1 TRAUMATOLOGY @ MECHANICAL INJURIES Abrasion Types © Seratch-Single linear abrasion caused by thorn, nal Classification of Injury coon Blunt ‘Sharp Pointed Abrasion incised Stab Contusion Chop laceration | Sharp * Blunt — QI + ae. Muitletnestscathesorerawide se - g ‘© Commonly seen with RTA. 2 © Al nas friction burn / brush bur I ‘Also known as friction burn / brush burn / gravel rash. Abrasion Bruise Location incised wound ABRASION + ttisasupertic injury * Involvesonlyepidermis © Nobleedingandno scarring + Ingeneral abrasions are simple hurt except corneal ‘abrasion whichis grievous hurt Hy - © Epithelium scraped during a graze is deposited at tail end, which is called as epithelial tag/heaping up of epithelium fromwhichyoucan find outthe direction of force. Headend Tail end Epithetiat tag ee abi Cela Epidermis Meaping up | epithelium % Important Information oom ‘+ Scarringisseenin corneal abrasion 188‘+ Prossure~Epithelium crushi duetoperpendicular pressure Typesof contusion / Bruise ‘Superficial Deep Ectopic/ Patterned Migratory + Uesover | tes + injyyyat [> Rwilgve the | twestin. | deeper | onesite, | patternot to * bruise weapon used. tissues. | willbe |e Patterned el ae 1. Sixpenny. ie another | “bruises seen | site in Throttling + Eetopie~ | and Battered + Patterned~Epitheliumcrushing#Paternof weapon 1. Black baby /crifot) eye. : 2. Battle | 2. Tramline sign bruise in stick injury. ‘Ageing of abrasionis found by colour of scab MNEMONIC:(R°B’) © Raw 7 < 12h * Reddish scab - >12hr. + ReddishBrownscab — - 2-3days. + Brownscab 4-Sdays. © Blackscab = 6-7days. Medicolegally mostimportantinjury isabrasion CONTUSION / BRUISE oo0%ar ‘+ Blunt trauma to skin will rupture dermal capillaries (epidermis is not involved) and results in blood collection in tissue that causes swelling and reddish discoloration, known as contusion J Bruise. © Margins of contusion willeirregular, It is Battle sign (seen over mastoid region) (pidalls Crewe po peb) * Extravasation of bloodisseenin contusions.r ‘Ageing of Bruises found by colour (bevised Geuiegd Tse ges iG ED | Naot erased Ee rea De oxy -Hb E> a Hemosiderin E> HF hace ETT EEL Bitiverdin | ; Laceration wound Bilirubin | Incised wound Timeline Colour Ream) No bruising Cleaneut Fresh Red ‘Onygenated Hb Hours to days Blue Deoxygenated Hb Pay Brown Hemosiderin 3-0 aay Greenish Biiverdin PoP day Yellow Tweaks Normal Normally Abrasionhealsin=1week Contusionhealsin=2weck Qasr “%__ Important information ‘Multiple bruises of varying colours is seen in child _suefearediabeamane: 1/96 jour) Difference between Contusibn and Hypostasis, Refer Table 1.1 LACERATION & INCISED WOUND ‘2920 LACERATION ‘Typesoflaceration © Splitlaceration ©. Skiniscrushed between 2hard objects © Locatedonbony prominences Stretchlaceration es iareion inet © Overstretching ofskin + Pressure ithpullforce. Force Blunt Sharp © Eg:Flapping (Will helpin determining the direction of force) Arearingtyne) | (Cutting type) [ 7 Edges “Wregular ; Margins | cena Wer I Hair bulb "Crushed a | Tissue bridges | (PreSERE Ga | Bleeding les Tiore (wrote | 190oi BFinding compression traur +o _Deglovingisseeninavulsion|aceration. “fo Flaying-Skinis separated from the underlying tissues. %_ important information Associated with any shearing force produced by © Split laceration will look like incision wound “incised lookinglaceration” STABWOUND Perforating Produced by any weapon with pointed end. + Types © Penetrating - Onlyentryoftheweapon © Perforating - Entryandexitas well Shape ‘Single edged knife- Wedge shape ‘Double edge knife -Oval Screw driver-Stellate shat INCISED WOUND. ‘© The characteristic of head &tail. ised wound is that it has got both’ ‘© Swallowtailing seen with Laceration, . shang saan wth Stabwcund by single edgedweapon + Tailingisseenin incloggp ‘the ¢ a1 Important Information "Direction of incised wound- Tailingof the wound suggests (.