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Linear Alg

Linear alg roadmap

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21 views

Linear Alg

Linear alg roadmap

Uploaded by

hg7qdxcsrc
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Contents

1 Vectors in Rn 9

1.1 Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

1.2 Vectors as arrows in space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

1.3 Unit coordinate vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

1.4 Vectors in Rn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

1.5 Pythagoras’ theorem, distance in Rn and the length of a vector . . . . . . . 14

2 Vector Products 19

2.1 The dot product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

2.2 The cross product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

2.3 The box product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

3 Lines and planes in R3 37

3.1 Vector equations of lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

3.2 “Fun” things to do with points and lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

3.3 Planes in R3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

3.4 Fun things to do with points, lines and planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

3
4 Systems of Linear Equations 51

4.1 Intersections of planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

4.2 Solving by Gaussian elimination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

4.3 Elementary operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

4.4 Augmented matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

4.5 Gaussian elimination - for real . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

4.6 Reading the solutions of linear systems o↵ the reduced row echelon form . . 64

4.7 A useful trick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

5 Matrices 69

5.1 Addition and scalar multiplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

5.2 Matrix multiplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

5.3 Special matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

6 The inverse of a square matrix 79

6.1 Solving linear systems using the inverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

7 Determinants 85

7.1 Motivating determinants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

7.1.1 Determinants of 2 ⇥ 2 matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

7.1.2 Determinants of 3 ⇥ 3 matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

7.1.3 Determinants of n ⇥ n matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

7.1.4 Determinants of special matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

7.2 Calculating determinants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

4
7.3 A formula for the inverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

7.4 Cramer’s rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

8 Linear transformations 105

8.1 Rotations in R2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

8.2 Reflections in R2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

8.3 Rotations in R3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

8.4 Reflections in R3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

8.5 What is a linear transformation? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

8.6 Projections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

9 Eigenvectors and eigenvalues 115

9.1 Finding eigenvectors and eigenvalues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

9.2 A first example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

9.3 A second example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

9.4 The good news and the bad news . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

9.5 Diagonalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

9.6 Interlude: Finding the nth Fibonacci number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

9.7 When is a matrix diagonalizable? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

9.8 Cayley-Hamilton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

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