Global Migration

The students are expected to:

 Analyze the political, economic, cultural, and social factors underlying

the global movements of people
 Display first-hand knowledge of the experiences of the OFW’s

Global Migration:
Definitions and Types

Migration
means crossing the boundary of a political or administrative unit for a
certain minimum period (Boyle et al. 1998).

boundary 1: Philippines
boundary 2: south korea

the movement of people from one place to another with the purpose of
changing their residence, either temporary or permanently.

Internal migration
- internal – within the country
is the movement of people from one area
such as a province, a district, or municipality to
another within one country.

BUBBLE
NCR + bubble

Gapan nueva ecija – boundary – checkpoint –

Bulacan – boundary
International migration
- outside your country
- state to state
- is the crossing the frontiers which separate one of the world’s
approximately 200 states from another.
 Many scholars argue that internal and international migration are part
of the same process; they should be analyzed together.



border crossing NOT migration – tourism/business

 The great majority of border crossings do not imply migration: most

travelers are tourists or business visitors who have no intention of
staying in the country for good.
 International migration arises in a world divided up into nation-states,
in which remaining in the country of birth is still seen as norm and
moving to another country as a deviation.
 Migration tends to be regarded as problematic. It has to be controlled
and curbed, for it may bring unpredictable changes.

- political – education – changes – adjustments -

International migrants

Temporary labor migrants

who migrate for a limited period of time in order to work and send
remittances to families in the country of origin.

Highly-skilled and business migrants

people with qualifications such as the managers, executives,
professionals, technicians, and the like, who move within the internal labor
markets of transnational corporations and international organizations.

Irregular migrants
also known as the undocumented or illegal migrants.
They enter the country in search for employment with no necessary
documents and permits.

Refugees
- those who are unable or unwilling
to return to their country because
of a ‘well-founded fear of
persecution on account of race,
 religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group or
political opinion.’ – R-RN-SP
- someone who has been recognised under the 1951 Convention
relating to the status of refugees to be a refugee.
- The definition of ‘refugee’ does not cover other individuals or
groups of people who leave their country only because of war or
other civil disturbance, famine, natural disasters or in order to seek
a better life.

Asylum seekers
- those who move across borders in
search of protection.
- -not because of persecution
- just to seek for protection

Forced
migration ( GENERAL )
- not voluntary
- refugees – asylum seekers –
all kinds of forced movements
in a broader sense, this includes
not only refugees and asylum seekers
but also people forced to move by
environmental catastrophes or
development projects like new factories, roads or dams.

Some reasons for forced migration

 Drought - A single drought can spell disaster for communities whose
lives and livelihoods rely on regular, successful harvests. In a number
of African countries where Concern works — including Somalia, Kenya,
and Ethiopia — droughts have become increasingly severe, leaving
millions of citizens without the ability to grow food. They rely on this
food to feed themselves, their livestock, and their livelihoods.

Family members
also known as family reunion or family reunification migrants.

Return migrants
those who return to their countries of origin after a period in another
country.
 CAUSES OF MIGRATION
1. Disparity in levels of income
- employment – compare salary here and in other countries
- greener pasture

2. Employment
- lack of jobs
- 5 vacancy – 100 applicants – 95 of you – O

3. Social well-being
- social issues

4. Differences in demographic patterns with regard to fertility,

mortality, age-structure, and labor-force growth
- global demography
- working group > dependents
- dependents > working group
- fertility rate >

 According to neo-classical economic theory, the main cause of

migration is individual’s efforts to maximize their income by
moving from low-wage to high-wage economies.
 Migration decisions are made not just by individuals- they often
represent family strategies to maximize income and survival chances.

Two Factors of Migration:

1. Push Factor
- any human or nature factors that encourage or force people to leave
a settlement or residence.
a. Social push factor
b. Political push factor
c. Economic push factor
d. Environmental push factor

problem = push you out of the country

2. Pull Factor
 any human or nature factors that attract people to live in a new
residential area or location
a. Social pull factor
b. Political pull factor
c. Economic pull factor
d. Environmental pull factor
 your residence gives you enough - attractive offer outside that pulls
you to it
 The Volume of Contemporary Migration
 The United Nations figures show that the global migrant stock (the
number of people resident in a place outside their country of birth)
grew from 75 million in 1965 to 120 million in 1990.
 The 1990 figure was roughly equal to 2% of the world’s population.
 The number of migrants grew slightly faster than world population as a
whole, but the annual growth rate of 1.9% for the whole period
increasing to 2.6% from 1985-1990 was not dramatic.
 International migrants remain a fairly small minority. Internal
migration, conversely, is much larger,
 For instance the number of internal migrants in India in 1981 was some
200 million, more than double the number of international migrants in
the whole world at that time.
 The significance of migration as a major factor in societal change lies
in the fact that it is concentrated in certain countries and regions.
 Migration affects certain areas within both the sending and the
receiving countries more than others.
 Migration needs to take place in an orderly way to safeguard the
human rights of migrants.
 Labor Code – POEA/ DOLE - LAWS to protect migrants