TERTIARY

Latitude LAND
Map
USE Interpretation
N
Landforms LOCATION

Direction Calculations SLOPES

GRADE12
MAP
GIS Orthophoto SYMBOLS
MAP
Cross
GRADE 11
READING Section Skills CONTOURS

Mapwork Skills & Techniques.

 Distance
• Distance is the straight-line distance from one point to
another or the actual distance.
Formula
• Actual distance = map distance × map scale
AD = MD × S

Moremi SK

[email protected]

copyright © all rights reserved.

Map Scale
EXAMPLE Calculate the Distance from
EXERCISE 1 Huguenot station to Dal Josafat
station in metres.
EXAMPLE
EXERCISE 1 Calculate the Distance from
Huguenot station to Dal Josafat
station in metres

Map distance x scale

5,3cm x 500m
= 2650m

UNITS OF MEASUREMENT ARE VERY IMPORTANT!

EXAMPLE EXERCISE 2 Calculate the Distance from
Benchmark 1036,6 to Harrismith
using the N3 in KM.
EXAMPLE EXERCISE 2 Calculate the Distance along the
N3 from Benchmark 1036,6 to
Harrismith in KM.

Map distance x scale

2,6cm x 0,5km
= 1,3km + 200km
= 201,3km

UNITS OF MEASUREMENT ARE VERY IMPORTANT!

What are types of map scale?
• Word scale: Which states the scale of the map in words.
• Ratio scale: Shows the scale as a numerical statement in the
form of a ratio.
• Fraction scale: This shows the scale as a numerical statement in
the form of a fraction.
• Line scale: This is a straight line on a map which shows the
length on the ground of a distance shown on the map.
Topographic Map Index
What is map index/map reference code?
• is a code used primarily for encoding grid coordinates and
other information pertaining to maps.
 3318 DB

latitude S longitude E

• The area within these lines of latitude and longitude is divided

into four squares, labelled A, B, C and D (big blocks).
• Each of the big blocks is then subdivided into four smaller
squares, also labelled A, B, C and D (small blocks).
∴33°latitude S 18°longitude E , in Big Block D, small block B.
EXAMPLE
EXERCISE 3

1.1.1 Give the map sheet reference for the map to the north-west of 3318DB.
= 3318BC
1.1.2 Give the map sheet reference for the map to the south of 3318DB.
= 3318DD
1.1.3 Give the map sheet reference for the map to the east of 3318DB.
= 3319CA
1.1.4 Give the map sheet reference for the map to the north-east of 3318DB.
= 3319AC
EXERCISE A

1. Give the map sheet reference for the map to the south-east of 3322CA
2. Give the map sheet reference for the map to the north-west of 3322CA.
3. Give the map sheet reference for the map to the north of 3322CA.
4. Give the map sheet reference for the map to the west of 3322CA.
Direction
• Direction is used to indicate the
position of one place in
relation to another.
• We use 16 cardinal points
of the compass to give
direction.
 DIRECTION

Determine the direction from the

farmhouse to ∆ 210

Answer: SE or SSE
D
I
R
E
C
T
I
O
N

R
I
V
E
R

F
L
O
W
Magnetic Bearing
Magnetic Bearing: is the sum of true north and magnetic
declination.
Formula
Magnetic Bearing = True Bearing + Magnetic Declination
MB = TB + MD
True Bearing
True Bearing: is the angle measured clockwise from true
north/0°.

Direction:
ENE or NE
EXAMPLE EXERCISE 4
BEARING
Determine the bearing
from the farmhouse to
∆ 210

STEPS

1. Draw North line at

farmhouse (FROM).
2. Draw TO ∆ 210.
3. Use protractor to
measure angle.
EXAMPLE EXERCISE 4
BEARING
Determine the bearing
from the farmhouse to
∆ 210

STEPS

1. Draw North line at

farmhouse (FROM).
2. Draw TO ∆ 210.
3. Use protractor to
149º measure angle.

UNITS OF MEASUREMENT ARE VERY IMPORTANT!

360º Protractors
Measure True Bearing from Trig Station 103 to
Trig Station 381.
360º Protractors
Measure True Bearing from Trig Station
103 to Trig Station 381.coordin
Magnetic Declination
Magnetic Declination: is the angle between true north and
magnetic north.
Why does the magnetic declination change every
year?
• The earth's magnetic field varies over time, the positions of
the north and south magnetic poles gradually change.
Why would Magnetic declination be useful or
important to a person using a map on a field trip or
on a hike?
• It will allow the map to be set for accurate orientation
• It determines true north
• To calculate magnetic bearing
• Reaching a destination using a compass
EXAMPLE EXERCISE 5

1. Calculate the mean magnetic declination of the current year.

ANSWER
Mean magnetic declination = 18° 7’ West of TN
Difference in years: 2024 - 1981 = 43 years.
Annual Change: 2’ W
Total change: 2’ x 43 yrs = 86’ ~ 1° 26’ W
Present magnetic declination: 18° 7’ + 1° 26’ W
= 19° 33’ West of TN

UNITS OF MEASUREMENT ARE VERY IMPORTANT!

EXERCISE B MAPWORK Feb 2024
1. Calculate the mean magnetic declination of the current year.

