ave Zeomaive w4 nakure FA has a Ak 5 Stats; CFG har a Act a Variables ; FA 18 defined ever alphabet CFG i defined tur Ack df Lorminals FA fan a Salty te CEG Aer fot § Cushions Called produ PA Dea Grammar 08D Xx>a PRPaArYye X produceg q O1 a ion a eL & +) X>ax te = X>b +8 x>ax X> & Nol |~ rey Accursive Aeyinition has a base Coxe Or Adminabion se . Let us knke a SFA sy L={€a,aa,aaa,...} New Let US lousicle is grammar X>ax . XE x x a’ % a é ay @ Abting Ya" i an XE IS Jor Luminatio Gevereted 4 Abig "aa" i : : H Accu £Oy , Aten Aggules Cnpuaze aw abe be Aepletented by EPG. fe Lef dy" | nyt bese Gae ak EL . ‘ ak Gan be Whiten Tho df aa” 1a fenraled bX thew atnr) dun alee enact by - X> axb xX — ab Contirt Free Graummar : A lontae Ree Gramma ¢ o% a quadiuple CV,7 P<) whee vz a fet of Variable 5 Aepresented by Gpitel Lotng Te a setiidee te 1 Arwen Case ox cligus, Ps a het oy Productions S 2 a Aptttal Warinble Giles Abut Symbol A production is of the form Vee whee Ve EV and de wa Sy Word meaug a Abiing & douninals wel A Aeulincbal foun a Altlig tesminals {Variable 4 ik i clewcted bod, f Mohan aK» Soha plays Ram ead < Sentence >> Crsvipcisb> 7 Poh cake, = ree cee Aes CBeukeute> Knoun7?, CVerbS are Variables pr nou Lamina Wehan, Soba Raw, eaks plays, Aceds are terminals Voriable (& Start Aymbel G= Cures) v= f{ KAenttuh £ moony } Taf Mohan Sohay, Raw, eae, plays Azadi } Pz { } > Ptohau antes ¢ cvrb> 3 Ee 3 Se The A man: ot wad Of & && gevwralee Fe eer A pn es Fina te wht Seana a the ia bandh Don ABM Apmiat ¢ toe g 4 LG) = {we [WeT” and SorYt Language Ff Gramma Th dhe preduction ‘el. tx applied Once then We lusile A?P, Whew ik 12 applied a vo % Line ; Then We woe ADB orivalions f a Abing are Aeproseulad eines ft ZI eat fom or Parse bree form Seuteudial Form ; S-> Al BES eee eM T, ps") A 0 Ness V={SA8} T=fop R—>oglisie —O Pb wb? Let us by te Greate The Abing Od|o] pou the given prauinnee SSAIB A ToOAIB& (usivg A-ZoA) > ooAlB (Ubing Apo Ay > oolk Curing A>é) ~ 00108 (uring R>08) 2? OCIOIR (Using AIR) i > votol (aig >) Thugs elos bolo) €1(4) A Abing Congtate of Aryminals ( variables SB4| 4 € (vor)* “> Aga ding toda > In Left Seutedial form, fat most Lytle pc ap fon peti 7 Inn 4 Ahk , Nole i- 1 png Cn be dete ety Be lation ox ena Brampe: forthe Gramma given below S—> AB A> oa! c Br omiale Give Lebbrnest 4 Atght most cleivation & the Bling loo} tebtmest clerivatton SAI i + IB (sly Ased D108 usin R08) PF 100K (using B-706) ~P NOOIR Curing BIB) > lool (using Re ©) Right mest clerivetion S-> AB —~ AloB using RoR) > AlooB (using R> 08), PArool® (usig p> iBS Aloo) — (uting RED J lool — (using ASE) Parse Tree 1 Ake & clivation applied Ja geunate a Usmd Cur be vaslng a Pree, Such @ ree t& Rnown ax tre. Reot F thi Aree i& start Aymbel - gok bea VaAlable_ tech Leaf rece 2 either Laminal or & A plug geusrated by from parse Lee is Berm pout Mapt to Aight Fromple Fox the qeaumen given below S> AiB A> dAlE B> oBliele Give purse Feree Seabees hight ante olelvston ity tie : 00 Left Mestbesiuction S : > = ag > i 5S AN rw OPIN RS oH ' i t fs ee f t 6B on a ‘ A 3 RIB 7 J YN A —€ b% e var /\, /% sets oe oy oO Right Mest henivahion E Pi S Si ie JN, ‘i i aie? 4 ‘oy? eh Se BB o 8 reek - J Ba lds A a oN A i h > Pre io A t o z > lool £ : ‘a: Both parse reer are Idowliial Xs b Eyample! for -the ; , Praumar Sos! allo, 1 elvaiou Ya Seutratiatyec, I) TM Matton of coor So os! >oosil (s> asi) —Pooogit = (S>01) 2) porte, bree oy ott nw a Example: Gnd Whether the Abing aabhb 1 In b= 166) whew 6 th quenty S>xy X>vyla Y> Xv }b parse fee for the Abing aa bbb eS OY ha «@ él i A, Kale Qabbh 4 x LA Bnd /\ | yyYe ry bob Frample ; For she Grammer given bolus E>e+t]T TOT¥FIE F>Ce)alb Give the derivation h Cath)¥a+bh Seultilion E> E+ porse Thee dom > TtT Curing ET) € > TX EST Cursing T> TxE) “NS, D> EX ELT (Ung TSF) i a ) —> LED¥ FAT Fee) t c > CET) # FAT Cee) MN | > (TAD ¥ FHT (EST) TRE b > (E+E) # Exe Cee) | do > (Athy ¥ ath (Fo alb) aN ce) 7 J etT Is} fo | F 6 Grample: G =({sch fab} @ s) a Pr S-pala Calatb ba L0G) Mit © pastor, Malig iai a"ba™ jo nzo 0 atba® fe a zl » L0G) = fa” be? Input & eo: lonidnr G theke Preductlous are S> aAsla : A> SbAISS I ha Shew bral * . S 2 aaphas And Coustmet— Coustiucl a ceivation ree here yield & aahbag AN Spas Bel PasbAc ( Assay JN‘ Paabas C&S >a) ; A Paabbas C A pba) d gh 70a bbaa ( Sa) es A ‘ample: Find LCG) whew G=L isk fob £5001, Sse} st Legys for" } nzot : Frample Let the ee Path ee S>os}iA . A > oJos|1AA 7 Wis]o BB ‘ Pathe Lbring ollo find a Aightmost: devi S S+0B 0” “a Sols ie olla n J —ollo 1A | oO Eronple ! Consicler the. fellostng procuctions Grautle; find tne C60 S> a8] 4A Sash |aAb A Sas[oaala A>bAa|ba B—> bs/aBa]b L@)=fa'ynar,n bord she Atsing aaadbebbba a ee wet mnt} S>aew > aaahbabbbA >aare aaa bba bbkha > aaabee Fy Aaabeae > aaakbB > aaabhaps > aaabbabR P Babbabbs Example : Let G be the grammar . ao S> 0B} 1A A> o}0511AA Ba i}is}08B fe the Abing colloiol gmnd the Lege mest derivation and derivation tee S>o8 S 7 00BB (e088) 07h ool (Rs) > oolls (a> IS) > o01loB (S08) A > ooilols S ooltoies ce ol} 2) 0) cs ~ ovllolol Ca>D as i 1 Find He durivalion deo Faybpaxb 1 Whee 6 B guew by S—> Sts} sxsfale fe As Ss Al /| Ss a Ls | ee | F a bee, & b "Rind the Aagulae expression aftiy giver grammar S>AIB A Dale RE = 0"! (o+1)” B+ oBliale Also give Aha Loftmest £ fightmest: dorivalion % the: String 0010! So Ale S-AiB > oalB& C Ava) —>AloB (Bek) > 0OAle Gere Saioig (&>18) 0018 ASE . > 00108 (R208) > Alot ee > o0lo lB C& => 16) > oAlo) CAzof) > oolol (a7 ©) 3 ovale! (Aso) ~> colo) (Ase) Frample: @utider sine following productions aa Swab Sak A> aSibaala e883. $5 cape Ry bs|age}b Decne Fa28 088 aaa, fo the hing aaabbabiba find ‘pana bb® aba Bes durivedion DaaabbaBe aRaBbbA reece Soaabbabe aa Babbba ae Sana bbab be 302 Ba bbba. Passe Tree asa bbabb bA 90a OBRAbb‘A aaa bbabbha Daan bbabbba s JN 444 bba bhha “IN ak B. Nhe 8 ae cos EN ¥ tle) os Greve bE ke Braumple: . Palincreme Z=fapt xX—elalb X—> axa | bxb. seek soars sen depth eae Ih esfab x>alb 4 XD axa! bxb J ody am ot fa Example; fe bt paumnien. gevrrates preter exprersiou wit operands XR y and binary opratore + —h E> +e6|/xee]-ee|xly Find Robb mest 4. Aightmest deviviliow’ cng clorivation tree Jer the String + ¥—xyoup Lepemest herivaction Righbnest Kertvallou Estee E>tee —> +¥EEE = Fey —> +* —EEEE —> +KEEY Pk ROR GEY Stee xry => + -EE ty AN. > te E yxy AN Ky > tm -Xy ry AS x . i i y Franple | 6 : nd forse bee for the exprersion abcde + Consicloung the productios eae A PAblo —_. aoa a a i ‘nO = ih ! b Wathing Growmman jor a. lauguage : , % Procluction Jor an snfile language are writen Aecurenvely . A Protucl 16 Cal Aecursive if, 2B Left dice Variable Secours On Us Aix Ade ol For exauple Spas i Aecursively S>ojaa A—>el oS i ts indirect by ALLUALVE. Sdad-> abs A>bS = bad Saupe = {bab aab, aaab,-.. } Sb Ssas Fampe: L=fW E {a,b} } Le {é 4,6 aa, ab, ba, bb, --~ } Soas gobs S-~7E Bampo: >= {é abaabb,... an} S~> aSb S>eé Sample: | =fab,aabb,.- ae} cs asb Sab Frompe: 12 fe € fab} | & tba palindrome of ocd fougth 4 S-> aSa . S— bSb S aa Sb ; * . awe: U2 fw €fa,by | wik a folindrome. q even Length Ss asSa £ bSb S? aa . S bb Group: Le feo Ela bo 1 0% a falindrome 3 cher Crea Lege o- Pee Doogth val Sasa! eb laa |bblals . Io} Unton Rule $04" Grewanee Ie Ly 6 generated by a pramwmar ith bet Aymbel Cy 4 La n ” a Qa then tht WUniou ay Mouguapes Ly UL, Cur be gevorated with Atardl dymbs QC where Lest} Frample; Ly=fa"! n>o} Peete) not hroctuction for Ll, : asia " » it S$, PbS} b Prsduclion Luu, Sst, > as} a Sop bS}h Cratemalion Rule for Grammer { S96 L=4a"}">o} L=4b") n>op Le byte S} > as,Ja Sbs pb SPSS. Examples Gave the Chg forthe felling Aang ¢ olon)*o Con") ad (ow) Caw be gentroleal by Gy oS f15} é for o(or*or Lori] pyectuclion Pe S— > oS olG! S,> oS 1S) fé 1 pind the CEG the Re WI CIE 01") ee aay er Siyolr . * ° be Jay Sy Big te = S>4,5,5, * p S> ol) PA UF) Any Ss Seis it Sieg Whee por loi} wey Sy rolle ene Sp Poly He Gue'se CG for Leadatel, isis tipi} 35 C fot No ha = No GA] Braumgle : S—> aSb S—> aSbb C fer te Bb= 2ane Gal | S—> ab} abb Brample: Give C05 Jor L=fatbleb; injaq. felt atoledet a muy be Ze. Sak a S—*x X~> bx X>be Bek py Example: Give the CFG por Lz farbic fisjre} akalbick 4Sk>o et S- ase | axe x-paXxb!ab tide k Vy Erawpe? Give the CPG bet uz fa‘ bre | jadek} at wf kek Lk>o fe ees Saxy ee 3K yp axb | ab yvayes be Example: Give the CPG fer tgzdaibles isso d=? f Ries ERD o jo taf gible’ bls AL, fo uek J je AeA SyAB “5 c oO. ; A-paAb ab Sod B> eBie cpalcla ho bbe | be Eewmple: Give the CAG fee . 