( Mbaaicecsion offoree, Hesitational cuts / Intentional cuts / Tentati Feelersstrokes Presentinsuicidecases, 3) important Information spbaitsolbadvandatndinmnosticafsniive, HOMICIDE 1. Chopwoundin head DEFENCE INJURIES ‘+ Injuries sustained while defending the attacks © Suggestive of Homicide”important information ‘+ Commonsites arepalm, ulnarmargin of forearm 75 ‘SKULL FRACTURE 00:25:52 + Fissurefracture:Hasatinearfractureline / 14 ¢ Pond Fracture * Gutter fracture: Oblique bullet injury or glancing bullet can qGause Gutter Fracture finjury by lancng! xa (oblique bulett| * Depressed fracture: Fractured fragment is depressed into ‘ranialcompartment, © €5,-Seanaithbaunmaenweapen : 2 “| J Guter fracture Guter Fracture Important Information ‘+ Puppe's rule: If there are multiple fracture lines then we * Depressed fracture Akasignature fracture sittellsabout FRACTURE OF SKULL BASE Ring Fracture © Comminuted fracture: Has multiple fract : * Cathemlnepesemenient ETRE VATE (¢eggaihegresenetereentarg ce SETS ( = +, Seenwith posterior cranial fossafracture ‘© Sutural fracture: Fracture along the suture @ 192Hinge fracture / Motorcyclist fracture Intra cranial Haemorrhages (003430, + Hinge FractureType1 © Fracture line runs along with Middle Cranial Fossa from | _one side of temporal reglon to the other sie of temporal + Hinge Fracture Type2 | © Hinge fracture is defined as oblique fracture running Dura Mater “oe SoH through sellaturcica | ‘© Hinge Fracture Type2 — arachnoid mater © Type3 fracture denotes fracture linerunningin theanterior —_—_—__ Ld creer Pia mater “half | Lvenin | parenchyma Wet + Source of Bleeding (EDA: Oue to ruptureiofimiddleimeningealartery present re near Pterion pureh/aue to traunia? © (GOH Due to rupture of (Bridging! Veins. Mostly due to if _ trauma but canalso be spontaneous. (SAH! Due to rupture of Artaties (Cirele OF Wills). Trauma or Spontaneous (due to rupture of aneurysim or AV “malformation) 5 important information + "Nodding facesignseeninhinge fracture + eH : Usa Coup and Counter Coup injury Sites) © Associated with TT © Risusvaly Busia Clnicatfeatureisthatit presents with weld interval 4) Important information || + Im EDH, Lucid interval is seen. Period of Consciousness Te =“ 4 ° SmcGah | _o CTScaNshowstieonvenappeacance ingiey “ Coup injury Contre Coup injury + Present at the siteimpact Present opposite to the side of impact ‘the samelobe [ = Usually seen only when the head is | +63, eon+ SDH * sal ~ —— malformations o “e G=Child Abuse (Battered Baby Syndrome becalise of wild © Presentation Sa LTE re shaking) © On cr ANNO Movers Sen msl gee GS ena cage Lines of tanger ‘¢ These are collagen fibres arrangement in body which _followaspecificdirection_ G ena tage Bevelling, ‘tis an oblique cut produced by asharp weapon. ‘Suggestive of homicide ed / suicidal stab injury ‘= Hara-kiri/Seppuly + Practice ed by Japanese soldiers i + Cause of death in Hara-kiri is Evisceration and hypotension ‘+ Lines of Langer determines the gaping of wound iF € 0M Oh San wears MF et lect Prawns yur Sent L of dept rpg cor fe (Pon np oYeye ~U Table13 Charecter Hiypostasis /Livor mortis ‘Contusion site > Seenindependentarea ‘Anywhere Eages > Welldefinededges idefinededges Blanching = Present Absent Extravasation ~ Blood is retained n intact cpilaries therefore, Extravasation is absent’ ratiaeasoron is absent: ENS Colour changes > Absent Present ‘On incision, ‘+ Incision: Blood flows from the cut vessel. Incision: Blood coagulatesintissves god Rows Fromthe cut vessel pour water ‘+ Washable Not washable. —_— Notwashable. 