Use the following headings:

Difference in years:
Mean annual change:
Total change:
Magnetic declination for 2024: (4 x 1) (4)
EXERCISE C MAPWORK Feb 2024
1. Calculate the mean magnetic declination of 2023
Mean magnetic declination 15°, 2’ West of True North (1986.0)
Mean annual change: 3’ Eastward (1980 - 1985)

Gemiddelde magnetiese deklinasie 15°, 2’ Wes van Ware Noorde (1986.0)

Gemiddelde jaarlikse verandering: 3’ Ooswaarts (1980 - 1985)

Use the following headings:

Difference in years:
Mean annual change:
Total change:
Magnetic declination for 2023: (4 x 1) (4)
2. Calculate the mean magnetic declination of the current year

Use the following headings:

Difference in years:
Mean annual change:
Total change:
Magnetic declination for 2024: (4 x 1) (4)
EXERCISE D MAPWORK Feb 2024
1. Calculate the mean magnetic declination of 2021

Mean magnetic declination 19° 24’ West of True North (January 2012)
No annual change.

Use the following headings:

Difference in years:
Mean annual change:
Total change:
Magnetic declination for 2021: (4 x 1) (4)
Area
• Area is the measurement of surface space.
• Area is calculated to determine the actual (size on the ground)
of a feature / region /demarcated area.
Calculating Area on Topographic Map in metres.
A= L X B
L = 4,4 cm X 500 m = 2200 m
B = 3,6 cm X 500 m = 1800 m
A = 2200 m X 1800 m
A = 3960000 m2

UNITS OF MEASUREMENT ARE VERY IMPORTANT!

Calculating Area on Orthophoto Map in kilometres.
A=LXB
L = 11 cm X 0,1 km = 1,1 km
B = 5 cm X 0,1 km = 0,5 km
A = 1,1 km X 0,5 km
A = 0,55 km2
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT ARE VERY IMPORTANT!

1:10 000
 Calculating irregular area
1. Calculate irregular area of the protected area in Helderberg
nature reserve.

Moremi SK

[email protected]
©
copyright all rights reserved.
Calculating irregular area

1 ha = 100 m x 100 m
1 mm repr. 50 m
2 mm repr. 100 m
 Irregular area

Moremi SK

[email protected]

copyright © all rights reserved.

UNITS OF MEASUREMENT ARE VERY IMPORTANT!
 Mapwork Skills.
Aerial photographs and orthophoto maps.
What is Aerial photograph?
• Aerial photography: is the taking of photographs of the
ground from an elevated/direct-down position.
• The best times to take these photographs is between
10h00 to 14h00 to minimize shadows on the photographs
Interpreting aerial photographs
Aerial photographs use tone, texture, shadows and shape to
identify features and landforms on a map.
• Tone : refers to the colour of features on a map.
: Light coloured objects appear light grey and dark
coloured objects appear in darker shades.
: Rough surfaces are often darker due to shadows.
• Texture : a way of describing the smoothness or coarseness of
the image on the photo.
: Smooth texture is usually uniform and consistent
throughout the image.
: Rough texture is coarse and contrasting.
LAND COVER CHARACTERISTICS
Cultivation • Crops have a speckled
appearance.
• Ploughed field look striped
and darker.

Orchards and vineyards • Orchards have coarse and

grid- like texture.
• Vineyards have a finer and
striped texture.
Forests and plantations • Appear mottled and coarse.
• Pine plantations look stippled
and finer.
• Blue gum plantations look
granular, coarser. Younger
plantations appear striped.
• Water surfaces appear smooth and may show reflection of
sunlight
• Natural long grass appears rougher than shorter grass on a
sports field or golf course.
• Roofs of buildings have smooth texture.
• Shadows : are darkened shapes on a surface that falls behind
something which is blocking the light.
: Help us to determine the time of day and position of
Sun.
: Sometimes give clues about the height of buildings
or trees.
• Shape
= Big rectangular shapes may be shops, malls, apartment
buildings or factories
= Small rectangular/square shapes are usually houses.
= Long narrow lines represent roads.
Examples of aerial photographs
a) Vertical aerial photograph.
b) Oblique photograph.
• Horizontal photograph: shows
the ground-level views we are
used to, parallel to the ground.
Vertical aerial photographs
• Vertical aerial photographs are photographs that are taken
straight downwards.
Vertical aerial photographs
• Vertical aerial photographs are photographs that are taken
straight downwards.
• These images are normally taken in the afternoon (between
12:00 – 14:00).
Examples of vertical
aerial photographs
• Orthophoto maps
Shadows
 The Sun is in the
north west because
the shadow of this
elephant is falling
south east, this
picture was taken in
the afternoon.
 EXERCISE D: What time was this aerial photograph taken?
closer to midday or in the afternoon?. Refer to the shadow of
the objects to answer this question.
What is orthophoto map?
• An orthophoto: is a vertical aerial photograph with
contour lines and other information added to it.
=It has 1:10000 scale which means 1 cm on this map
represent 10000 cm in real life.
Advantages of orthophoto map
• The scale is correct in
all parts of the map.
• Objects are not
blocked.
• Useful as it names
some roads and
landmarks and marks
railways and
powerlines on a map.
Which one between topographical map and orthophoto
map has a larger scale?
= Orthophoto
Because;
• Orthophoto map shows more details
• Smaller area is shown on a large (scale) piece of paper
• Greater clarity is portrayed on orthophoto map
• 1:10000 is 5 times larger than 1:50000, however 1:50000
shows a larger area.
EXERCISE E
An urban and regional planner wants to examine the building
density of JOHANNESBURG. She decides to use an orthophoto
map in the local council’s database. Give TWO reasons for her
choice.
An urban and regional planner wants to examine the building density of
JOHANNEBURG. She decides to use an orthophoto map in the local
council’s database. Give TWO reasons for her choice.
• The orthophoto map has a good spatial resolution/high degree
of clarity/detail.
• The orthophoto map is a photo/image of the area/realistic
view/primary source.
• It gives him/her a clear plan view of the building
density/distance between buildings.
• It gives updated information.
• The local community database will have updated information.
• The orthophoto map has a larger scale.
Orthophoto map index
 EXAMPLE EXERCISE 6
3124 BB
24

Give the map sheet index south of 3124 BB 1 Humansdorp.