3 bbe} be, a) (tl4)* (on™ by of KK <7 . of tt Kok whee S->xy ve Xp OXY IX] € x oY xy Y= olyle So X> OXI /é Yoryole Gynuple: Shows hak the languape yafaltel pay zr} ma le fateid) oi Zih are Context free language. Th these Panguager Con be wpillen by dhe pretuction rules F CFG hou NE meaut hoy are CFL mt al oh ck SRY Y XP axb fab x Ycyic. Boe rt, at pled sx ee xd ax[a Y> bYe | be ae Fampl: Give CFG for Laie! A foteor oon P =,* x y= boo S—>xyz X OXI je Yo y pt Z- izoje Grange: Give CFG gor matching purcucthersd Lf SCS) for neled foroutheret {sess & pareutheak to goow Ade Wy - G=Cist foo} Ps) Example: Give CFG for alt Sbings wilh at Bastto O'S ¥2 fo i} REL Mol*o(o+™ bre yy xp) S> KOXoY KB IXPE frowf Yo OVE Ys oyivie. Erample: Give CP6- por Sob of odd Longin Arnives mn CO, rth write — 3- Ambo 1, Seeing oy Deagern pom Cory | Seep of Logthn few £o.0" Nole!- the Aidden Atcurgiou Can be cnclorstord he fa ck that ddlstion r frst and Last 2ymbcl twill nok change the banc makwaa. sy thw shdaing Tf Sis a shang sf the Given form thea © are OSo, ost, Sp Ist . Production Rube S-> OSe} oS! {Iso} isi!) Framph: Give CPG fpr gob sf even luogth Stings in fo. bc,4}™ WHh to muldb Symbol eqnol a ee (Sab Bf n Doveth fom lasboade - Alaig Bn Oooeta pom Cob gad aL frstand lat Symbel fromthe Complete Bbriry % are doleled then there HA no chompe In -te base See Abidvp . ys iZ ho Arig Sh Abs given qoem thew Lae ASa, aSb aSe, aSd, bSa, bob hee, SA, Sa, cSb, S% Sd, Asa, Ash, AS, ASA P: Ned aSa} aSb} aSe! asd} bSa/ hsb! bse) b sd? CSa) ¢Sb IC Se | CSA} ASa| ASE} dsc! dea | a) bb ce jad Gampl: Give CE fpr LaLa Pat in atest Thee Gan be 2 yorsibilibes tr m a Log a : Ger, m>y ah g™n rae ie aibiciti_ ae ff C4 ra x z XraKxkelz Gers me Zybzele eae ha" vam ue tt ye bMcPAe™ pat pf gt ah goes ee Yowalz ~& RE omed atta” Zr becle as Zybzele pe | Se aSdiyry XD axerz Yo Pyare Grample Ge CFG. fer L= fame” peer tt S+ aSelaXe ¥> bxIb Brample: Giye ceg joe (ecieets equate. gas bis} Let Us assume that thowe aio 3 Varicbles 4 gtaup with epual no @ a’Sh b's f Seana yy Venere al than bs nd mere. BIC than a's : 0 a Sy ae | Pettcon takin S44 & Se S— bA Aeak 4 Relation llth ALS 4 Aka A> bAA B>bS your HES < 6.8. B> aBB geuoubon % Shing aababh Pe Sab] ba < Aaslbaala Lay By bs} aBB!b 8 aN ae sy A pe Le Grampl: Ge OF for L= fucw" | w elaby} If PAE Doak charecltns one dala m0 Prion Sasa} bSb}c Fiala: Ge CR fpr L= fa” | emt 1 ai dot ive spashiA — saashlAlé et at 2. atplals fro Apodia ‘eae SpasbiB R>belb ~~ Give CEG for tne Uauguege | = fete mK i gam omekt 1 y= fa" b™ eS | nom} aa farere = jmskt ayn & b As amare Lau ™ePl bzo saan xy 3! S75 Sa 1 : SHV Y B pit span ApaAbye X axe sxe b> Bale Yo oye le Apantle Bo cble GSaxté es - epee ANE Ee eh ee et Imm >=0 } mn n m . Sloe LG mes S> xx XD0x fe Yo "0 }é Flample: Give C6 for te Muwere L=1 0% (4261 acab} é boc 0 of) za —< Sy osrly XPoxile Frame: ge CG fe L= fay > S748 bb | aabbb Grawupl : We CFG for L= fam,” in >mt S>asbi@ Bo be le, Example + Gve CFG for the : ings in Caan we Mb ta opege The Ack of alb Abiings in (a,b) Wee lh Jame SObp may ben amy Ont Gf Ane following fora | Gel: &, (sAbung § Hough a Genviated by x we ~ Genaratba by ¥ Saxe iby, X> 4Xa | AXbI bya } bxbla Yala | are} bya! wyay Frew ple: Gine sthe CFG jor the following languages. Lef{uawb | ww are nga el” and Iwl=10), Waw)b : Bop peThg GT] a pgabghgaa) & S>Xxb a Ls rae Kaka Jars bya; bxb Ja. 37. Grample: Ge (FG RE (arb babcasd? S$ X bbbx Xo ax} bx e Damp: Wale CEG for the tanguage 22,4) nega ina mblne D S b a b o obs OXle Ye xi AY a ob Yo bY! as jo Eremple Considte the. following grasa S484 | bSb aa} bb Show thar + LCG) fas no «Aang Zliang ta LCG) od tngth oar The. no