MODULE 05

SYSTEMS OF LINEAR ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS

- PART 1
PREPARED BY: JOHN VINCENT G. TONGOL, RCE
Transformation of Systems of Equations to Matrix Form
𝑨𝒙 = 𝑩

 𝑨 is a matrix of the coefficients of the unknown variable

- which is always a square matrix,
 𝒙 is the column vector of the unknown variables, and
 𝑩 is the column vector of the constants on the right side
Transformation of Systems of Equations to Matrix Form
Example 1: Example 2:
Convert the given system of Convert the given system of
equations into matrix form. equations into matrix form.
𝟐𝒂 + 𝟕𝒃 = 𝟔 𝟐𝒂 + 𝟑𝒃 − 𝒄 = 𝟗
𝟑𝒂 − 𝟓𝒃 = −𝟖 𝒂 − 𝟐𝒃 + 𝟑𝒄 = −𝟔
Solution: 𝟑𝒂 + 𝒃 − 𝟐𝒄 = 𝟏𝟏
𝟐 𝟕 𝒂 𝟔 Solution:
=
𝟑 −𝟓 𝒃 −𝟖 𝟐 𝟑 −𝟏 𝒂 𝟗
𝟏 −𝟐 𝟑 𝒃 = −𝟔
𝟑 𝟏 −𝟐 𝒄 𝟏𝟏
Transformation of Systems of Equations to Matrix Form
Example 3: 𝒂 + 𝟐𝒃 − 𝟑𝒄 = −𝟏𝟐
Convert the given system of 𝟒𝒂 + 𝟎𝒃 + 𝒄 = 𝟕
equations into matrix form. 𝟐𝒂 + 𝟐𝒃 + 𝟎𝒄 = −𝟐
𝒂 + 𝟐𝒃 − 𝟑𝒄 = −𝟏𝟐 From here, the system of linear
𝟒𝒂 + 𝒄 = 𝟕 algebraic equations can now be
𝟐𝒂 + 𝟐𝒃 = −𝟐 transformed into matrix form.
Solution: 𝑨 𝒙 = [𝑩]
Transform all the equations into 𝟏 𝟐 −𝟑 𝒂 −𝟏𝟐
standard form by completing all 𝟒 𝟎 𝟏 𝒃 = 𝟕
terms with 𝟎 coefficients. 𝟐 𝟐 𝟎 𝒄 −𝟐
SIMPLE ELIMINATION METHOD

CRAMER’S RULE
SIMPLE ELIMINATION METHOD
 SIMPLE ELIMINATION METHOD
 Elimination methods solve a system of linear algebraic equations by solving one equation,
say the first equation, for one of the unknowns, say 𝒙𝟏 , in terms of the remaining
unknowns, 𝒙𝟐 to 𝒙𝒏 , then substituting the expression for 𝒙𝟏 into the remaining 𝒏 − 𝟏
equations to determine 𝒏 − 𝟏 equations involving 𝒙𝟐 to 𝒙𝒏 . This procedure is performed
𝒏 − 𝟏 times until the last step yields an equation involving only 𝒙𝒏 .

 The process indicated above is called elimination.

 The value of 𝒙𝒏 can be calculated from the final equation in the elimination procedure.
Then 𝒙𝒏−𝟏 can be calculated from modified equation 𝒏 − 𝟏, which contains only 𝒙𝒏 , and
𝒙𝒏−𝟏 . Then 𝒙𝒏−𝟐 can be calculated from modified equation 𝒏 − 𝟐, which contains only
𝒙𝒏 , 𝒙𝒏−𝟏 , and 𝒙𝒏−𝟐 . This procedure is performed 𝒏 − 𝟏 times to calculate 𝒙𝒏−𝟏 to 𝒙𝟏 .

 This process is called back substitution.