= 3124 BB 6
Give the map sheet index east of 3124 BB 1 Humansdorp.
= 3124 BB 2.
Orthophoto & Topographic Map Index.
How do they differ?
EXERCISE G MAPWORK Feb 2024
Assume you are provided with 3126DD 13 Queenstown map.
• Give the map sheet index south of 3126DD 13 Queenstown.
• Give the map sheet index north east of 3126DD 13
Queenstown.
• Give the map sheet index to the north west of 3126DD
Queenstown
EXERCISE F MAPWORK Feb 2024
Orthophoto map … is southwest of 2729DC 3 according to the
orthophoto map index below.

A.2729DA 04
B.2729DC 04
C.2729DA 07 Moremi SK

[email protected]
D.2729DC 07 copyright © all rights reserved.
Map-photo orientation
Map-photo orientation
From orthophoto to topographic map
Consolidation of climatology
Application and integration of climate and weather in mapwork
Sources of collecting water
on a topographical map
• Dams. Water Tower
• Reservoirs.
• Water towers.
• Wind pump.
Dam
Windpump
 IRRIGATION
USES OF DAMS
D IRRIGATION
A DRINKING
D
R
I M WATER
N RECREATION
K
I
N
S RECREATION
G

W
A
T
E
R
Mapped area of Paarl
EXERCISE H MAPWORK APPLICATION March 2024
1. Provide evidence that the mapped area experiences a
seasonal rainfall.
= There are many dams to store water for the dry season.
2. The mapped area may be described as a wet region.
Give pieces of evidence to support this statement.
=Many rivers
=Intensive cultivation
=Marsh/Vlei/Wetland
3. What is the product/crop that is produced in Paarl?
=Orchards and vineyards/ grapes
EXERCISE I MAPWORK March 2024
1. The general wind direction
in the area covered by
block B4 on the
topographic map is …
A. south west.
B. south east.
C. north west.
D. north east.
C
REASONS FOR CULTIVATION OF ROW OF TREES
•Trees act as wind breaker which
protect cultivated land against winds.
• Prevents erosion.
•Form a fence of the farm.
GREENBELTS
• Greenbelts are area of land
with fields or parks around a
town or city, where people are
not allowed to build houses or
factories by law.
❖E.g. Recreational facilities,
Orchards/vineyards, small
plantations, woodlands,
pieces of cultivated land
and small areas of natural
vegetation.
Greenbelts have the following positive effects, depending
on its nature:
• create buffer zone between residential areas and mining,
factories, sewerage works, etc.;
• act as a fence and helps protect crops from strong prevailing
winds;
• act as recreational facility;
• can act as a habitat for some plant & animal species;
• create aesthetic appeal or beautify an area;
• act as a noise barrier;
• create a greater oxygen supply;
• absorb carbon dioxide and thus reduces pollution and clears
the air;
• provides shade and increase evapotranspiration which
decreases or lowers the air temperature, and
• protect land from urban sprawl.
Valley climate
Topographic Map
EXERCISE J
EXERCISE J
Refer to the valley at G in block B2 on the topographic map.
3.2.1 (a) D
(b) Explain how the wind, identified in QUESTION 3.2.1(a), promotes the
formation of dense fog at G.
Valley slopes cool at night and air sinks to the bottom of the valley. (2)
Decrease in temperature results in condensation taking place close to
the surface in the morning.
(c) How would the development of fog in this area impact early morning
traffic on the secondary road at G?
It will result in poor visibility. (1)
It will slow down traffic./lengthen travel time (1)
Might cause accidents (1)
EXERCISE K
State one word for the statements below:
1. upslope during the day due to rising air masses on hills
that are heated first in the morning
2. down slope at night – cold air in contact with cold land
surface sinks to valley floor as it is heavy
3. layer of warm air above cold frost pocket which is
pushed up by the sinking cold air – night
4. pool of cold air on the valley floor at night - reaches
dew point under 0ºC and frost forms
5. develops at night in a valley when radiation causes
heat to be lost quickly and the air mass reach dew point
temperature
1. Anabatic winds
2. Katabatic winds
3. Inversions/thermal belt
4. Frost pockets
5. Radiation fog
EXERCISE L MAPWORK INTEGRATION March 2024

