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Equations Reducible To Variables Separable

1. The document discusses various types of differential equations that can be reduced to variable separable form. This includes homogeneous equations, equations with linear but non-homogeneous terms, and equations of the form dy/dx = f(x,y) + g(x,y). 2. Homogeneous equations can be made variable separable by letting v = x/y. Equations with linear non-homogeneous terms can also be made variable separable using appropriate substitutions. 3. Equations of the form dy/dx = f(x,y) + g(x,y) can be reduced to variable separable by letting v = y/x. Examples of reducing each type of equation are

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benrasheed
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3K views

Equations Reducible To Variables Separable

1. The document discusses various types of differential equations that can be reduced to variable separable form. This includes homogeneous equations, equations with linear but non-homogeneous terms, and equations of the form dy/dx = f(x,y) + g(x,y). 2. Homogeneous equations can be made variable separable by letting v = x/y. Equations with linear non-homogeneous terms can also be made variable separable using appropriate substitutions. 3. Equations of the form dy/dx = f(x,y) + g(x,y) can be reduced to variable separable by letting v = y/x. Examples of reducing each type of equation are

Uploaded by

benrasheed
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EQUATIONS REDUCIBLE TO VARIABLES SEPARABLE

1. HOMOGENEOUS EQUATIONS

A function ) y , x ( f is called homogeneous of degree n if ( ) ( ) y x f y x f
n
, , = .

Example:
a. The function ( ) y x x y x f
3 4
= , is homogeneous with 4 = n because
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) y x f y x x y x x y x f , ,
4 3 4 4
3 4
= = =
b. The function ( )
x
y
e y x f
x
y
tan , + = is homogeneous of degree 0 = n because
( ) ( ) y x f
x
y
e
x
y
e y x f
x
y
x
y
, tan tan ,
0 0

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = + =
c. The function ( ) y x x y x f cos sin ,
2
= is not homogeneous. WHY?

The differential equation 0 dy ) y , x ( N dx ) y , x ( M = + is homogeneous if ) y , x ( M and ) y , x ( N
are homogenous and are of the same degree.

Reduction to Variables Separable
Homogeneous equations can be reduced to variable separable by letting vx y = .

Example: Solve ( ) 0 3
2 3 3
= + dy xy dx y x .
Solution: The given equation is homogeneous of degree 3 = n .
Let . vx y = Therefore, xdv vdx dy + = .

The DE is transformed by doing substitutions in y .

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) 0 3 2 1
0 3 1
0 3
2 3
2 3 3 3
2 2 3 3 3
=
= + +
= + +
xdv v dx v
xdv vdx v x dx v x
xdv vdx x v x dx x v x

The variables can now be separated as: 0
2 1
3
3
2
=

dv
v
v
x
dx
.
Integration of each term yields: ( )
1
3
2 1
2
1
c v x ln ln ln = +
Simplifying, we get: ( ) c v x =
3 2
2 1
Since
x
y
v = , the final solution is: cx y x =
3 3
2


Practice Exercises:
a. Solve 0
2 2
= dx y x ydx xdy .
b. Solve 0 3 3 2 = |
.
|

\
|
+ dy
x
y
x dx
x
y
y
x
y
x cosh cosh sinh .


2. Equations of the type ( ) ( ) 0
2 2 2 1 1 1
= + + + + + dy c y b x a dx c y b x a where ( ) y x M , and
) , ( y x N are linear but not homogeneous!

Reduction to Variables Separable:
a. Case 1: 0
1 2 2 1
= b a b a .

Example: Solve ( ) ( ) . 0 4 3 3 = + + + dy y x dx y x
Solution:
Based on the given DE, 3 1 3 1
2 1 2 1
= = = = b b a a , , , ; thus, 0
1 2 2 1
= b a b a .

The DE can be reduced to variables separable by letting t y b x a = +
1 1
. So, we let
t y x = + . Thus, x t y = and dx dt dy = .

We make the substitution in y. The DE then becomes:
( )( ) 0 4 3 = + dx dt t tdx
( ) ( ) 0 4 3 2 4 = + dt t dx t Variables separable!

} } }
=

+ 0
2
4 3
2 dt
t
t
dx

Integration will yield: ( ) c t t x = 2 2 3 2 ln
Since, t y x = + , a form of the solution will be ( ) c y x y x = + + 2 2 3 ln .

b. Case 2: . 0
1
b
2
a
2
b
1
a =

Example: Solve ( ) ( ) . 0 6 4 2 3 5 2 = + + dy y x dx y x
Solution:
Based on the given DE, 4 5 2 2
2 1 2 1
= = = = b b a a , , , ; thus, 0
1 2 2 1
= b a b a .

For Case 2 problem, the DE is reduced to variables separable by first transforming it to
homogeneous form.

We let h x x + = * and k y y + = * . The values of hand k are determined by the
following steps.
- Equation the coefficients of dx and dy to zero.
0 6 4 2
0 3 5 2
= +
= +
y x
y x
System of Equations.
- Solving the system of equations yield 1 = x (which becomes the value of h) and
1 = y (which becomes the value of k ).

So, we let 1 + = * x x and 1 + = * y y . Thus * dx dx = and * dy dy = .

We do substitution in both x and y in the given DE. Thus,
( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) | | 0 6 1 4 1 2 3 1 5 1 2 = + + + + + + * * * * * * dy y x dx y x
( ) ( ) 0 4 2 5 2 = + * * * * * * dy y x dx y x Homogeneous, 1 = n .

Because the equation is now homogeneous, we let * * vx y = and thus
dv x vdx dy * * * + = .

Upon substitution, we get,
( ) ( )( ) 0 4 2 5 2 = + + dv x vdx vx x dx vx x * * * * * * * .

Eventually, we obtain ,
( ) ( ) 0 4 2 4 7 2
2
= + dv v x dx v v * * This is now variables separable!

Separating the variables, we can do direct integration:
} } }
=
+
+
+ 0
2 7 4
4 2
2
dv
v v
v
x
dx
*
*


Integration and simplification will lead to:
( ) ( )( ) c v v x = +
2 3
2 1 4 *

Because
*
*
x
y
v = , we then get ( )( ) c x y x y = +
2
2 4 * * * * .
Also because 1 + = * x x and 1 + = * y y , we finally get the solution as
( )( ) c y x x y = +
2
3 2 3 4

Practice Exercise: Solve ( ) ( ) 0 1 4 1 = + + dy x y dx y x .


3. Equations of the form . ) ( . ) ( . 0 = + dy xy g x dx xy f y
Such equations can be reduced to variable separable by letting
x
v
y = .

Example: Solve ( ) ( ) 0 1 1
2 2
= + + + + dy y x xy x dx xy y .

Solution: Let
x
v
y = . Consequently,
2
x
vdx xdv
dy

=

Upon substitution to the DE, we obtain
( ) ( ) 0 1 1
2
2
=

+ + + +
x
vdx xdv
v v x dx v
x
v


which ultimately simplifies to
( ) 0 1
2 2 3
= + + + dv v v x xdx v Variables separable!

Upon separation, we do direct integration:
} } }
=
+ +
0
1
3
2
dv
v
v v
x
dx


We then obtain
2 2
1 2 2 cv v
x
v
v = |
.
|

\
|
ln .
We then substitute xy v = and then simplify to obtain the solution
(

+ +
=
2 2
2 2
2
1 2
y x
xy y cx
y exp

Practice Exercises
a. Solve ( ) ( ) 0
2 2
= + dy y x x dx xy y .
b. Solve ( ) ( ) 0 1
2 3 2 2
= + + dy x y x dx y x xy .

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