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The Foundations of Curriculum

About Curriculum

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39 views

The Foundations of Curriculum

About Curriculum

Uploaded by

Fate Vargas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Republic of the Philippines

Pangasinan State University


COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Language Department
Bayambang Campus
Bayambang, Pangasinan

A Paper Presentation in

Prof. Ed. 109


THE TEACHER AND THE SCHOOL
CURRICULUM

The Foundations of Curriculum


(Topic)

Binamira, Ronna B.
BSEd English III-2

Analyn Sarmiento Ferrer


Instructor
I. INTRODUCTION

Successful concept and a project usually have a well-planned


framework and a strong foundation. Wherein these relates to all processes
including education. In the foundations of curriculum in education there are
factors that influence the minds of curriculum developers to decide on the
context and structure of a curriculum.
When we are to develop a curriculum, we depend primarily on ideas
that stem from three major fields: philosophy, sociology (with historical
overtones) and psychology. An understanding of these fields is crucial to
the study of curriculum since they have traditionally been and still are
considered its foundations.

II. LESSON OBJECTIVES

By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

A. describe the foundations of curriculum development;


B. explain how each foundation influences the curriculum development

III. LESSON CONTENT

The Foundations of Curriculum


Foundations are the forces that influence the minds of curriculum developers. In this
way they affect the content and structure of the curriculum.

1. Philosophical foundation of Curriculum

Educators, teachers, educational planners and policy makers must


have a philosophy or strong belief about education and schooling and the
kind of curriculum in the teachers’ classrooms or learning environment.
Philosophy of the curriculum answers questions like: What are schools for?
What subjects are important? How should students learn? What methods
should be used?
The various activities in school are influenced in one way or another by a
philosophy. John Dewey influenced the use of “learning by doing”, he being
a pragmatist, or to an essentialist, the focus is on the fundamentals of
reading, writing and arithmetic, the essential subjects in the curriculum.
There are many philosophies in education but we will illustrate only those as
presented by Ornstein and Hunkins in 2004.

a) Perennialism (Plato, Aristotle or Thomas Aquinas)

AIM: to educate the rational person; cultivate intellect


ROLE: teachers assists students to think with reason (critical thinking:
HOTS)
FOCUS: classical subjects, literary analysis curriculum is enduring

b) Essentialism (Wiliam Bagley)

AIM: to promote intellectual growth of learners to become competent


ROLE: teachers are sole authorities in the subject area
FOCUS: essential skills of the 3R’s (rights, respect, responsibility);
essential subjects

c) Progressivism (John Dewey)

AIM: to promote democratic social living


ROLE: teacher leads for growth and development of lifelong learners
FOCUS: interdisciplinary subjects, learner-centered, outcome based

d) Reconstructionism (Theodore Brameld)

AIM: to improve and reconstruct society. Education for change


ROLE: teacher acts as agent of change and reforms
FOCUS: present and future educational landscapes

2. Historical foundations of Curriculum

The history of the curriculum tell the curriculum planner how to develop
and modify the curriculum, what to teach and what should be the core
material of the subjects, what objectives they want to achieve through the
curriculum. Where is curriculum development coming from? The historical
foundations will show to us the chronological development along the time
line. Reading materials would tell us that curriculum development started
when Franklin Bobbit (1876-1956) wrote the book “The Curriculum”. There
are persons involved that contributes to the development of the curriculum
during his time. These are the people whom we consider gives a great
contributions:
Persons Contributions/Theories and
Principles
 He started the curriculum
development.
 Curriculum as a science that
Franklin Bobbit emphasizes students’ needs
 Curriculum prepares learners
for adult life
 Objectives and activities
should group together when
tasks are clarified
 The purpose of the curriculum
is child development and
growth. He introduced this
William Kilpartick project method where teacher
and student plan the activities
 Curricula are purposeful
activities which are child
centered
 He emphasized social studies
and suggested that the teacher
Harold Rugg plans curriculum in advance
 With the statement of
objectives and related learning
activities, curriculum should
produce outcomes
 Curriculum is a set of
experiences. Subject matter is
Hollis Caswell developed around social
functions and learners’
interests
 Curriculum, instruction and
learning are interrelated
 Curriculum is always related to
Ralph Tyler instruction. Subject matter is
organized in terms of
knowledge, skills and values
 Curriculum is a science and an
extension of school’s
philosophy. It is based on
students’ needs and interests
 She contributed to the
theoretical and pedagogical
Hilda Taba foundations of concepts
development and critical
thinking in social studies
curriculum
 She helped lay the foundation
for diverse student population

3. Psychological Foundation of Curriculum

Psychological foundation is based on the individual differences, every


student has its own unique personality and they have differences in their
learning and skills. They are different in nature so they can’t be treated alike
in teaching learning process, some may be fast learner while other slow.
Psychology provides a basis to understand the teaching and learning
process. It unifies elements of the learning process. Questions which can be
addressed by psychological foundations of education are: How should
curriculum be organized to enhance learning? What is the optimal level of
students' participation in learning the various contents of the curriculum? Let
us review some theories in learning related to these clusters of learning
theories.

Association and Behaviorism

Persons Contributions/Theories and


Principles
 He is the father of the classical
Ivan Pavlov conditioning theory, the S-R
theory (Stimulus Response)
 The key to learning is early
years of life is to train them
what you want them to
become
 S-R Theory is a foundation of
learning practice called
indoctrination.
 He championed the
connectionism theory
Edward Thorndike  Specific stimulus has specific
response
 He proposed the three laws of
learning:
1. Law of readiness
2. Law of exercise
3. Law of effect

 He proposed the hierarchical


learning theory. Learning
Robert Gagne follows a hierarchy
 Behavior is based on
prerequisite conditions
 He introduced tasking in the
formulation of objectives

IV. REFERENCE

 Khan, D. sultan M. (2020, January 4). Education: Historical

Foundations of Curriculum. Education. https://research-education-

edu.blogspot.com/2020/01/historical-foundations-of-curriculum.html
 Khan, D. sultan M. (2020, January 4). Education: Psychological

foundations of Curriculum. Education. https://research-education-

edu.blogspot.com/2020/01/psychological-foundations-of-

curriculum.html#:~:text=Psychological%20foundation%20is

%20based%20on

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