3319 DD STELLENBOSCH
1. Identify the feature/landform found between points O and P
in Jonkershoek.
2. Name the local wind that will develop during the night at the
landform identified in QUESTION 1.
3. Describe the weather conditions and precipitation that the
settlement next to the dam (Jonkershoek dam) will
experience because of the nocturnal winds.
1. River valley
2. Katabatic wind
3. Weather conditions: cold = The air above slope becomes
cold and dense, and gravity causes it to move down the
slope.
Precipitation: frost = The temperature of this cold air drop
below freezing point and dew point temperature is
reached; water vapour then condenses directly into ice
crystals forming frost pockets in the valley floor.
EXERCISE M MAPWORK INTERPRETATION March 2024
2527 CA RUSTENBURG (WEST)
The temperature graph below illustrates the general
temperature change during the day from spot height 1614 (P) in
block I6 to the technical college (Q) in block I10 on the
topographic map.
1. The general trend of the change in temperature from P to Q is
(increasing / decreasing) (1 x 1) (1)
2. Identify the human-made feature that was responsible for the
higher temperatures recorded at Q. (1 x 1) (1)
3. Explain your answer to QUESTION 2. (1 x 2) (2)
4. Identify a natural feature that resulted in lower temperatures at P.
(1 x 1) (1)
5. Identify and explain ONE strategy that could be implemented by
the local municipality in block I10 (at Q). (1 x 2) (2)
1. The general trend of the change in temperature from P to Q is
(increasing / decreasing)
= Increasing
2. Give a reason from the topographic map to explain the difference
in temperature at P and Q.
= The built-up area at Q absorbs more heat than the natural area at P
= The natural area at P absorbs less heat than the built-up area at Q
= The area at P is at a higher altitude therefore lower temperatures
are experienced
 Identification Explanation
Green belt / Plants/vegetation absorb a lot of heat for
Recreational area / photosynthesis.
sports field (roof top Vegetation absorb a lot of greenhouse
gardens) gases/carbon dioxide.
Reflective paint colours Surface with high albedo reflects more heat so
they stay cool.
Public transportation Reduce the number of vehicles
Water sources Water evaporates and cools the temperatures.
Water heats slowly & remains cooler during the
day reducing the temperature of the air blowing
over it.
Green energy Energy saving strategies e.g. solar energy, bio
mass energy.
2.2 Built-up areas (1)

Road (1)

[ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1)

3.2.3

More heat is generated (accept examples) (2)

The built-up area absorbs more heat (accept examples) (2)

Multiple reflections (2)

Storm water drainage (2)

[ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

3.2.4 Woodlands/trees (1)

Rivers/ water (1)

Open spaces (1)

[ANY ONE]
Legislation Give laws and fines for excessive release of pollution
EXERCISE N MAPWORK INTERPRETATION March 2024

Refer to the river valley below

and answer the following
questions.

1. The farmer at V noticed that early morning mist in winter starts

to clear from the bottom of the valley, as indicated in the
sketches above. Explain why this happens.
1
• Between 09:00 and 11:00, the sun heats up the slopes of the
valley.
• Solar radiation starts happening/ Warm air rises
• Thus causing the moist air to evaporate from below (resulting
in the appearance of the mist lifting)
• Most of the mist evaporates at around 11:00 and the valley is
almost clear
• Geographical Information System/GIS is a computer
programme which allows users to work, manipulate and display
geographical data in different ways.
Functions/processes when working with GIS
• Data input
• Data storage
• Data analysis
• Output information
• Data management
• Data application Moremi SK

[email protected]
©
copyright all rights reserved.
Components of GIS
• Hardware (computers),
• Software (computer programmes),
• Data (information), geographical data about the environment
extracted from the real world.
• People (who are responsible for capturing, analysing and
validating data),
• Procedures (methods of how to solve a problem or answer a
question).
Sources of information for GIS
• Remote sensing – aerial photos and satellite images
• Survey data – roads, railways, altitude, Census data
• Measure data – rainfall, temperature, air pressure etc.
Remote Sensing
What is remote sensing?
• remote sensing is the collection of information about the
earth’s surface from a distance.
What are classification/types of remote sensing system?
1. Passive sensors: detect natural energy that is reflected or
emitted from the observed scene.
= Reflected sunlight is the most common
source of radiation measured by passive
sensors.
= Passive sensors cannot penetrate
dense cloud cover.
2. Active sensors: provide their own source of energy to
illuminate the objects they observe.
= Active sensors can penetrate cloud, fog,
rain, smoke and dust.
How can we collect data using remote sensing?
In remote sensing, THREE elements are essential when it comes
to the collection of data. These are:
1 - a platform or device to hold the instrument.
2 - an instrument or a sensor to observe the target.
3 - a target object to be observed.
1) Platforms or devices are all used at a distance from the Earth's
surface, such as aeroplanes, telescopes, air balloon, drones,
and satellites.
2) The target observed is the Earth.
3) The sensors are lenses/cameras, scanners, Landsat, LIDAR
RADAR, meteosat, SPOT, infrared, sonar, x-ray.
What information do we expect to get from remote
sensing?
Information about the:
• Oceanography.
• Hydrology.
• Geology.
• Glaciology.
• Agriculture and forestry.
Advantages/benefits of remote sensing
• Relatively cheap method of collecting data.
• Reaches the most inaccessible areas.
• Rapid method of collecting data.
• Covers a large geographical area.
• It is reliable and always up to date.
Disadvantages of remote sensing
• Expensive for a small area especially for one analysis.
• It requires special training.
• Large scale maps are difficult to prepare from satellite.
• Resolution is often blurry.
Which platform or device is used to collect remote sensing
data in the diagram below?
Which platform or device is used to collect remote sensing
data in the diagram below?
EXERCISE O MAPWORK March 2024
EXERCISE P MAPWORK March 2024
1. Explain how the local municipality will use remote sensing to
monitor the negative impact of the increased erosion on the
Bonkolo Dam.
1. Explain how the local municipality will use remote sensing
to monitor the negative impact of the increased erosion on
the Bonkolo Dam.
• Satellites will continuously take photos of the area at different
times
• By comparing these photos we will see the expansion of
erosion
• Photos/satellite images can be used to analyse the impact of
erosion
DATABASE
• A collection of information that is organised so that it can be
easily accessed, managed and updated.
GIS database stores two types of data
• Attribute data
• Spatial data
1. Attribute data
• Attribute data refers to descriptive information about
the characteristic of geographic features on a map
• These characteristics can be qualitative or quantitative.
• On atlas maps, attributes are
given in terms of shading or
symbols that link to a key.
2. Spatial data
• Spatial data any information about the location and shape of
geographic features which can be displayed in raster or vector
format.
• Describes the shape and
the absolute and relative
position of all geographical
features or objects.
• It can be obtained from
satellite images or
scanned maps.
 How is spatial data displayed in vector and raster format?
The representation of real-world in vector and raster
format.
a) Vector format are commonly used to represent features like
roads, rivers, housing, and the likes using points, lines and
polygons.