1952 THERMAL INJURIES ‘© Body temperatureless than 35°C (> Peon hr ots nd tre a “) «This ner al Blood to suddenly rsh to skin so the person fealshotandeemovesallhsclothing © Thisresultsin death vasoconstriction + Pinkinivastasis-f the person dies in severe hypothermia akg ‘Whitedeath this phenomenonisseen. + Wischnewsky's ress ul stomach in case of by i ypothermia 5 important information H ‘+ InSevere hypothermia Paradoxical undressingis seen * Mimicssexualassault gy = & frat bin Peripheral Cold Injuries 1. Freeting + Frostbite-Seenin Dry cold ©. Frostbitecanbesuperticla ander Be oni © Rx-Rewarming(37-40degree) © Frostnip - No freezing, itisfollowed by frostbite ‘2 Non Freezing Chillblains HEAT Generaleffects, Heat cramps - Muscle cramps due tp excess sweating (N2 depletion * Heat exhaustion - Nya" depletion and ec dentin, Body temperatureisnormal + Heatstroke | Fate Condition 1. Triadof "2 Corebodv temperature marethan 40,5°C, (: (CNS dysfunction -altered sensorium, delirium Lo Heatstress exposu 2. Personhas tachycardia, tachyones, hypotension, (ryt eemaele | Heat Stroke Types ‘+ Classical- Nosweating, Skindryandhot + Exertional- Diaphoresisisseen © Rx-Coolingofthe body —~ excenin © uratng Qr- we) ‘Dry- due to exposure of fre, produces burns 2. Moist-due tohot liquid, produces scalds Burns Burns~Duetodryheat ‘= Anysuperficialburns- Painful /Non scarring ‘+ Anydeepburn- Painless /Scarring ‘+ Burn body surface area calculated by “Rule of nine / wallace, a ae) AUTOPSY FINDINGS + Non-specifiesigns © Heat stifening / pugilistic atitude / Boxers attitude - + Proteincoagulation resemblesrigor mortise © Heat rupture - Skin splits due to drying and dehydration, look like incised wound. Pale, no bleeding / intact vessels, o West hematomas - Que t bling of Hood leatine 0 andgesembletraumaticEDH, “> Chocolate brown / honeycomb appearance © Heat fracture Spectiefrang- seen ony nanny kab External findings a 6 _E-Fluid in listers (increased proteins and chloride) © JInflammatanyceaction (granulation tissue), infection o ReRedness redline © Edlevatedennmes QyImportant information + Gasinblistesisseeninpostmortemburns ‘© Internal findings -Allareantemartem signs 3C © Carbon deposition (Soot) into Airways due to inhalation eefink o fanbisneseainions (Pht ~ Rem sm ) © CNlevelraised Cynic) in dns 2. High Voltage Burns ‘© Flash Burn (diffuse burn) %_ important information + Curling’ uleersgen in duodenum in case of delayed death ‘BURNS ScaLos Charting + . Singeing of hair + 7 + Crocoditeburn (Multiple pitted) a Clothes Burnt ‘Wet Splashing 5 + Lines of blisters + Level of contact At/betow ELECTRIC BURNS (01:06:30 Twotypesofeurent-acanc fle C + DCisassociated with lightening + ACismore dangerous PAtetalisation of entey wound - Metalcions deposited from + “Amperage” Moreimpfactorfor electrocution wire onsk : + Gurrentpeatls- lon deposiionin subcutaneoustissue(Melac dpa Bone pearls - Que to high voltage calcium get molten 5. Important Information 4! iota or P+ Cardiac Arrythovia -M/C/C of death in electrocution + Zimbisrespiratory failuse Filigree Burns 4. LowVol s * Joule Burns (endogenous burn) © Central depressed floor © Paleperiphy © Duetotightcontact with © Akgendogenous burn, cd wTIroceurs duetolightening + Wet submarine: Forcedimmersionof headin water QCcurrentburn — Lichtenberg Flowers Arborescent Markings hows branching pattern-Ferning ‘Aka Keraunographicmarkings TORTURE 00:51:56) Types oftorture «Telefon: t consists of repeated Slapping over ears by the assailant Aosiog:ioersonotelebodvanderwater + sawhorse Forcedstraddin eo Th C [Sees Me ‘© Falanga (bastinado): In this canes or rods are used to beat on y Ble thesoles of the feet. ° arrot’s perch: Head down from a horizontal pole placed inder the knees with the wrists boundto the ankle 198ivingelectrieshock togenetila & Hying missiles / projectiles: Secondary blast injuries is combination of abrasionj/€ontusln and laceration (ako ‘Marshalls ti) can be produced at the same sde ofthe Aatle'sprod body + Wind/ietim daplacement: Tertarybast injuries cactutes) + Miscellaneous factors: Quaternary blast injuries. tis due to building collapse causing traumatic asphyxia or die ofburns 2. Underwater blast @ Wfhead under water -Eardrum rupture © If headabovewater- GIT injury, erson is in