Introduction to

Ontological Engineering
Asunción Gómez-Pérez ([email protected])
Credits to:
Mari Carmen Suárez -Figueroa ([email protected])
Boris Villazón-Terrazas ([email protected])
Elena Montiel ([email protected])
Guadalupe Aguado ([email protected])
Mauricio Espinoza ([email protected])
Work distributed under the license Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0
Ontological Engineering 1 © A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza
 Index
 Introduction
 NeOn Methodology
 Scenarios in Ontology Building
 Guidelines for Ontology Specification
 Quick Search of Existing Knowledge Resources
 Ontology development project Planning
 Non-Ontological Resource Reuse and Re-engineering
 Ontology Reuse
 Creating the Ontology Model
 Localizing the Ontology
 Conclusions

Ontological Engineering 2 © A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza
 Motivation

Merging Ontological
Resources Ontological Localizing
Ontologica
Resources l
Resource Reuse
al
tologic
Non-On e Reuse
c
Resour

Reusing Ontology
Design Patterns

…..
l
t olo gica e
On urce
R
Reso ering
ine
-eng
Non-O
nto
Restructuring Resou logical
rce Re
Ontological -engine
ering
Resources

Ontological Engineering 3 © A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza
 Motivation

Classical
In our team, we want to build an OWL ontology in
the pharmaceutical domain, but we want to use
several pharmaceutical standards in XML and
classification schemes in our own format.

Non Ontological
Resource Reuse

Non Ontological
Resource
Reengineering

Ontological Engineering 4 © A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza
 Motivation
Ontology
Mappings

In our team, we want to build an ontology about the

Classical
human resources management domain. The
ontology should include information about
occupations and activity sectors, data must be kept
in the original DBs, and we want to have the
ontology in several natural languages.

Ontology-DB
mapping Ontological
Resource Reuse

Re-engineering
Non-ontological Localizing Ontological
resources Resources

Ontological Engineering 5 © A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza
 Building ontologies in the 90s

Methodologies for building single ontologies

• Uschold and King’s method
• Grüninger and Fox’s methodology
• KACTUS approach
• METHONTOLOGY
• SENSUS method
• On-To-Knowledge
• DILIGENT
Ontology learning approaches for building ontologies from
structured, semi-structured and non-structured data
• Are not integrated with current methodologies
• Mainly from non-structured data using NLP techniques

Ontological Engineering 6 © A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza
 Current situation
• Reuse of knowledge-aware resources
• Ontologies are built collaboratively
• Ontologies are connected in ontology
networks
• Multilingual features

Ontology
Development
Process

Ontological Engineering 7 © A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza
 Knowledge Resources
NeOn Scenarios
Non Ontological Resources Ontological Resources

Glossaries Dictionaries Lexicons O. Design Patterns O. Repositories and Registries

3 4
Flogic
5 6
Classification
Taxonomies Thesauri RDF(S)
Schemas Ontological Resource
2 OWL
Reuse

2 5 6
Non Ontological Resource Ontology Design 4 O. Aligning
Reuse Pattern Reuse 3
6 O. Merging

2 Ontological Resource
7 Reengineering
5 Alignments
Non Ontological Resource
Reengineering 4 6

1
RDF(S)
O. Specification Scheduling O. Conceptualization O. Formalization O. Implementation
Flogic
8
9 Ontology Restructuring
(Pruning, Extension,
O. Localization Specialization, Modularization) OWL

1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, 9
8Ontology Support Activities: Knowledge Acquisition (Elicitation); Documentation;
OntologicalConfiguration
Engineering Management; Evaluation
8 (V&V); Assessment
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza
 NeOn Methodology

Process and activities covered: All processes and activities are described with:
 Ontology Specification  A filling card
 Scheduling  A workflow
 Non-Ontological Resource Reuse  Examples
 Non-Ontological Resource Re-engineering
 Reuse General Ontologies
 Reuse Domain Ontologies
 Reuse Ontology Statements
 Reuse Ontology Design Patterns