Moremi SK

[email protected]

copyright © all rights reserved.

Vector method
Spatial objects
I. Point symbols: features that are indicated by a circle,
triangle, rectangle, square, or a single object.
e.g., spot height, buildings, post office, and trig Station.
II. Line symbols: Features that are indicated by a straight or
curved line.
e.g., rivers, roads and walls.
III. Polygon/Area symbols: any feature that takes more space
than a single feature/object.
e.g., cultivated land, built-up areas and dams
EXERCISE Q MAPWORK INTEGRATION March 2024
1. Identify spatial objects (point, line, and polygon) from the extract
below. (3 x 1) (3)
2.Is the polygon feature named in
QUESTION 1, raster or vector data?
(1 x 1) (1)
3.Comment on the importance of the
polygon feature (named in
QUESTION 1) for the residents of
the Brabeesmond settlement.
(1 x 2) (2)
Vineyards and orchards
• Provides job opportunities (2)
• Exporting of the raw materials (2)
• Business potential by selling of the products (2)
Dry pan / dry water course
• Where to expect water (2)
• Will have to look for ground water (2)
• Will also know which crops to cultivate (2)
• [Any ONE] (1 x 2)
Advantages of Vector graphics
• Images can be scaled up to be very large without losing quality.
• Simpler and easier to handle and update
Disadvantages of Vector data
• Take long to create.
• Do not show some shapes properly
b) Raster graphics shows graphics as rows and columns
of tiny rectangular pixels.
• Each rectangular cell in the grid contains an attribute
value and its location.
Raster method
Raster method
Advantages of Raster data
• Excellent in showing very complicated images.
• Come up on computer screens quickly.
Disadvantages of Raster format
• Since images are made of pixels, when they are enlarged, they
become ‘blocky’.
• Need much more computer
capacity.
• Large number of data items
makes processing slower.
Raster VS Vector
Spatially referenced data
• Spatially referenced data identifies the geographic location of
features on earth using co-ordinates.
Absolute location/co-ordinates
• Co-ordinates are a set of two numbers that indicate the exact
position of any point on Earth.
Very important!
• We use latitudes and longitudes to find the co-ordinates or
absolute location of a place.
• Remember, latitude and longitude are measured in degrees,
minutes and seconds.
• Each line drawn on a map is 1' of latitude or longitude (' is the
sign for a minute).
• Latitude minutes increase as you move south (down the map).
• Latitude is ALWAYS stated first and longitude second.
• South Africa is always ONLY SOUTH and EAST.
Resolution and pixels
• Pixels: is the smallest unit of a digital image or graphic that can
be displayed and represented on a digital display device.
• Resolution: refers to the clarity of an image/pixel count in
digital imaging
Spectral resolution
▪Spectral resolution: the number of bands of the
electromagnetic spectrum captured in satellite.
▪The range of wavelengths that an imaginary system can detect
N:B The resolution increases if more bands are captured
E.g., The spectral resolution in the
orthophoto map is clear
Different shades of grey are
shown on orthophoto map
Spatial resolution
• Spatial resolution refers to the pixel size of raster image or
amount of detail on vector maps which determine the quality
of the photo or the map.
❖Any image with a spatial resolution of between 50m and 1km,
is described as having low spatial resolution.
❖Any images that go down to resolutions of between
0,5m/0,4m and 1m, are described as having very high spatial
resolution.
 High Low

Many pixels Less pixels

Small pixels Larger pixels
Objects easily recognised Objects not easily recognised
 Example of different sensor resolutions
Resolution Sensor (satellite) Size of picture Earth size of image
element (pixel)
Low METEOSAT 1 x 1 kilometres One hemisphere
Medium LANDSAT 30 x 30 metres 185 x 170
kilometres
Medium IKONOS 4 x 4 metres 11 x 11 kilometres
Very high WORDVIEW-2 0,5 x 0,5 metres 16,5 x 16,5
kilometres

Moremi SK

[email protected]

copyright © all rights reserved.