Gs Ahiings % Henge >n 2” Lot ts de a Seng Saga Ag. Son Sin = 2San2 *1 PS arb FP Sz *S2n2 = 2 Sony | = 2B San-2b-) | _ as, =a ‘ya Sn 22” Erample: Gonsharct the C6 for foblousing Language 1 LEG)= fab” | man mn pot S-zaSblarbjayb Xara Yooyjs 2. Leg = fa™b a! Imei} S-> aSa ‘aba Erample: Merign CFG for ee mleKh SPX} AB yo gmnalina sing ak bl 141 kK > Axb] x, Xo Yr generals a Elairs co X, varia cee) te eye: kK Ye bm |b Boy nm BIC IF | i Yaene Asahle | 8 > bbe |X) x3, ' > bys er mare Example: — And. CFG fer “the $0llosine Ly / ae D Lefangrck) ?, S20, M70, kz 38 RS h L=atp -k vee S>xY Y XPaxb fe 7 Y> éle/ ") L=famy" k ' alee NEM arm <= le} mm =a’ k 4 f $ Y L sam pron doy =a promth ¥o> a I yo erie. samete™ cl kyo 7 ¥ gale Ba zy 2 A ne alld 10 a wk Find CFG Yoeye apne Le fang”; m2”, nZ0, myo} S+ aSdble sy ache! b= fam sn emart 4 \ nzeo S-285b Ye) me laa laaa . Ya bYyje Frauple: rd LG Gramma $3 aAb lab =fab'a"b} A-> bAale Lineal | 20k Frawple: —Conutiud CFG L Con Loustive grammar jor L =f 12 }m9 Ny es oS tt | ou Nery COG ts also a Conlxt Reutrtive qrammar A the solution ix hue foe CCG as well. Ambi: Growamniss A qpamuner iB foie to be aubiquent 1 the buvgug ue by Abe Prauuner lonining Aome Alriage bok has tive differut puree Peed . Lk Us Consider the goannas. E>E+Ela}o 4 Abing atbra. ia geuoratad by the Pras ie E ZN 4 ne ri oe nels : ete @ a 6gtt ei io ab The pase duindion sae Aayp Ahab (b44) 1s evaluated frst thenthe evaluated Value 1k added Aw a. Thus dhe Aight Alde + eplrater gol a precedouce Ato+a => (at Cota) The Atlond slrivelion tree Abak Gtb) 16 evaluaked Gt Lhe evebucts Nile TA addled to a. Thad the Lit Aide -t Oporador gels a precedeve. atbta > (lats)ta) ea i 1 Thee mo gensral Aule for Aemeui ambit "g OG ‘t CFG. Remeuing Audbiguily menus inch the —— | Ao that there 7s oul One dosition Hee for ery Abving belowsivp 3] Aabiguily fr the. Ff E>EElalb fam be Armed by A adsigniig faglen Mnecedoue 4o hit Arle + etn dios tlt eae tn Lope to Aight evaluation in above Fawr Gu be enforcect ey Twhtoducing Ong more Valabh T. Valebe T lar nok be byeoken by + operator , E> Eetit Uacrenbigvouk Grama TT 2)6 : A production oF lle fotur ES&+7 foodes ae binding , cer implies thal € must be Ctoluatet frst boforw au atomic T Qube added bik, EF lupe hehe down © E47 but T lant be frelon. . TH erkuce Higher ecdase Oil Sadat Cpt Dice Ayse) eb operator 37. Brawple 5 Gntider the EE fe Serer cet I>a|b 4) Show that Gleuvinar 1% aunbjprus by) Remove Auahptly Both +2 % epertor. are ak the Aame precedouce love. Au expretion Can be evaluated either elt to right or Aigut to Lobe. The prvOhlour Can be Aemoved tuteducing more Variables, each Deprestai ee presbiows thak Ahare a Oh binebing AUreupte , A Variable T (san exprettion that Cu wot be broken operator, Lek us Gl d atom. A term Can be expyetted adie aa mow factors, : A Variable Fis a fatter that Cou no be broken by + or operated, factor 1 dodifier, Literals 01 parathosired erpvertion . E> Esti r TO TAFE Umommbiguse Gran, F->lElalb Parte Tree for arby & - ‘ Zi oN ee aoa uit PR 8 AT 0 PUR x Z T rT bd Lay si L | , boa ao a L Using Awbipures Frasmnar Wong Unabl Bample! Give am awhiuruk grammar jor if-then else Abatement and Aeunule am equittllouk Curdunblguru Gialunnar foomA tf COPY) dhen fom A ip Cthew’ S Azar) } fume ip cory) hen form & If CthenS, ele aan be asa; Aok us Aubatutrte XY whl 2 azati wens 2 A nested if Atabment Gy be Wailer tuth two inbypreritiong Th Gthea fp G-thea S; else Sp / ~ If ¢, then Ik G thea tk Gthen 4 1b G thes SI) Ss) alse S t ¥ else Ss A ambiguous Grammar Jor tp Abatement may pave claugling ae prroblo., Soludion! Jy unambiguous grammar Ahowld ablach dagling otse with Inner if Atelimen ts, An aumbiquour Grewmar 1S 28 follosy S> Chea S| © SyhCtSlickSeSta betes bee Ss} La CPG Cc (i) Ola Tha Gualbigucus Pawar Cam be Weelob Aunblgube Addling -hvo wove Variables v wR “ < S aN ame ig Ss, icrerse $ ) tS Sec 4 a oe | Vices Q a@ @ & 1qrigraet ite, tigtaea Two boffereut eek for Armee Adding | € + Graumas 1k DR Qutb Two more Variables uv UL > foe ip Abrtement without. Saki . ies an wh else. 7 U> iees eceMeu S Mv ictMe la | Cr tnpile a tats Oiler if Atztemout VS Uthouk else paat- d | Inner WH ehse pent Bample : Show that SPAS] Sa}a 14 am aubipums gemma, bo Fox a quien Grammar, ik there exikes more Un one tees, op a Abang belonging to Arak Gramma, they that tien & 5 \ als x Be: => 2 pose tees for a Ahing agas a A," ay .