Ontological Engineering 9 © A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza
 Looking for an European Employment
o
EURES
p ESES
(Int) n
ES ES
m
q
ES  ES

l
Catalonia

r ESES
(Es)
ES

i
Lombard ES
ES (It)

a h
ES ES

LEGENDA
b
ES

g
Private
ES ES
(Int) 
ES Employment Service c f
ES ES
Job Seeker’s Candidacy d e
Wallonia
ES ESES
(Be)
Employer Job Vacancy
Ontological Engineering 10 © A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza
 Helping Job Seekers on their way
Local
o
EURES Matching
p ESES
(Int) n
algorithm
ES ES
m Local
Matching
q ES algorithm
ES
l
Catalonia
r ESES
(Es)
ES

i
Lombard ES
ES (It)

a h
ES ES
LEGENDA
Local
Matching
Requester ES b g
Private algorithm
ES ES ES
(Int)
Responding ES Local
Matching
ES not involved c f
algorithm
ES ES
d e
Wallonia
Job Seeker’s Candidacy ESES
(Be)
ES
Employer Job Vacancy
Ontological Engineering 11 © A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza
 Key issues

• Reuse of proprietary knowledge-aware

resources
• Heterogeneity
– Terms are in different languages
– Different conceptualization (different ways of
organizing job categories)
– Different DB schemas
• Data must be kept in the original sources
and in their own language.

Ontological Engineering 12 © A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza
 Key aspects of Ontological Engineering
• Ontologies
– Single versus network of ontologies?
– Are ontologies built from scratch or reusing knowledge-aware
resources?
– Are mappings used for solving conceptual mistmaches?
• Instances
– Where are the data/instances?
• Instances are in the ontology
• Instances are in RDF files independently of the ontology
• Data are kept in the original sources
– Are instances distributed or centralized?
– Have instances a very high rate of changes?
– Heterogeneous provenance of instances
– Degrees of data quality
– Permissions

Ontological Engineering 13 © A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza
 Centralized network of Federated network of ontologies
ontologies where data are where data are distributed
distributed
Ms Ms

Ms
Ms Ms
Ms

Ms
Ms Ms
Ms
Ms

Ms

Ms
Ms Ms

1. Build a reference ontology for the domain

1. Build a reference ontology 2. Build local ontologies
3. Build mappings between the core and local ontologies
2. Build mappings between the 4. Build mappings between the local ontologies and the data
reference ontology and the data sources sources

Ontological Engineering 14 © A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza
 Knowledge Resources
NeOn Methodology
Non Ontological Resources Ontological Resources

Glossaries Dictionaries Lexicons O. Design Patterns O. Repositories and Registries

3 4
Flogic
5 6
Classification
Taxonomies Thesauri RDF(S)
Schemas Ontological Resource
2 OWL
Reuse

2 5 6
Non Ontological Resource Ontology Design 4 O. Aligning
Reuse Pattern Reuse 3
6 O. Merging

2 Ontological Resource
7 Reengineering
5 Alignments
Non Ontological Resource
Reengineering 4 6

1
RDF(S)
O. Specification Scheduling O. Conceptualization O. Formalization O. Implementation
Flogic
8
9 Ontology Restructuring
O. Localization (Pruning, Extension,
Specialization, Modularization) OWL

1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, 9
15
Ontology Support Activities: Knowledge Acquisition (Elicitation); Documentation;
OntologicalConfiguration
Engineering Management; Evaluation
15 (V&V); Assessment
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza
 Ontology Requirement
Specification Document
Ontology Requirements Specification Document Template
1 P u r p o s e

“Software developers and ontology practitioners should include in this slot the purpose of the ontology”

2 S c o p e

“Software developers and ontology practitioners should include in this slot the scope of the ontology”

3 L e v e l o f F o r m a l i t y
“Software developers and ontology practitioners should include in this slot the level of formality of the ontology”
4 I n t e n d e d U s e r s

“Software developers and ontology practitioners should include in this slot the intended users of the ontology”
5 I n t e n d e d U s e s

“Software developers and ontology practitioners should include in this slot the intended uses of the ontology”