Factors that affect the resolution of an image.
• Weather conditions
• Focusing and the angle at which image is captured
• Number/size of pixels
• Shadows
• Air pollution
• Distance
• Scale
EXERCISE R MAPWORK APPLICATION March 2024
Laingsburg was partially destroyed within minutes in a flash flood after a
cloudburst in 1981. Refer to
the following image of the railway
bridge and block C3 on the
topographic map.
1. The image above is classified
as a (oblique/vertical)
photograph. (1 x 1) (1)
2. Can the photo above be
identified as a low or high-
resolution photograph?
(1 x 1) (1)
3. Explain your answer in QUESTION 2 (a). (1 x 2) (2)
Data collection in GIS
• The collection of primary data through surveying techniques.
• The collection of secondary data through scanning techniques.
➢Primary data: data obtained for the first time and used
specifically for the particular problem or issue being studied.
e.g., First-hand information collected from fieldwork,
observations, questionnaires, surveys, etc.
➢Secondary data: data that was collected by someone else
(probably for a different purpose).
= Can be obtained from census data, reports, newspapers,
internet, maps, statistics, etc.
Data layering in a GIS
• Data layering is the organization/arrangement of geographic
data into themes/layers projected on top of each other.
• The Geographic Data is usually arranged as separate data layers
and then later generated for analysis.
Overlay in GIS is used so that;
• Different sets of data can be compared.
• Comparisons can assist with future
developments.
• Different sets of information can be analysed.
• Relationships between different sets of data can be established
For example, on the Nelspruit map, the layers of data needed to
draw block D1 are:
• Vegetation
• Contour lines
• Roads
• Power lines
• Built-up areas
• Water
The data layers needed in the analysis to get the solution
to the problem.
EXERCISE S MAPWORK INTEGRATION March 2024
1. A farmer in bock C1 wants to extend the size of his farm to
block D1. Discuss TWO physical (natural) layers that the
farmer would have to integrate in order to make a decision
1. Drainage/hydrology to ensure a sufficient water supply.
• Topography / relief to assess the gradient of the slope
• Geological/soil to determine the type of soil and level of
fertility
• Natural vegetation to determine the availability of grazing land
1. topography / relief / gentle slope
Urban development / built up area
Drainage / floodplain / meandering river
Infrastructure / roads
EXERCISE T MAPWORK April 2024
EXERCISE U PAPER GIS/DATA LAYERING 14 April 2024
1. Create a line-in polygon overlay using the forests and roads
layers below.
2. Do point-in-polygon overlays using picnic spot and land
cover below.
Data manipulation
• Data manipulation is the process of changing data to make it
easier to read / be more organized or to make it more useful.
▪It involves converting, re-arranging and analysing data to get
answers.
▪Transforming from one map projection to another
▪Converting data from raster to vector format and from
vector to raster format
▪Interpolation between points (eg. spot heights)
Data manipulation functions are;
odata integration: combining data from various sources
(thematic layers) to produce a single product which
summarises the overlaying process;
obuffering data: creating a new boundary or demarcation
around a geographic feature to show a zone of influence or
exclusion;
oquerying data: when data that has been collected or acquired
is retrieved and questions are then asked in order to solve a
problem;
oand statistical analysis of data: involves collecting, examining,
summarising, organising and interpreting quantitative data to
discover its underlying causes, patterns, relationships and/or
trends.
• Only when all the sources of spatial data have been
manipulated to match each other can GIS produce new
information.
It necessary to manipulate data in a database so to;
• correct distortions or errors and sharpen definitions,
• remove unnecessary information,
• add any additional information,
• ensure colour consistency,
• correct latitude and longitude registration,
• make data more manageable,
• where different projections are used you should be able to
print maps with the same projection,
• and where different scales are used you should be able to print
maps on the same scale.
Data integration
• Data integration: refers the process of combining data from
different sources into a single, unified view / meaningful data.

So where can I plant sunflowers?

Rainfall Temperature Soil Gradient

+ + + =
Clay % < 10% and soil depth < 750mm / No slope > 8% / No
Clay % > 10% and soil depth > 750mm / Yes
No Sunflowers
slope < 8% / Yes
Yes!
• When all the data layers are in similar data files the data can be
integrated (put together).
• The different layers may have different scales, resolutions and
projections.
• During the process of data
integration the differences are
illuminated and the data is fitted
on top of each other and aligned
according to one projection and
set of coordinates.
• After all this has been done, the
analysis process can start.
EXERCISE 1B MAPWORK April 2024
Refer to the sketch illustrating a GIS process.

(a) Name the GIS process illustrated by A.

(1)

(b) Explain the GIS process named in

QUESTION (a).

(2)
EXERCISE 1B MAPWORK April 2024
Refer to the sketch illustrating a GIS process.

(a) Name the GIS process illustrated by A.

Data integration (1) (1 x 1) (1)

(b) Explain the GIS process named in

QUESTION (a).

Data of different themes/scales/sources

are being put together in one single
theme. (2) (1 x 2) (2)
EXERCISE 1C MAPWORK April 2024
3.3.4 people (1) (1 x 1) (1)
3.3.5 Manipulate the data (2)
Input of data (2)
Use appropriate GIS methods (2)
Make information more accessible to users (2)
Make information more understandable for users (2)
Acquires the soft and hardware to be used (2)
Acquire/collect data (2)
3.3.6 Different maps were integrated into one map (2)
Buffering
• Buffering refers to the demarcation of an area around a
(geographic) feature or location.
e.g., noise buffers next to roads.
safety buffers for dangerous areas.
BUFFERING
EXERCISE V MAPWORK April 2024
1. Create a buffer zone around marsh/vlei area.
EXERCISE V
1. Create a buffer zone around marsh/vlei area.
EXERCISE W MAPWORK April 2024
1. What is buffering?
2. Why would lack of buffering in Phongola river below be
considered as a poor river management?
1. The demarcation of an area around/along spatial feature.
2. Fertilizers or pesticides (pollution) from farming could enter
the river.
• These pollution could disrupt aquatic ecosystem.
• The river could lose water due to excessive irrigation
• Flooding may occur as the river will overflow its banks
• Soil erosion could silt up the river
• There could be possible human influence from the nearby
settlements (e.g., litter)
• The effect of buildings/development too close to the river
• River is not protected.
EXERCISE X MAPWORK April 2024
1. Identify THREE data layers that can assist you in analysing
the flood risk along the bank of Kliprivier in blocks B2 and
B3.
2. Explain how you would use
buffering to reduce the
impact of floods.
1. Topography / relief / gentle slope
• Urban development / built up area
• Drainage / floodplain / meandering river
• Infrastructure / roads
2. Demarcation of the area around the river where there is a
risk of flooding
• No developments allowed in this area.
• The demarcated area can also be vegetated to bind the soil
together/to allow more infiltration and thus reduce flooding
• Putting sandbags or building a wall around the river to make it
inaccessible.
EXERCISE XX
4.3.1 The data layers found in block A4 on the orthophoto map extract
below are ...
(i) drainage.
(ii) infrastructure.
(iii) relief/topography.
(iv) transport.
Choose the correct combination.
A (i) and (ii)
B (ii) and (iii)
C (iii) and (iv)
D (i) and (iii)
D
Data query
• Querying is the ability to ask and answer questions about
geographic features and their attributes and the relationship
between them.
Statistical analysis
• Statistical analysis: is the process of using statistical
information about a set of geographic features and examining
the relationships between them.