- a . Brample : Consida the C66 SPASLIASIE 7 (eet Atette Lue false for tbe following i> The bung ababb ts genoralid by grams 1) Eyory Abung op the foun al'b™ m>=n>=0 ih) The qramvar enabigutus I) The guamuar gomoraloal by G is Angules. Aust Abimg ababb Cun not be geurnaled . cru all bs Ge thing Oiler oo mere nd. i) false because no G a rag be giealer-tran me fsb. in He Alatnps HL lil) Tae lonidr Abing aaah . iS re - wa viotne. parse hee Sh a \ a “A é “\ * b "f A es be s aa /N é a } (WW Taxes 4 eG Gane be qe Jos ath language w acceplad by PSA. Thi Samples Ei Alt Poewnivas blows hak gevwalia Atuings Wh eyeal ma G £1 SSo0Ali8 Lek us Anke a String fom lb pentrated 6 frame Apokalis's lat Atty kolo! Ba laBlosio oy e A AN, of “AS ae ier La AK ’ I ” io | ee Gample: Shows Ahak she CP5 with productions SPa|Sa}bss! sco} cas fe aubiquour. lek us takea Abing abbaba S> Sa g S + ssba = ss > aSba Sabsste a sty k Fabaaba LAs a gu i 4 abaaba baa ba Note: Tnhevdnt Arabi AEG Ie Called thebably ambiguous ify alll production Aulis In he Fraum we Ounbigueus. “ Be S-> XYZ aa Yoo X-y aay} aa Y>baZ | ba Z-SbZbI bb Tre above C66 then ane two productions fo each Aube ARM makes yey Aube 5 He Pruner ab aumbiguaur . two Aightmest or wo Lijtmett dutvalious for 4 4 a ic gil, Abe thet tre follesing Paunwer 1% an ambiguous Pama. EP ErE}E-ElErE}E/e}> hr albleld ; 4 : Ase Convert ne gaaumanot Into Un-aunbp os Sdidioy: Ouida Along atb¥e/d E vai ESEtE | Rigid mest derivation SEFEXE e Ve “PETE E/E > pI ae DEtExE/A DS J™ left mest. derision : “3 EXEMd/L i e/ & E> ee > Et b¥c/d E 4 S exe/e ap athacia atone > ErEx E/E =A oe D> atbec|a Aa i oN 4 Umanbipuous. Grammar ANT Ere Ae f + fi ath¥e/d. A->. AMET ig 6 eke ve % nat +b ucauigues cee Aas sete COI 6 en pain Doataierd ) ‘eagoriatlve operdou CA) Laer) ai al Nn “be gut fein in production Aule " * Erample: Couticlor the follerstng CPG o S- ses} SxS} S46 1a . Given Abad-the precedouce in docteeking adn (A A+, operator +, % are Lot associative while a fe Aight cluceieSlve 1) Ahew nat he given Gremmar 1S auabigurus. 11) WAR. -equuvalont Unaubi gubut ua iy Th he Grammar 6, has procuchlbus tf he fom A>Ad, & eCvoryY Wsih am equilalenk CPG G, Whik hed no production Bthe foun ADA Solution: int ud derive the Ahing taxa = : 7 NX - s +N eS SD meaut ambiguus | gis Axe | . a ai oe ta jal 1) Uneubte Grammar Sr StAlA ADSAKB | R>cale Cpa (ii) Te frocluclion Aube is fegt Aecursive. Heate we have bp eliminati Lape - ~ Aecunsivencse . Assume that the proetuctiow A> Ad ip then tb Can be ABhaae Bp Bea a H Ava\Aa * Badd R>b Determine whether the grammar {4 ambiguous, Tf Le Ambiguous then Convert te wo Un damblGubus. - , Shing aab She , A-Aala A AN brat a’ eB a | ZN b 6 Bampe: S—> ABA ec = atbtc® Aaaale “Let R-ybble us take a Abie aq Sheu thak the 6 ik ambigueug Se S. Aa rae : ilo Ua aaubiguows, Grammar 1s, “7 \ Say |e) byz, ™ Z3azja Xpaxyle} a Y~> byziole DFA» Rigtt Linear Grammar Example Sad} bR A>bClaSIb BobSracla ! v CsaBlba Rignk Linear Grammar to BFA b SsbB ~S— B> bC]aBjb C>a DEA +0 Left Lng Gra mm 1, Tnterchange Stacking Gtote &.pirat Cte: 2, Reverse the clivecion Of Namlacho, Zz While duo G in Uform- , S> BajAb Ara!sola Ber SlCblb C> Bhi Aale @ Cxansles a SDB C2 ba B>Cbl Ab AS da ltAallal a D> DilBale possess Gosvatiieh é A ita! eth erences 9 ERE FN * “ a E+E I 4 - ' & 1 ESEtT|T > ewe € gee, anboated pst lagna eee 1? Ab Cun be added fm it tie Gx be bMokou down in E+T but T Gu'k be futher. This cusure high precedence be lip des peat, Fraps Ey ere Eve OI how Grammer 8 Aucbigunus L-> 4}b. Prose amabigutle sa A+ b¥a € Ee ‘ €-> E4T/T a \ 7s Eee To THEE * ! F>Ce)lalb a aS * A e—m oT pom + Pon -4im f Exannglt ~ Dangling Else S LCE] iCkSeS (CkiCkSeS > *GHGtaeb i OSee § Ors. be eden a é We a