Diagram: A&B - Lower Jaws C&D- Upper Jaws S_ - Screw M - Main Scale V_- Vernier Scale. N_ - Strip oO - Object 08 10} ZE=0 ZE=+(5X LC) ZE = -(5X LC) Observation: Value of | MSD = 00.2... cm Total number of VSD = ........... c= —WalueofaMsD : “TotalnumberofVSD -Experiment No, 1 Date VERNIER CALLIPERS Aim: 1) To measure diameter of a small spherical / cylindrical body, ii) To measure the dimensions of 4 given regular body of known mass and hence to determine its density and it) To measure the internal diameter and depth of a given cylindrical object like beaker glass / calorimeter and hence to calculate its volume using vernier callipers. Apparatus: Vernier Calipers, Spherical body, rectangular block of known mass and cylindrical object like a beaker / glass / calorimeter. Principle : The magnitude of ‘n’ vernier scale di visions is equal to the magnitude of(n~ 1 ) number of main scale divisions : n(VSD) = (n-1)(MSD) i) To measure diameter of a small spherical / cylindrical body: Formula: . ___ Value of 1 MSD 1) Least Count, LC = Total number of VSD 2) Total Reading, TR = MSR + (CVD x LC) Where MSR - Main scale reading CVD - Coinciding vernier division Procedure: 1) The least count of the calipers is found. 2) When the lower jaws A and B are in contact firmly, the position of the vernier zero with respect to main scale zero is noted. If the vernier zero coincides with the main scale zero, then there is no zero error. If not so, there is zero error. The zero error will be positive or negative based on whether the vernier scale zero lies either to right or to the left of main scale zero. The number (n) of the vernier scale division coinciding with some division of the main scale is noted. Then zero error, ZE=+nx LC. 3) The spherical / cylindrical body whose diameter D to be measured is held between the lower jaws of the vernier callipers firmly. 4) The position of the vernier scale zero against the main scale is noted. Note down main scale reading (MSR) just to the left of vernier scale zero.Tabular Column: } 1 Ms Object | Dimension Ne ie sl 7 i I | spherical | nee : Ball Diameter 2 i 3 Mean TR in em nL ennne EeDEE SENN a Corrected Diameter = Mean Diameter — ZE = Calculation: Mean Diameter = ..The f parti i Pies a particular vernier scale division which coincides with some hee the main scale is noted. This gives coinciding vernier scale division (CVD). : a The total reading is i rhc g is calculated using the formula TR = MS > This gives diameter. Se 7) The experiment is repe: i is repeated for different positio! the obj ings are tablated positions of the object and readings 8) The mean diameter of the object is found. 9) Zero error is subtracted from the mean diameter to get tl 5 6 he corrected diameter D. Result : Precautions: ws of the callipers. Je should be made smooth. he vernier callipers, 1. Avoid excessive pressure on the ja 2. Motion of vernier scale on main sca! 3. The eye should be kept vertically above t! while recording the reading from it.Obse: rvation: Value of 1 MSD Total number of VSD = ........... Value of 1 MSD LC Fetal number of VSD ~ ZE=.... faa MF aressvonsnen cm Tabular Column: Object | Dimension ee . = cvp ae Mean TR | . inem J Length 2 ae 3 8 a 1 s 3 Breadth 2 & 5 3 4 1 Height 2 3 Mean Length = 0.2... cm Corrected Length (J) = Mean Length - ZE = Mean Breadth = cm Corrected Breadth (6) = Mean Breadth — ZE = ............ CM = veeeeeeeeeeeeee m Mean Height= cm mii, To measure the dimensions of a given regular body of known mass and hence to determine its density. Formula: Vi 1) Least Count, LC =—Vaue of 1 MSP _ Total number of VSD 2) Total Reading, TR = MSR +(CVD x LC) Where MSR - Main scale reading CVD - Coinciding vernier division 3) Density of rectangular body, — Moss im Pp Volume. V Lbh Where / — Length b- Breadth h— Height Procedure: 1) After finding least count and zero error, the rectangular body of given mass is held between two lower jaws of the vernier calipers firmly. 