6 G r o u p s o f C o m p e t e n c y Q u e s t i o n s
“Software developers and ontology practitioners should include in this slot the groups of competency questions and their answers,
i n c l u d i n g p r i o r i t i e s f o r e a c h g r o u p ”
7 P r e - G l o s s a r y o f T e r m s
T e r m s

“Software developers and ontology practitioners should include in this slot the list of terms included in the CQs and their frequencies”
O b j e c t s

“Software developers and ontology practitioners should include in this slot a list of objects and their frequencies”

Ontological Engineering 16 © A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza
 Ontology Specification
1
Purpose

The purpose of building the Reference Ontology is to provide

a consensual knowledge model of the employment domain
that could be used by public e-Employment services (PES).
2
Scope

The ontology has to focus just on the ICT (Information and

Communication Technology) domain.
The level of granularity is directly related to the competency
questions and terms identified.
4
3
Intended Users
Level of Formality

1. Candidate who is unemployed and searching for a job or

The ontology
searching has tooccupation
another be implemented in WSML
for immediate orlanguage
future purposes
2. Employer who needs more human resources.
3. Public or private employment search service which offers
services to gather CVs or job postings and to prepare some
5 and statistics.
data
Intended
4. National and Uses
Local Governments which want to analyze the
situation on the employment market in their countries and
prepare documents on employment, social and educational
policy.1. Publish CV. Job seeker places his/her CV on the PES
5. European
Portal.Commission and the governments of EU countries
which2.want to analyze
Publish theAn
Job Offer. statistics andplaces
Employer prepare international
a Job Offer on
agreements and documents
the PES Portal. on the employment, social and
educational policy.
3. Search for Job Offers. The Employer looks for
candidates for the Job Offer through PES Portal.
4. Search for Employment information. Job Seeker looks
for of general information about employment in a given
location at the PES Portal.
Ontological Engineering 17 5. Provide
© A. Gómez Job
Pérez, Statistics.
M.C. Suarez deThe PES Portal
Figueroa, provides
B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza
employment statistics to the Job Seeker and Employer.
 Ontology Specification:
Identify requirements using competency questions

Ontological Engineering 18 © A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza
 Ontology Specification: Group requirements.

Ontological Engineering 19 © A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza
 Ontology Specification.
The Ontology Requirement Specification
Document

Ontological Engineering 20 © A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza
 Knowledge Resources
NeOn Methodology
Non Ontological Resources Ontological Resources

Glossaries Dictionaries Lexicons O. Design Patterns O. Repositories and Registries

3 4
Flogic
5 6
Classification
Taxonomies Thesauri RDF(S)
Schemas Ontological Resource
2 OWL
Reuse

2 5 6
Non Ontological Resource Ontology Design 4 O. Aligning
Reuse Pattern Reuse 3
6 O. Merging

2 Ontological Resource
7 Reengineering
5 Alignments
Non Ontological Resource
Reengineering 4 6

1
RDF(S)
O. Specification Scheduling O. Conceptualization O. Formalization O. Implementation
Flogic
8
9 Ontology Restructuring
O. Localization (Pruning, Extension,
Specialization, Modularization) OWL

1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, 9
21
Ontology Support Activities: Knowledge Acquisition (Elicitation); Documentation;
OntologicalConfiguration
Engineering Management; Evaluation
21 (V&V); Assessment
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza
 Searching Resources
• Use the terminology from the ORSD

• Find resources covering the terminology

Knowledge Resources

Non Ontological Resources Ontological Resources

Glossaries Dictionaries Lexicons O. Design Patterns O. Repositories and Registries

Flogic
Classification
Taxonomies Thesauri RDF(S)
Schemas
OWL
2

• Where:
- Internet
- Standardization bodies (ISO,…)
- Intranet of the organization
- Ontology Registries
Ontological Engineering 22 © A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza
Catalog/ID Glossary Thesaurus Informal is-a Informal is-a