Hae . a4. fe There Ahtd not ia net be Ummateled fletemot then & else S+miu n> icemem a dL &) bp icenev Ces a C3 GN. A / i ASS ; G Crample: — Sthing balawed parautneser ) Show that it 1k ambiguous SB» SS1C9) € ae . onnigelty CO S+sTiT T fa amotic for § S T2ESIO Aida rseys goanalié “™ “ % TCs) you nosing IL LBS csc TE JN g é cs) 6 fpr arithmetic expr tien isi. +,% 1 A AH, G4, ef. ~ Chon NS Mao dele @sbyd/e+(-6 Es>eetir E T-> THF T/FLE ca FRPGIG ! T F Ga -R iB A | H>Cedfalbiejalelt ine A I i t/t BAGH ced igen ae aa Goh T fod \ i ‘ ZN ig'>) 4 uN tts fry | te 2 F f i 1 FG 4 4 rol i b a Cramp Te fllncing CEG annbigurns S> ablab ¢ < A->aABla a\, irs B>ABbIb t “ Exampl, is Ypllowsuny CF ae-biguow A ‘ s (+4 a “KS Saas a. Ba os o35 A>SbA'SS! ba 6 aS Pe Se a SS Hi ee Extample + Ts he folloroiug CFE Cu Ged Seaasta 4 ‘ APSA | Sc Iba AN Sn mm A Xt “* ca \ a4 ie &y 5 MA yk ad a Example: 1g ' ale ® Stasis Shel Ihat Pawmar & duabipuows Gab BS A “ie j is “ dst s Was S>U!m & Maambnle U > aSiambu Frame: S708 A aaabbabbba find ple AD alas bAA For Atving ; R>b/bs}aBs Parse tree , Lye mest dovielion, —_ Aight mese dorietion ip tht G auaby . a Ps o Bs Sane eet y ge a SSS aaa BRB eee it , . saaabbB- sabia bb bbS > aaa bha BB angus N 3 assabbabB aneeeb ie A aan bbabbS os ssannbbabbba «7 aeieea ° “ paaabbabhba asd bS bhbe i £ Daan bb bbb a io 204 bba. bhbA me Ne AN i So A cy TR ai vee aeee : A of a8 ! aahabh - Etample >~ Show #hak 6 ts ambiguous 4 fond Ws Unambiguous sslate T a vs a iy aa Sdui>e Sy Stir A 4 s Tal T 7i* Ta s i= AD he [ aed Lee i FELE-F IF ?alb E ES clNe ce yo bot Fob af i b @-4) aw | Test Whether G in Aabi gous 4) SPosislisosle ots otc 1 A be é “sis SDs olol ¢ @ ew - BS s& Aas aS § oe OR Se aS|bS aa} bb abjba Lunaumbigttous Grammer Spas) xieé XD XLV E Yoaryeé Letaibl \izy & iz ek Limamebiguoed Gea ramar. Sa Sb}x X> axle Canamebipuowr Grammar Predudion E> F-€ males evalu ~ Liew fom Right do fp hiluch i not ‘lowes a e's E> E-CIF Aaats ans. Bi SehA, AP Ab bAa le eK aN, dS, kN & ahah - we. bab é Exaungle + i438 Show tat sd +tel x rd aS gtaneh Shey 2 Lett mest derivation BS E> Ere J Ewe} Cen ad? E>EtE Es Exe IAt+E > ut Exe Pcie 5a + idyid std+idxid. Grample: Shey tak G 16 dusbiguens Sa \Sa jac iech! snc AR AN gee ER a bss ee TI rt aa ad abaab abaab Explain tly tne G thak Geverala equol no g o'¢ £ MC 1K Aubiguous ' SoA) 16 pololl ATISTT A> oAasls, c Ss B> 1BBIoslo A, an o A o A ~N aN a CRN noe ee I Ms ‘ i bololl Lumplifstion I CE: A spain, Wann np fn iA oe 1 aly. “ A CEG Gun be Anupligel by clindnaling + Useloys Symbol er ” Ciieainaiti useless Sumbels: Elimination OF 1 pe yin Ppl pos tdluch are nok aii Pee a ALN «Tie AGG) ye Now gemoraling Symbel + Now reachable Symbel Non genordiling Symbols, ; ; iy pak i «gl pt ae Grams co Al Bblalls A> Aala B>bBR Here Symbol & 1 non gemnating So Kimplited grammar iA lq! Note !- Seletr alt a 3b Snel no, geutraing Note ; Finding mon, » Every Ayrbel th T is, P + Ipthew iba produdion AFL , AE (VETS £ eveg Arfmbc ind Ws qoarating then A ts genneling. Bamps ud mom geubsehing Abels in gen gramce S>ABICA , Sayin sg SB s>cA AaleG geuruliny Gprbels. Thus @ is, not gewrrating Lymbel : Bo fomplifect Gvammmar if Soca Ava C>b APA, BT BLIAB, C-paBlb. Drample; Elinunate Co Cpabb, E> ac} Ay: : 1 Pr LSr0Ae, Sb ince Sad, Cr abbI dd eal hoang 2. Pef{ssana, - Eres HES REEAED) ; b€ abl dymbele are : Feureling | Seana Mead 1 ig Aampliped 6 Non - Aeachable Symi ; A Agmbol x 1% Aeachabhe 15 ME ane Aeachack from taut Ayn C, ie op Spa Lg Contain’ a Variable X thou Xig Acachahle Note: A 6 coutains eolinek Zitwhch Abeta be demtliied by debi “iy freon tot ne tes na Fring Non Aachalle Spb: Sev be Asati boy clependeaty raph A Veiable ¥ ie Zaid te by Bthere 4 a procteselioe, S>AXxK Oe + Maw ofa dewey graph Bet all productions + Th thee th 70 path trom S toa Variable X then x ix non Aeacha ble Eeampl Ehiminate Non Aeachable Symbeh ; Pa 4 Ssang, APSb/ BEC, Csabb, Each} Sb _ Aske esac te © % Non Seacheelle Simplified 6 R={Spata, Ashlie Cabby Erample : Eliminate 70 Beachabl, Symbol 1 psf Gaba !ac, peace 64, B>bO KOE EsAL RFP 000 