Department of Electrical Engineering

National University of Computer and

Emerging Sciences,
Chiniot-Faisalabad Campus

EL-1005: Digital Logic Design

SPRING 2024
Title: Robotic cap for blind people
Section: A

Group Members

Zainab Nadeem 22F-3459

Sonia Aslam 22F-3481

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Table of Contents Page
1. Introduction……………………………………………………………….3
Background and Purpose…………………………………………………3
Working principle………………………………………………………….3
2. Literature Review…………………………………………………………3
3. Methodology………………………………………………………………4
Circuit Diagram………………………………………...................4
Flow Chart………………………………………………………...5
Source code……………………………………………………......6
List of hardware/software used in this project…………………...7
Cost Analysis……………………………………………………..7
4. Results ………………..…………………………………………………8
5. Applications.…………………………………………………………….8
6. Conclusion...…………………………………………………………....9
7. References...…………………………………………………………….9
8. Appendices...……………………………………………………………9

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1. Introduction:

 Background and Purpose

Blindness or severe visual impairment can greatly affect an individual's independence and
quality of life. While traditional tools such as canes and guide dogs provide assistance, there's
always room for innovation to enhance mobility and interaction with the environment.
Purpose:
The purpose of developing a robotic cap for blind people is to provide them with improved
spatial awareness, navigation assistance, and object detection capabilities. This wearable
device could integrate various sensors, actuators, and intelligent algorithms to interpret the
surrounding environment and convey relevant information to the wearer in real-time.

 Working principle

The working principle of a robotic cap for blind people involves integrating various
sensors, actuators, and intelligent algorithms to perceive the environment and provide
real-time feedback to the wearer.

Obstacle Detection Sensors: These sensors, such as LiDAR (Light Detection and
Ranging), ultrasonic sensors, or infrared sensors, continuously scan the surroundings to
detect obstacles in the user's path.
2. Literature review:
A literature review on robotic caps for blind people would explore existing research,
technologies, and developments in the field.
 Assistive Technologies for the Visually Impaired:
Previous studies have highlighted the importance of assistive technologies in improving the
independence and quality of life for visually impaired individuals.
Traditional tools like canes and guide dogs have limitations, prompting researchers to
explore innovative solutions such as wearable devices.
 Robotic Caps and Headgear:
Recent research has focused on developing robotic caps and headgear specifically tailored to
the needs of blind individuals.
These devices typically incorporate sensors, actuators, and intelligent algorithms to detect
obstacles, recognize objects, and facilitate navigation.
 Sensing Technologies:
LiDAR, ultrasonic sensors, and infrared sensors are commonly employed in robotic caps to
detect obstacles and map the surroundings.
Computer vision algorithms, often using cameras, enable object recognition and scene
understanding.
Future research directions may focus on enhancing sensor capabilities, refining algorithms,
and addressing specific user needs through customization and personalization.
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Social Impact and Accessibility Robotic caps have the potential to significantly impact the
lives of visually impaired individuals by promoting independence, safety, and inclusion.
By synthesizing findings from existing literature, researchers can identify gaps,
opportunities, and best practices for the design, development, and implementation of robotic
caps for blind people, ultimately contributing to advancements in assistive technology and
improved quality of life for users.

3. Methodology:

 Circuit Diagram:

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  Flowchart:

 Source Code:

#define trigPin 9
#define echoPin 10
#define buzzerPin 5
#define led 13

void setup() {
pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);
pinMode(buzzerPin, OUTPUT);

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 pinMode(led, OUTPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop() {
long duration, distance;

// Send an ultrasonic pulse to measure distance

digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);

// Measure the time it takes for the pulse to return

duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);

// Calculate distance in centimeters

distance = (duration / 2) / 29.1;

// Check the distance

if (distance < 40) {
// If an obstacle is detected within 20cm, sound the buzzer
digitalWrite(buzzerPin, HIGH);
digitalWrite(led, HIGH);
delay(500); // Buzzer on for half a second
digitalWrite(buzzerPin, LOW);
digitalWrite(led, LOW);

// Print the distance to the serial monitor for debugging

Serial.print("Distance: ");
Serial.print(distance);
Serial.println(" cm");
delay(100); // Wait for a short time before the next measurement
}

 List of hardware used in this project:

 Arduino mega
 IR sensors
 9V battery
 Jumper wires
 Male to male wires

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  Male to female wires
 Cutters (for copper wire)
 Double sided tape
 Cap
 sticks

 Software used in the project:

Arduino IDE

 Cost Analysis:
If we analyze the cost of our project then it comes out be Rs 3500 pkr.The most
expensive component used for the project development is the Arduino mega which cost
about 2500pkr and all other components costs 1500-1800 pkr.