Thesaurus

Catalog/ID
Implicit knowledge
coded in numbers

XX-YY-ZZ
02-01-02
02: transportation
01: road
02: 3-lines highway

Ontological Engineering 23 © A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza
 ISO 4217 (currencies) ISO 3166 (countries)

© A Method for Reusing

and Re-engineering
Ontological Engineering 24 © A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza
Non-Ontological
Resources for Building
 Knowledge Resources
NeOn Methodology
Non Ontological Resources Ontological Resources

Glossaries Dictionaries Lexicons O. Design Patterns O. Repositories and Registries

3 4
Flogic
5 6
Classification
Taxonomies Thesauri RDF(S)
Schemas Ontological Resource
2 OWL
Reuse

2 5 6
Non Ontological Resource Ontology Design 4 O. Aligning
Reuse Pattern Reuse 3
6 O. Merging

2 Ontological Resource
7 Reengineering
5 Alignments
Non Ontological Resource
Reengineering 4 6

1
RDF(S)
O. Specification Scheduling O. Conceptualization O. Formalization O. Implementation
Flogic
8
9 Ontology Restructuring
O. Localization (Pruning, Extension,
Specialization, Modularization) OWL

1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, 9
25
Ontology Support Activities: Knowledge Acquisition (Elicitation); Documentation;
OntologicalConfiguration
Engineering Management; Evaluation
25 (V&V); Assessment
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza
 Selection of Ontologies

• Search ontologies
• Compare ontologies in the same domain
using a set of criteria
• Assess if the ontologies cover the set of
competency questions
• Select the best ontology based on
– Coverage of the domain
– Expressivity of the Implementation language

Ontological Engineering 26 © A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza
 Searching Ontologies in Watson
Ontology Requirement
Specification Document

The NeOn methodology includes

guideliness for reusing statements

Ontological Engineering 27 © A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza
 Knowledge Resources
NeOn Methodology
Non Ontological Resources Ontological Resources

Glossaries Dictionaries Lexicons O. Design Patterns O. Repositories and Registries

3 4
Flogic
5 6
Classification
Taxonomies Thesauri RDF(S)
Schemas Ontological Resource
2 OWL
Reuse

2 5 6
Non Ontological Resource Ontology Design 4 O. Aligning
Reuse Pattern Reuse 3
6 O. Merging

2 Ontological Resource
7 Reengineering
5 Alignments
Non Ontological Resource
Reengineering 4 6

1
RDF(S)
O. Specification Scheduling O. Conceptualization O. Formalization O. Implementation
Flogic
8
9 Ontology Restructuring
(Pruning, Extension,
O. Localization Specialization, Modularization) OWL

1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, 9
28
Ontology Support Activities: Knowledge Acquisition (Elicitation); Documentation;
OntologicalConfiguration
Engineering Management; Evaluation
28 (V&V); Assessment
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza
Gantt chart for your project. Waterfall model

Ontological Engineering 29 © A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza
 Reuse and Re-engineering + Incremental

Slide 30
Ontological Engineering 30 © A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza
 Motivation

I want to transform my
adjacency list-based
classification into an
ontology

Ontological Engineering 31 © A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza
 Types of non-ontological resources

Non-Ontological
Resources are
knowledge-aware
resources whose
semantics have not
been formalized yet
by means of an
ontology

Ontological Engineering 32 © A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza
 Types of non-ontological resources

Ontological Engineering 33 © A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza
 Approaches to transform
resources into ontologies

ABox

TBox

Population

Ontological Engineering 34 © A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza
 Approach for Re-engineering Non-Ontological
Resources

Ontological Engineering 35 © A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza
 Technological support
PR-NOR library at the ODP Portal

NOR2O: a Library for Transforming

Non-Ontological Resources to Ontologies
http://mccarthy.dia.fi.upm.es/nor2o/
Ontological Engineering 36 © A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza
 Pattern based approach for re-engineering
non ontological resources
ISCO-88 (COM)

International Standard Classification

of Occupations

(for European Union purposes)