2) The total reading is calculated using the formula, TR = MSR + (CVD x LC). This gives length of the rectangular body. 3) The experiment is repeated for different positions of the object along the length and readings are tabulated. The mean length / of the rectangular body is found. Zero error is subtracted from the mean length to obtain corrected value of length. 4) In the same way, corrected value of breadth b and the height # are found. Mean density p of the rectangular body is calculated using the formula, Mass _m__m P= Folume Vo lbh 5Calculation: Mass of the given body (given), m = Volume, V =Lb.h = Vv m Density of the given rectangular body, p aa kgm?Result : 1. Length of the given rectangular body, 1 = 2. Breadth of the given rectangular body, 6 3. Height of the given rectangular body, A = 4. Density of the given rectangular body, p =Observation: Value of | MSD = .........6++ com Total number of VSD = ......... Value of MSDS cm LC = otal number of VSD _ Eee S seeeeeteeenel cm Tabular Column: : Trial MSR TR | Mean TR ii it i CVD : Object | Dimension | in cm d | in em | incm 2 8 ee eee eee sy 2 Internal 2 r ae daincte: (SS = oe io el 1 5 28 Internal 2 > 3 depth 2 3 | —_ pa eee Mean Internal diameter = ................ cm Corrected Internal diameter (D) = Mean Internal diameter — ZE Sit. oe: Che m Mean Internal depth = ...1............ cm Corrected Internal depth (4) = Mean Internal depth — ZEiii, To measure the internal diameter and depth of a given cylindrical object like beaker/glass/calorimeter and hence to calculate its internal volume. Formula: Value of 1 MSD 1) Least Count, LC = Fota1 number of VSD 2) Total Reading, TR= MSR + (CVD x LC) Where MSR - Main scale reading CVD - Coinciding vernier division 3) Volume of the cylindrical object, _mb?h 4 Where D ~ internal diameter h — internal depth Procedure: To find the internal diameter (D): ' nd zero error, the upper jaws of callipers are 1) After finding least count a inserted into the beaker and the jaws.are pulled apart till they touches the inner wall of the beaker. 2) The total reading is calculated using the formula, TR = MSR + (CVD x LC). This gives internal diameter of the beaker. criment is repeated for different positions in the beaker and readings 3) The expe: tabulated. The mean internal diameter is found. Zero error is subtracted are mean internal diameter to obtain corrected value of internal diameter from the D of the beaker.Calculation: Volume of the cylindrical object. nmD*hTo find the internal depth (h): 1) The edge of the main scale of the callipers is kept on the upper edge of the beaker. 2) The moving jaw of the callipers is slided until the tip of the strip touches the bottom of the beaker. 3) The total reading is calculated using the formula, TR = MSR + (CVD x LC). This gives internal depth of the beaker. 4) The experiment is repeated for different positions on the bottom of the beaker and. readings are tabulated. The mean internal depth is found. Zero error is subtracted from the mean internal depth to obtain corrected value of internal depth h of the beaker. : 5) The internal volume of the beaker is calculated using the corrected values of the internal diameter and depth, using the formula, - mD*h v= 4 ot : Result : 1. Internal diameter of the beaker, D = ...........000000 m 2. Internal depth of the beaker, A = 3. Internal volume of the beaker, V Note: The principle is one and the same for all parts of the experimentDiagram: A and B — Studs P — Pitch Scale H ~ Head Scale S —Screw Head O — Object SHS If the head scale zero coincides with the reference line of the | 0 pitch scale, then there is no error in the instrument and hence < ZE=0. oe If the head scale zero is above the reference line of the pitch 30 scale, then zero error is negative. ZE = -(5 x LC) = | If the head scale zero is below the reference line of the pitch 0 scale, then zero error is positive. ZE = +(5 x LC) Observation: r Distance moved on the pitch scale Pitch = i i Number of complete rotations given to the screw head Pitch = a ah vem Total number of divisions on the head scale = Pitch ——————— Total number of head scale divisions Least Count =