 Overall Methodology :

 The first step was to run and upload the code to Arduino
 The second step was to connect the four pins of sensor with the Arduino according
to the pin configuration.
 The third step was to connect the buzzer and battery with the Arduino.If the
Arduino is direct connected with the code there is no need to connect the battery
 The fourth step was on the button to complete the circuit.

 Working of Robotic cap for Blind people:

The working of a robotic cap for blind people involves an integrated system of sensors,
actuators, and intelligent algorithms to perceive the environment and provide real-time feedback
to the wearer. Here's a step-by-step explanation of how it functions:
Sensing the Environment:
The robotic cap is equipped with various sensors, such as LiDAR, ultrasonic sensors, infrared
sensors, and cameras, strategically placed to scan the surroundings.
Data Acquisition:
These sensors continuously gather data about the wearer's environment, including information
about obstacles, objects, people, and landmarks.
Data Processing:
The collected data is processed in real-time by onboard algorithms running on a microcontroller
or CPU.
Obstacle detection algorithms analyze sensor data to identify obstacles in the wearer's path and
determine their distance and direction.
Object Recognition:

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Computer vision algorithms process visual data captured by the camera to recognize objects,
people, and landmarks in the environment.
This information is then used to provide contextually relevant feedback to the wearer.
User Interaction:
The wearer can interact with the robotic cap through a control interface, which may include
buttons, touch-sensitive surfaces, or voice commands.
This interface allows the wearer to adjust settings, initiate specific functionalities, or provide
input to the system.
Safety and Assistance:
By providing real-time feedback about obstacles and navigation instructions, the robotic cap
enhances the wearer's safety and independence during mobility.

4. Results:
Increased Safety and Risk Mitigation:
Real-time obstacle detection and avoidance capabilities help prevent collisions and accidents,
reducing the risk of injury during mobility.
By providing early warnings about hazards in the environment, the cap enhances the user's safety
and reduces reliance on assistance from others.

5. Applications:
 Urban Mobility:
Blind individuals can use the robotic cap to navigate busy urban environments, including
sidewalks, crosswalks, and public transportation systems.
The cap helps users safely negotiate crowded streets, intersections, and other urban obstacles,
enhancing their independence and mobility in city settings.
 Indoor Navigation:

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The cap assists blind individuals in navigating indoor spaces such as malls, airports, hospitals,
and office buildings.
 Outdoor Exploration:
Blind individuals can use the robotic cap to explore outdoor recreational areas such as parks,
hiking trails, and nature reserves.
The cap provides guidance and assistance during outdoor activities, allowing users to enjoy
nature and engage in outdoor pursuits independently.
 Tourism and Travel:
Blind individuals can use the robotic cap to explore tourist attractions, historical sites, and
cultural landmarks in unfamiliar cities and countries.
The cap provides guided tours, information about points of interest, and directions to key
destinations, enhancing the travel experience for blind tourists.
 Assistive Technology Development:
The development of robotic caps for blind people contributes to advancements in assistive
technology research and innovation.
Insights gained from the design, testing, and deployment of robotic caps can inform the
development of future assistive devices and solutions for individuals with visual impairments.
6. Conclusion:

7. Line follower robot is

autonomous that
means it
automatically follows
a line which is
8. pre-defined.
Generally, it follows a
black line on a white
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 surface or a white line
on a black
9. surface.
Overall, the result of a robotic cap for blind people is not just the tangible benefits it provides in
terms of enhanced mobility and safety but also the intangible outcomes related to empowerment,
inclusion, and technological innovation.
7. References:

Robotic cap for blind people. Retrieved from

http://www.engineersgarage.Com/contribution /robotic cap
How to make a robotic cap for blind people. Retrieved from
http://www.instructables.com
Retrived from
circuitstoday.com www.duino4projects.com, techfeasta.com
Robotic cap. Retrieved From
https ://en.wikipedia. org/wiki /robotic cap_ robot /letsmakerobots.com

8. Appendices:
https://www.alldatasheet.com/datasheet-pdf/pdf/22440/STMICROELECTRONICS/
L298N.html
https://www.arduino.cc/en/uploads/Main/ArduinoMegaManual24.pdf
https://components101.com/sites/default/files/component_datasheet/Datasheet%20of
%20UltraSonic%20%20Sensor.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Arduino-mega-2560-pin-configuration_fig3_353465169

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