EXERCISE 1A
1. Is the information in the table above primary data or secondary data?
2. Explain why it is important for the well-being of the community of
Pietermaritzburg to analyse these statistics.
1. secondary data
2. Explain why it is important for the well-being of the community of
Pietermaritzburg to analyse these statistics
• It can assist with identifying the frequency of crime
• It can help police with regard to the deployment of officers
• Identify crime hotspots
• Implement strategies/possible solutions such as a neighbourhood watch/crime
protection forums
• Deployment of police
• Develop precautionary measures/security to improve safety
• It can help insurance companies to correctly validate their crime related
insurance policies
• To help prospective property buyers to identify crime hotspots
• Important to analyse statistics to put contingency plans in place
• Identification of patterns and trends to catch perpetrators
• Crime preventions can focus on the more prevalent (common) type of crimes
• To determine which time of day crime is the highest and lowest
Data standardisation
• Data Standardisation: is the process of achieving agreement
on common data definitions, representation and structures to
which all data layers must conform.
• It matches up data layers with other layers in the system and
establishes trustworthy data sources for use by all role players.
= ideally such standardisation should be performed during
data entry.
e.g., the entry of a school type data.
if some schools are entered as high school and others as
secondary school, they may not appear on the same data layer.
If the delivery company is using GIS to plan a route for the
distribution of textbooks to high schools, those that were
named secondary schools may be excluded.
•It involves;
= Transforming from one map projection to another.
= Converting data from raster to vector format and vice versa.
❖this allows for collaborative research, large-scale analytics,
and sharing of sophisticated tools and methods.
EXERCISE Y MAPWORK April 2024
EXERCISE Z MAPWORK April 2024
1. Which ONE of the following is a standardised point symbol found on topographic
map?

2. Identify the alphanumeric

block on the topographic map
in which the point symbol
(answer to QUESTION 1) is
located. (1 x 1) (1)
3. Give ONE attribute data of the
point symbol (answer to
QUESTION 1) evident on the
topographic map. (1 x 1) (
1. B
2. C3
3. Name of the monument
The date of birth and death of Diederich Coetzee
Height of the monument above sea level
DATA MANAGEMENT

Data
Security

Data Data Data

Sharing Management Storage

Data
Integration

Lesson 3: Working with Data

Data management
• Data management: involves secure and dependable access to
centrally managed information so that comparison can be
made, relationships can be identified, accurate conclusion can
be drawn and new data products can be created.
Data storage
• Data storage: is the saving of data onto a computer to be used
at a later stage.
• Data is stored in files or databases in one of two formats
namely; vector or raster.
Data sharing
• Data sharing: making data available and accessible to other
investigators or users.
e.g., sharing data/knowledge through different mediums, via:
= Internet (emails, blogs, ArcGIS, social media, websites)
= Server within an organisation.
= Portable memory discs, hard drives, CD’s, DVD’s, USB’s.
Data security
• Data Security: is the protection of a database from destructive
forces and the unwanted actions of unauthorised users. This
may be done by encryption, firewall or password.
❖Database is the storage of data that is organised so that it can
be updated in a central place.
Revision 3 GIS 14 April 2022
4.4 You want to build a holiday resort near Camfersdrift
River in block K6 but you are concerned about the
Camfersdrift River flooding. Explain how you would use
buffering to assist you with this problem.
4.5 You are asked to do paper GIS to determine the
accessibility of George. Name the main data layer you
would use in your investigation and give a reason for
your answer.
4.6 Explain why data manipulation is important in GIS
4.7 State TWO advantages of buffering the school in
block L10
Revision 3 GIS 14 April 2022
4.4 You want to build a holiday resort near Camfersdrift
River in block K6 but you are concerned about the
Camfersdrift River flooding. Explain how you would use
buffering to assist you with this problem.
4.5 You are asked to do paper GIS to determine the
accessibility of George. Name the main data layer you
would use in your investigation and give a reason for
your answer.
4.6 Explain why data manipulation is important in GIS
4.7 State TWO advantages of buffering the school in
block L10
4.4 One could use buffering to demarcate the area around the
river where flooding could occur and build outside this area.
4.5 Main layer: Transport/roads
Reason: Accessibility is determined by transport infrastructure
as transport networks are needed to reach George.
4.6 Data manipulation involves getting the different data
sources into a format that can be integrated.
• When all the data layers are in similar data files the data can
be integrated (put together)
• Statistical information must be manipulated into such a file
format that it can be used in the GIS software and linked to
specific spatial features
• Errors in the database can be eliminated during manipulation
4.7 Determine possible number of households/ learners in
feeder zone
• Assist with admissions to the school
• Planning possible transport routes to and from school
• Planning of additional schools
• Determine distance learners must travel to school
USES AND APPLICATION OF GIS
NB: GIS is used to solve any Geographic problem.
• Earth Observation Satellites are important tools in the practice
of GIS.
• They give us information about the earth’s resources, such as
the land, oceans, forests and mineral deposits in the form of
satellite images acquired through remote sensing .
• Satellite images consists of photographs of the Earth which are
taken from space.
• Satellite images benefit mapmakers, town planners,
geologists, foresters and farmers.
For example;
from an image sent back, a farmer can spot the difference
between healthy and diseased crops, he will not have to go
through each crop on his own to see this.
Geologists can pinpoint where there may be valuable new
mineral deposits, they won't have to dig or go through all the
mountains and land in SA to see this.
Town planners can quickly see where new building
developments are taking place.
 GOVERNMENT
BUSINESS National Government: health, disaster
site location, delivery systems, banking, management, education, fund distribution,
insurance, real estate, and census. Military defence, intelligence and
telecommunication. national security. regional and local government:
area of governance, fund allocation, service and
INDUSTRY facility management.
Transportation, communication,
mining, pipelines, surveying, EMERGENCY SERVICES
healthcare, engineering How and where is GIS
Fire, Police, and ambulance and
(construction and infrastructure) used and applied?
Disaster management.