 SIMPLE ELIMINATION METHOD
Example 1:
Solve the system of linear algebraic equations
below using simple elimination method.
𝟐𝒙𝟏 − 𝟓𝒙𝟐 = −𝟒
𝟑𝒙𝟏 + 𝟕𝒙𝟐 = 𝟐𝟑
 SIMPLE ELIMINATION METHOD
Example 2:
Solve the system of linear algebraic equations
below using simple elimination method.
𝟐𝒙𝟏 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟑 = −𝟔 (1)
𝒙𝟏 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝟑 = −𝟔 (2)
𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙𝟑 = −𝟔 (3)
 SIMPLE ELIMINATION METHOD
Example 2:
Solve the system of linear algebraic equations
below using simple elimination method.
𝟐𝒙𝟏 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟑 = −𝟔 (1)
𝒙𝟏 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝟑 = −𝟔 (2)
𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙𝟑 = −𝟔 (3)
CRAMER’S RULE
 CRAMER’S RULE (𝟐 × 𝟐)
Solving Systems of 2 equations with 2 unknowns
𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒙𝟏 + 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒃𝟏
𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒙𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒃𝟐
Process:
Convert to matrix form
𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒙𝟏 𝒃𝟏
𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝟐 =
𝒃𝟐
Solve the determinant of 𝑨 (diagonal method)
𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐
𝑨 = 𝒂 = 𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 − 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟏
𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐
Create new matrices 𝑨𝟏 and 𝑨𝟐
𝒃 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂 𝒃𝟏
𝑨𝟏 = 𝟏 𝑨𝟐 = 𝟏𝟏
𝒃𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒃𝟐
Determine the determinant of the new matrices
𝑨𝟏 and 𝑨𝟐
Solve the values of 𝒙𝟏 and 𝒙𝟐
𝑨 𝑨
𝒙𝟏 = 𝟏 and 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟐
𝑨 𝑨
 CRAMER’s RULE (𝟐 × 𝟐)
Example 1:
Solve the system of linear algebraic equations
below using Cramer’s Rule.
𝟐𝒙𝟏 − 𝟓𝒙𝟐 = −𝟒
𝟑𝒙𝟏 + 𝟕𝒙𝟐 = 𝟐𝟑
 CRAMER’s RULE (𝟐 × 𝟐)
Example 2:
Knowing that 𝜹 is the axial deformation or displacement of a certain node or endpoint
of a truss element, 𝑷 is the axial force acting at the nodes of the element, 𝑳 is the length
of the truss element, 𝑬 is the modulus of elasticity of the material, and 𝑨 is the cross-
sectional area of the element, the relationship between the axial force and axial
deformation of the nodes of the truss element is expressed as:
𝑷𝑳 𝑬𝑨
𝜹= → 𝑷= 𝜹
𝑨𝑬 𝑳
The term that is multiplied by the deformation to get the force is the axial stiffness, 𝒌:
𝑬𝑨
𝒌=
𝑳
Consider a horizontal truss element, with length of 𝟐. 𝟓 𝒎 and a cross-sectional area of
𝟐𝟎𝟎. 𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝟐 . Its leftmost end is labeled as node 1, while the other end is labeled as
node 2. Axial forces, 𝑷𝟏 = 𝟑𝟐 𝑵 and 𝑷𝟐 = −𝟑𝟐 𝑵, applied on each node of the
element. After applying these forces, nodes 1 and 2 of the truss element were displaced
at certain distances 𝜹𝟏 and 𝜹𝟐 , respectively.
 CRAMER’s RULE (𝟐 × 𝟐)
Example 2:
Based on the idea of axial stiffness, the nodal forces acting on the truss, written as a
force vector, 𝑷, with size 𝟐 × 𝟏 on the right, may be obtained by multiplying the 𝟐 × 𝟐
stiffness matrix, 𝑲, with the 𝟐 × 𝟏 displacement vector, 𝜹, on the left.
𝒌 −𝒌 𝜹𝟏 𝑷𝟏
=
−𝒌 𝒌 𝜹𝟐 𝑷𝟐
𝑲 𝜹 𝑷
To obtain the values of the displacements of nodes 1 & 2, two new matrices are to be
formed.
𝑷𝟏 −𝒌 𝒌 𝑷𝟏
𝑲𝟏 = 𝑲𝟐 =
𝑷𝟐 𝒌 −𝒌 𝑷𝟐
The determinants of square matrices 𝑲, 𝑲𝟏 , and 𝑲𝟐 must be obtained. (a) The
displacement of node 1 (in millimeters) is obtained by getting the ratio of the
determinants of 𝑲𝟏 over 𝑲. (b) The displacement of node 2 (in millimeters) is obtained
by getting the ratio of the determinants of 𝑲𝟐 over 𝑲. Use the modulus of elasticity
𝑬 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝑮𝑷𝒂.
 CRAMER’s RULE (𝟐 × 𝟐)
Example 2: (solution)
 CRAMER’S RULE (𝟑 × 𝟑)
Solving Systems of 3 equations with 3 unknowns
𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒙𝟏 + 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝟏𝟑 𝒙𝟑 = 𝒃𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟑
𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒙𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐𝟑 𝒙𝟑 = 𝒃𝟐 𝑨𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒃𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑
𝒂𝟑𝟏 𝒙𝟏 + 𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝟑𝟑 𝒙𝟑 = 𝒃𝟑 𝒂𝟑𝟏 𝒃𝟑 𝒂𝟑𝟑
𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒃𝟏
Process: 𝑨𝟑 = 𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒃𝟐
Convert to matrix form 𝒂𝟑𝟏 𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒃𝟑
𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑 𝒙𝟏 𝒃𝟏
𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒃𝟐 Determine the determinant of the new matrices.
𝒂𝟑𝟏 𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒂𝟑𝟑 𝒙𝟑 𝒃𝟑 You can use Diagonal Method or Cofactor Method
Solve the determinant of 𝑨 (diagonal method) 𝑨𝟏 𝑨𝟐 𝑨𝟑
Create new matrices 𝑨𝟏 , 𝑨𝟐 , and 𝑨𝟑
Solve the values of 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 , and 𝒙𝟑
𝒃𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑
𝑨𝟏 = 𝒃𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑
𝑨𝟏 𝑨𝟐 𝑨𝟑
𝒙𝟏 = 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒙𝟑 =
𝒃𝟑 𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒂𝟑𝟑 𝑨 𝑨 𝑨
 CRAMER’s RULE (𝟑 × 𝟑)
Example 1:
Solve the system of linear algebraic equations
below using Cramer’s Rule.
𝟐𝒙𝟏 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟑 = −𝟔 (1)
𝒙𝟏 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝟑 = −𝟔 (2)
𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙𝟑 = −𝟔 (3)
 CRAMER’s RULE (𝟑 × 𝟑)
Example 2:
Solve the system of linear algebraic equations
below using Cramer’s Rule.
𝟐𝒙𝟏 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝟑 = 𝟑
𝟑𝒙𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝟑 = −𝟏
𝒙𝟏 + 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝟑 = −𝟐
 CRAMER’s RULE (𝟑 × 𝟑)
Example 3:
Solve the system of linear algebraic equations
below using Cramer’s Rule.
𝟓𝒙𝟏 − 𝟒𝒙𝟑 = 𝟏
𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝟑 = −𝟏
𝟓𝒙𝟏 + 𝟖𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝟑 = −𝟐
THANK YOU!