FOET

Classification of fields of
education and training

Pattern for re-engineering a

NACE
classification scheme modelled

Statistical Classification of
with a Path Enumeration Data Model

Economic Activities in the

European Community

ISO 3166
Pattern for re-engineering a

English country names

classification scheme modelled

and code elements

with a Snowflake Data Model

ISTAT

Italian Geography

Standard
Pattern for re-engineering a

classification scheme modelled

with an Adjacency List Data Model

Ontological Engineering 37 © A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza
 Knowledge Resource Re-engineering and
Aggregation

…. ISO 3166-1 (XML) Regions Table

<ISO_3166-1_Entry>
(Eures Oracle DB)
<ISO_3166-1_Country_name>SPAIN</ISO_3166-1_Country_name>
<ISO_3166-1_Alpha-2_Code_element>ES</
ISO_3166-1_Alpha-2_Code_element>
</ISO_3166-1_Entry>
…

Excerpt of the Location

Geography Ontology
Ontology model subClass-Of

Country has region Region

Spain Cataluña
Canarias
Ontology instances
Galicia
Ontological Engineering 38 © A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza
Andalucía
 NeOn Scenarios
Knowledge Resources

Non Ontological Resources Ontological Resources

3 4
Glossaries Dictionaries Lexicons O. Design Patterns O. Repositories and Registries
5 6
Flogic
Classification
Taxonomies Thesauri RDF(S)
Schemas
OWL Ontological Resource
2 Reuse

5 6
2
Ontology Design 4 O. Aligning
Non Ontological Resource Pattern Reuse
Reuse 3
6 O. Merging

2 Ontological Resource
7 Reengineering 5 Alignments
Non Ontological Resource
Reengineering 4 6
1
RDF(S)
O. Specification O. Conceptualization O. Formalization O. Implementation
Flogic

8
9 Ontology Restructuring
(Pruning, Extension,
O. Localization OWL
Specialization, Modularization)

1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, 9
Ontology Support Activities: Knowledge Acquisition (Elicitation); Documentation;
Configuration Management; Evaluation (V&V); Assessment
Ontological Engineering 39 © A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza
 Ontological Resource Reuse Process
Reuse Common Ontologies

Reuse Domain Ontologies

Reuse ODPs by naive users

Reuse Ontology Statements

Ontological Engineering 40 © A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza
Slide 40
 Knowledge Resources
NeOn Methodology
Non Ontological Resources Ontological Resources

Glossaries Dictionaries Lexicons O. Design Patterns O. Repositories and Registries

3 4
Flogic
5 6
Classification
Taxonomies Thesauri RDF(S)
Schemas Ontological Resource
2 OWL
Reuse

2 5 6
Non Ontological Resource Ontology Design 4 O. Aligning
Reuse Pattern Reuse 3
6 O. Merging

2 Ontological Resource
7 Reengineering
5 Alignments
Non Ontological Resource
Reengineering 4 6

1
RDF(S)
O. Specification Scheduling O. Conceptualization O. Formalization O. Implementation
Flogic
8
9 Ontology Restructuring
(Pruning, Extension,
O. Localization Specialization, Modularization) OWL

1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, 9
41
Ontology Support Activities: Knowledge Acquisition (Elicitation); Documentation;
OntologicalConfiguration
Engineering Management; Evaluation
41 (V&V); Assessment
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza
 Conceptualization:
Modular approach for ontology construction

Reusability Usability

- +
Application
Domain O. : Job Seeker, Job Offer

Domain O.: Economic Activity, Occupation, Education, Skill, Driving

License, Compensation, Labour Regulatory, Competence

General/Common Ontologies: Time, Geography, Language

+ Representation Ontology: WSML -

Ontological Engineering 42 © A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza
 Reference Ontology ISCO-88 COM
EURES CEF
ONET
ISO 6392
EURES