OO Smet bx te a “iii SO frp 6 by Oat . Ss abel ac Caa B> bec Grample : Climinati now Azachaale Aymbol : 43 af coada, A>b88, Bab, C> a8}, O39 fF pe. Cid nem Aeachable Ka A>bBE C508 ai Example: Eliminate non Zeachable Aymbol Po{ S>asS[AB, A>bA, B>AAY pu are Reachable one® . ELininahion of & productions | : A production of the fri ec, ik Called null production or & production, For a CFG G wh E predudions, Wwe Cau pnd a CAH Gr hallug no E proetychion Such that Lig) = LG) Lek The protedune tor funding Gi (equivalent 4 wwilaeuk €-piocuctions) & 2x pelbae Stop 1, Bnd nullable Uerialble S6p 2. RAdibion of Productions with nullable variables Aowoved - Step Remove € ploduddio-s - Stepl. Find rll Variebles : A Aymbol x 1 nuyllehve ih o NRE \ + XDA | abt Aymbole mh A are nullable, Frample: SABA, ApaAlE, B>bBjE ee | att ane muttbte S$ ABA is Sap Addibion og productions with nullable Venables. Aemovect fe E production Bas an oftgot, This effect murt be addled a8 prorlucliow “devs Cushing grammar before € Peductioug are Acmoved! produchious’ Gmptusaling the effect Sf E> poduclibus "paaayuaa. Udit Nulla Gravniwsr after adding Le r 6 E pred ction Symbol, “efpeh Ff, nalleste rtd Gasman WH nullable es S ise ore a oO SSE ABA . SABA?) ABIAAN © ate J eyHe S34 wai ri ABIAA Gn S>AA 8 Roe Alb ee epan soe ' as! | O Wee 588 BEE so soesie/ Mala &>¢ Sore AGE Brame: Remave € productions prom given Grauunes GABA, ASaAlE , B>bBlE* She alkaw nullable Aymbehe Addubion fretuctious SABA, o> AB, SBA, SDAA, SOAS 7B SSE 04 Ayah, Art, AvE B>be, Bob, Bre Remove & frroduclions pe SO ABA, ARI BAIAA TAL B 2° Raadla Rabe}o Reweue & production S>AB, Apatale B>beele SA,@ allae nullable Addition Of productions SPABIALBIE Aakaladla @> 86! balb Remar € froducliom gs AGING A>akAalanla > ban | bai b- Elimination ef Unik reducing A i ths fom AB we kro ak Unik Pocclibu, lere ASB are \aalables - for 6G 6 wath Unit Podacliont, we au pra CRG GI Aurg no Uru Proc Auch thak Lig) = G0 elimanate Uuik prroductou 1s based bn expansion oF sh Ouhappens - That method Work in most F OR Unk produ chious The Lichnique to Link Production Until Aho Caseg but it does not work ethene 14. Cycle Auth 0S >A AAs he, Ag Al The Atop spr eliminaling unit Poductious Stop 4: Add alll non Unit productions | G 406). Stop 2: Lndake eleny fas of Varlableg CAz, Aj) Auch thal mPa Stop2, From alh-these pairs we Cau Coustacd af chain hice AL > AeA Ap PX whew d ib a now Umit prod Cack Variehle dy to; will derive 2d, ee Brample: Eliminate Unie production ™ 8 ABA/BAIAA] ABI ALB GaP=] A>adla B>bblb Stop Ca ABA BAL AA IAB ea eal | a3 ane ae Ba bei ; * ptpe | eke eRlee Br Ay) sine oF GA) (SB) Gd ABA) BATAAL ABI AAAI BB! b P= , Asada ‘ Bs bBlb Example Eliminate Unit productions pe { Evert! T TA TREIR Fc y LS al b| La}Tb |To(r L E> EAT Stat Be T3 THF C3 bey I> 4}b|Iaj{th} Io} TL Slep2 Look afd pas (AL, Ay) he Bhi &D €) - cre) &D ten OTD E> ET) THF {CED afb} Ta) rb) roth TS telco) late} ralTb| tal rt Face)! alb] Ta} Th} ro/ 74 I sajbjrajrb{Lojii. Example | Simphagy Ane folleraing Gramunae S> Agel e mise A= aAS!a S> ASB IAG poysss | 4] ab apaniatle som < SBS! Sb! 6S bb + Eliminake & production ae a pela Elmineke Unik production «1 sellers Sy anbols Bae ae ‘ “4 S> Ase} Ae ne eae BUSA SAL Se polopjaac] aAla b>, > Example — Simplipy che following qrewuamar SSasele : A> aASia BR SbS} A} bb Solulion : Fuk Aemsve &. productions Then Atmsve Unit productions Then Femsve amuselesr Symbols Remove € pioctuclions See add us effete S—> ASR} AB dhe Zemave ADaASladla e| es ! B> SbS/Bb{ dS} 6! Al bb As ahslaala BSS) cb} bSIA] b} bb. Remove Unit Poduclou B>A => BD aASIaAl a. SD ASBIABR Gi = ADaaSlaaja Ba Shs }Cb bo |AAS}AALA | bi bb - Remove Use lore Arm bol AL SAB ae geunalog & Aeachoble Ao ae 1 Grell Ms Siamphe; — Smphpy tre fplloatep gresmmoe 2 6) Gus are 1AB S->0A0}1B)}88 * N le Sypabola Ase BSSIA Aces Crs. 4e SAo}o@| 1a 11188) 8 3 hoc Rasa cas Unik producliOug . £6 Asc. Sp Re5 BASIE Spo naess Cham Sr ore}o}181!i1} 88 A- 0F0} 00118118 R 89 00} 041671166 © ofp} 20), 1168 Cx nen Preachable Brawaple: — Smply the fellersing