EDUCATION
ENVIRONMENTAL
Research, teaching tool, administration,
monitoring and modelling, settlement
school location and development, provision
planning and Environmental Impact
of services and facilities.
Assessment (EIA), Conservation, River
management and weather monitoring.
Application of GIS to
climatology
Veld fires
seen from a
satellite
image
❖ Satellite image of a
weak Ex-Tropical
Cyclone Eloise
moves to southern
Bots. Heavy rain still
expected in northern
Limpopo, eastern
Mpumalanga and
northern KZN today.
Moderate rainfall
over central interior
on Wed
USING GIS TO TRACK THE STORM
USING GIS (BUFFERING) TO ASSESS AND MONITOR
FLOODING IN ALEXANDRA.
 Alexandra - Flooding

200

150

100 Informal
formal
50

0
50 year 100 year RMF
USING GIS TO TRACK TROPICAL CYCLONE ELOISE
USING GIS TO TRACK COLD FRONT OVER SA
USING GIS TO TRACK MID-LATITUDE CYCLONE
USING GIS TO TRACK HURRICANE ELSA
USING GIS TO TRACK HURRICANE IDA
 USING GIS
TO MONITOR
DROUGHT/ASSESS
RAINFALL IN SA.

Moremi SK

[email protected]

copyright © all rights reserved.

Ways in which GIS can be used to assist a farmer
before considering cultivation/agriculture.
GIS can be used to;
• determine the availability of water
• assess the fertility of soil
• analyse the relief of the land (slope)
• predict the microclimate
• determine access to infrastructure
• determine access to transport
REVISION EXERCISE 1D
1.1 The number 28 in the map index/reference of the
topographical map of Cullinan refers to …

A line of latitude.
B✓ line of longitude.
C minutes (') in the line of latitude.
D seconds (") in the line of longitude.
1.2 The general flow direction of the river in block H6 is …
A south-west.
B ✓ north-west.
C south-east.
D north-east.
1.3 The photograph was taken at/during the …
A 12:00.
B ✓ afternoon.
C morning.
D night.
1.4 The grid reference of ▲367 (block A1) is …………
a. 30°45’28” E; 27°45’03” S
b. 27°45’03” S; 30°45’28” E ✓
c. 27°45’28” S; 30°45’03” E
d. 27°45’03” E; 30°45’28” S 10” 20” 30” 40” 50”

10”
20”
30”
40”
50”
1.5 What is the True Bearing to
trig station 381 from trig 360º
station 103 /0º
180º + 66º = 246º
270º 90º

180º
66º
1.6 Calculate the present magnetic declination for
the map. 2022 – 1997
= 25 yrs ✓ x 6’ W 19º38’ W
= 150’ W + 2º 30’ W
~ 2º 30’ W ✓ = 22º 08’ WTN ✓

W E
S
1.7 the magnetic bearing for the points mentioned in the
previous slides (QUESTION 1.5 and 1.6) is…

MB = TB + MD
246º + 22º 8’
= 268º 8’
1.8 Measure the true bearing from ▲362 (block B4) to
▲367 (block A1). =296º Variance (295º - 297º)

116º

180º + 116º = 296º

180º
Calculate the magnetic bearing for the points mentioned in
the previous slides (QUESTION 1.6 & 1.8)

MB = TB + MD ✓
= 296º + 22º 8’ = 318º 8’ ✓
REVISION EXERCISE 2A
1. Draw freehand cross sections and identify the landforms you drew. (4)
Ask yourself:
I am going to walk up or down?
Is the slope steep or gradual?
2. The slope represented by the line running from 8 to 11 on the orthophoto map is a...
slope.
A concave Determine where is the highest and where the
B convex lowest areas are
C steep Determine which parts are steep and which
D terraced parts are gradual

High –gradual

Low – Steep
 Answer the following question:

3. The slope marked 2 on the orthophoto map is …

A. Steep
B. Gentle
C. Concave
D. convex Moremi SK

[email protected]
©
copyright all rights reserved.