Language
Skill
Ontology
Ontology Occupation
Ontology
EURES
LE FOREM + BLL + EURES
has c ISO 3166
on
is ass tract type
ociate /
d to subClass-Of
has w
ork c
ondit
ion /
is as
Labour has socia
co n t ted to Geography
Regulatory r a ct ty
pe / ith Ontology
Ontology is as dw
soci
ated so ciate
has
w o rk with is as o f
d in / ion / tion
is as cond ate l o ca t s na
soci
ated i ti o n is loc has m/i
with / with l i ty fro DAML Time
oc iated natio
n a f
is ass has en ce o Ontology
/ / is resid
mpetence Job Offer es in
requires co w ith
Job Seeker resid
is associate
d Ontology a lary / Ontology
has s
Competence d to has date of birth
ociate
Ontology is ass / is date of birth of

Time
Ontology
ISO 4217
date /
has begin
a te of

ated tor /
is begin d

with
has

c
FOET
is as

is as tivity se
subClass-Of
activ ted with

ISCED97
soci

Compensation soci
ity s

ac

ated tor /
a

Ontology

with
has
ecto

c
European Legislation is as tivity se
r/

soci Education
Ontology
ac

Driving Ad hoc wrapper

has

License Economic
Ontology External Sources
Activity
Ontology NACE Rev. 1.1

Ontological Engineering 43 © A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza
 Details of the ontology
has education / requires education /
is education of Education is associated with
has competence / requires competence /
is competence of Competence is associated with
has mother language /

has work condition /

Language
is mother tongue of

is associated to
has work condition /
Work Condition is associated with

has contract type /

has compensation / is associated to
speaks /
is spoken by Contract Type
has contract type /
is associated with
has compensation /
is associated with
has nationality from / Compensation has location /
Job Seeker Organization
is nation of is location of

is associated with / is associated to

has candidacy/ resides in / has job vacancy/
belongs to is residence of Country belongs to

has work experience /

Candidacy Job Vacancy
belongs to
Location

has location
is located in /
has objective / has activity sector / is associated with has vacancy/
has job category / belongs to is associated with belongs to
Offered Work Requested
is associated with Experience Sector Work Experience

Objective is associated with / Vacancy

has activity sector / requires work experience
is associated with
has activity sector /
subClass-Of is associated with subClass-Of
has activity sector /
is associated with
has job category Computing has job category/ ICT
ICT Objective
is associated with Professionals is associated with Vacancy
has job category / subClass-Of has job category/
is associated with
is associated with
Occupation
has job category /
is associated with
Ontological Engineering 44 © A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza
 Knowledge Resources
NeOn Methodology
Non Ontological Resources Ontological Resources

Glossaries Dictionaries Lexicons O. Design Patterns O. Repositories and Registries

3 4
Flogic
5 6
Classification
Taxonomies Thesauri RDF(S)
Schemas Ontological Resource
2 OWL
Reuse

2 5 6
Non Ontological Resource Ontology Design 4 O. Aligning
Reuse Pattern Reuse 3
6 O. Merging

2 Ontological Resource
7 Reengineering
5 Alignments
Non Ontological Resource
Reengineering 4 6

1
RDF(S)
O. Specification Scheduling O. Conceptualization O. Formalization O. Implementation
Flogic
8
9 Ontology Restructuring
(Pruning, Extension,
O. Localization Specialization, Modularization) OWL

1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, 9
45
Ontology Support Activities: Knowledge Acquisition (Elicitation); Documentation;
OntologicalConfiguration
Engineering Management; Evaluation
45 (V&V); Assessment
© A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza
 Ontology Localization

Ontological Engineering 46 © A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza
 LabelTranslator NeOn plugin

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Ontological Engineering 47 © A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza
 Conclusions

1. The NeOn methodology gives

1. detailed guidelines for building ontologies
2. facilitates the reuse and reengineering of non ontological
resources into ontologies

2. The reuse of non-ontological resources that

have been reached some degree of
consensus in a community allows the
development of ontologies easier and quicker

Ontological Engineering 48 © A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza
 Handbook on the NeOn Methodology

http://www.neon-project.org/nw/NeOn_Book
Ontological Engineering 49
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A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza
 22 Executive Chapter Summaries are available at the NeOn Web Site

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A. Gómez Pérez, M.C. Suarez de Figueroa, B. Villazón, E.Montiel, G. Aguado, M. Espinoza