qrawmee 4s S+M, A>4, B>C)b Cos MSE Esa No € pro. . Hel ph. BScrGoh hse Bo) » ae a Wrfheuk= Link Pre. Qe) ce) {Sze A>a, Bb eae 638 Esa eee Baa dan! “eee Aa 3 Ab “Tn? Name + ‘gSalb Rone faa ane nen ae Aenchabe . Sa Ab - betty aaa Fample! S>ac{ Sa A > b0Ca B-> aSB!bRC C> aac} ad = eae No E/unit Production. : C3 God) Gernaty A 14 new Azachabl y coat Sad Gbac) ., Caad Aus Sat, | AabSla GACED 6 tne grueling - Sim pliby Grample > ABI RC!GACb}A A >AAB | BD! abd} C CS CAISIQ hod E ab No & pre. Unrk pO: AC, CDS S-7 AB}RClaACh!a Lah ane passive As ARG) BD} Abb! CALA B} BC |adch ja CS CA] AB RCIA ACbIA Ae ' ’ Naa = Esab E(B nou Aeachabe Normal forms for CFG oO ceeary Notmat Brun (ONE) © Grethach ” » GNe) CNE | ACEC wvtnnut 2 production jx Laid to be ty ONE 1b Nery frroduction & sf dhe ferun A-> RC , whee ARc EV Apa | AEVh aeET The Grammar Ahoubd not have uselese Symbol. Meee for CFG to CNE lonvergion 1 Eliminate, £, uml production 4 wexelose symbol frOu Gramuce 2 Every Variable deriving « Zlive % fouplh 2 01 more Shoulc (outset only Variables - Brausple A> Vi\h a Vg b V4. AP WN CQL Cama Cub 3. Every Production duiving 2 ot more taiables CASAL WI Z8 Gur be broken dew into Gace 2B Preduchloyk wh: a0 deriving 2 Bring two Variables Eran ple A> XX~-- Xn ASX/C, G9 X10n Cma—e Xn Xn Framptes Find ONE epittalende do No Ate S>aabe Asahla R>bejb Efunit pro: Urehere Aymbol $3 GAGA Sal, A>GQala 17 AG. R>Gelb etna Aug SCAG Gre 85 C8} b Geb 3th. Biamgle; Bred CNP ef cpio Grosnmoe : 4. S—> POP p> oPlé Q> aie Sclustion oe sak Prodsebior : Pac alt ae nullable S> PAP! Pal ep! PP/PIQ S > Pap |Paiaryer jo Piei ia! Fe ofp aaa Ra}! : Fomplifec Now Unik Ppoductios 22 SPP S>RQ J CNE So PG, \PalaPler|cPio\CRit 7 AP Pareg? lo Ay QQ}I Co? Brample ; Check Whether the given grammar Us in (Ne a>! S>bA law A> bAA laS|a B> aBB! bSib 4 LEW nik in ONE, find dts equiveleat cnt Solubion: ry CHE, alt productions Aubas 3 CFG bol be cithte tne suo fetus ee A Ane given grammar i not im Ne SOA \G8 Cre Ca 7e t A> CpC) | CaSi@ ms Brac! c,s}b Cy AA 788 - Bample: Resign a CNE grammar for the Rot of Sbings Ff balanced parcuthesis s7lS> srt} va a ss | a7 s fet C76 P= [eee i Sees >>? frie SCS C2 Sess Cz 3 e326 oe? >> sel Gals Broumple 5 Conyort the pollowsing Grammar +0 (NE S>Abe }aab Poy Ac Sdution:- Symbch & is non Aoachable, Se dolete 1 S-Aba |aab dok Cava Co >be Se AGla| Calac, D SAG) Cad’ 7 O1 Cola Alay a Care Cob Example : lor the pltaaig qraunmar to CNE So Cracla Soa ieee Sclubion:- Remove € production Ak ane nullable S>AACD ACD CD EE cree StS edng te i mula, Brample: Final (Ne equivalent foblersme G S>add, AwaB|bAB, Bb, SCC £9 Cab |CoCe sa ho boa CAD C2 DAB BA are Chae Example: Rut in CNE fol Coro} e4 BR Azl, ROSA, C>SIE Solution: Remove Null pro 3 Nullbe CAs abe S> 040} 00} 1B)! 1! Bg |B AC ,B3SIA, crs Remeve ‘unit pre Ko} oohien (uit S> 0A0} oli Bi! 1) BB »- S>0Sol oo sinh cg AQ ou reas Cee 1le G31 G¢,1S5 = Cin nou Aerchable 4 SAKR ae fame os, Ms! 20 q>t Eyaunple Reduce'the following qraminer into CHE - 47, G=Cishfabek {smaieiess t S$) Solubion: pf hele hat Kor Soe Ss eats geayb Pret! SSS 5? samy b on 5 Le Yass Broumple : be-tke CFG gewerali Coa foadiedes peat Well-formed pormulas oy prepositional CoLeules S-yvs{Csasl | Pit the Lumina are py 4,,0,1£9. Find the (NE grammar Zenrrating LCG) Solution Ne Sens ro yma” SahSAyAg > SPA M39 ‘eie'b 7 @> Sh. M7? $34" > Mah, Greibach Norvinal fom CONEY: _S__La“K«w A CFG G2 (4TPSD 1s Aad to be In GNE if every Production i sptne fame Asad Whee aeT aud lKIZO LEV : A ina Abing H Zoe os more Variables Ekimitaion of LeeRecursion'~ np. ep tne A Bp conten Boe CFG toGuE Production G the fm A> Ad tg Called Lobe rccursion a& the LHS Variable appears a -the fst Aymbol of RHS « Langue ual oy Left Recursive Gsamanah “> yet : Right Aeeunsive Grower Oy Pek” leaguage geucraled A>pelp Aone B>rdBla Cramps As Asal > A>bBlb oO B>aBla Aa Aalbje => Ar bielbh lee Br asa @ APAMaAl ars > AAAs] Afb, > Arig B,|AaAy D ASAI Adal ashy => A> AWK! ASA AYA, | Ags) © SrSilo = S*ojow By APB | Al, B>loBi10

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