prone position and his wrist and ankle TRANSPORT INJURIES onsesa aretied together. ‘+ 3 types pedestrian, occupant or motor cycle rider injuries. Pedestrian Injuries Sts fh Sa esi a — ee) injury Hood and Secondary Windscreen —yimoact impact, injuries 7 Blackslave: Heated metal skewerinsertedintothe anus eK Grou Tertiary Important Information impact —> injuries! eee = af Tyo: Gives guidelines about handling the ee] torture victim. Refrains the physician from helpingin torture 2 er Injuries canbedueto + T"impact with vehicle aka primary impact injuries aka Bumper. injury. Tip of bumper fracture tells about direction of impact. aa ae Usuallyinvolves tibia inthelegs Gece modmy Mast Hiry + 2impact of vehicle aka secondaryimpactinjuries + Ground impact aka Secondary Injuries aka Tertiary impact iy injuries can have headinjuries, abrasions, lacerations. BOMB BLAST INJURIES “Tertiary blast injury (ody displacement) | OCCUPANTINJURY | SparrowEoor Mark ‘© Due to broken glass of wind shield ‘+ Multiple small cuts over the face es sett J | whiptashinjuries Shaya) | + Hyperfexion and tiyperextension. + Sptnalcordenntusion 1. AirBlast © Rarelyvertbra fracture + Blastwave: Primary blast injuries affect ear deum (Tympanie membrane rupture), lung (blast lung), GIT sear hk” ~ fae bat pe 199 qtColivion wx Donrdord Dashboordfeciune ‘© Front seat passenger, posterior dislocation of hip is seen, patellar fracture. Seat beltinjury ‘+ Most Common organinjuredis- Mesentery >Smallintestine, A igating injures under running Collision with rear side of vehicle in front. It can cause facial Injuryor decapitation Hood (at oH 200_PetGentifytheinjury shownintheimage? (AIMS June 2020) ff Cricket player was hitin the head then becomes unconstious, after sometimes he becomes consciaus. After the match, he Tost consciousness and was tal ‘iagnosis couldbe? (race DEC 2020) A.txtradurathemorthoge COW 8. Subduralhemorrhage Subarachnoid hemorrhage D intracerebral hemorthage Q. Identify the condition? (FMGE Dec 2019) A.Incised wound B.Lacerated wound TAbrasion D.Contusion Inentry wound of skull, bevelingis seen in? (FMGE Dec 2019) /Adnnertable B.Outertable C.innertable & Outer table D.Multiplesmallfracture AC Rupture ofthe skinand subcutaneous issueis? Yi a (FMGE May 2018). ubduralhemorrhage A.lncised wound Subarachnoid hemorrhage 2. Abrasions D ntracerebralhemorrhage C Lacerated wound D.Contusion A@Paradoricalundressingisseenin? __(AllMS May 2019), ~ A.Hypothermia PeVentity the sign? (NET Jan 2020) B.Hyperthermia : Dhatura poisoning .Sexualoffence 220 Theinjuryissuggestve of? (neETPG 2022) Gatien) coon sian” of -Rombersssen DiMcEwansign 201‘A.Postmortem wound B.Self-infictedcut C.Defencecuts D.Hesitational cut Q. Adead body is brought with ligature mark overneck, whichis encircling the neck, transverse, below the thyrol . @ Nosalivary dribblingnoted. Thisconditionis? (NET PG 2022) A Throttling. B. Mugging. .Ligature strangulation D.Hanging AA Identify the range (NET PG 2022) Ageistol near range B.ifeCloserange C Pistolcoserange D.shotgunintermediate ‘A.10 year old child with burns involving the front of anterior partofrightchest, front of right upperlimb, frontof right side ‘of abdomen, front of right leg. The percentage of burns (EET PG 2022) wolved is? 45-10% i B.15-20% €.25-30% 0.35-40% aC patent presented to OPD, with burs of saddened skin, with clear line of demarcation, lines of vesicles running down thebody.Theprobablecauseisdueto? (INI CET 2021) A.Chemical burn 8.Burnduetodryheat C.Burnduetomoist heat D.tightening 2 202 _BCdentity the mechanicalinjury givenin the picture? (INI.CET 2022) A. Graze abrasion B. Hesitation cuts C.Sixpenny bruise D.Patterned abrasion Alert vemechaneiny veins eure? (INI CET 2022) A.Grazeabrasion B. Hesitation cuts C.Sixpenny bruise D.Patternedabrasion “_a€’buring examination in injury, haie bulbs are noted to be damaged & crushed. The probable type of wounds? (eMGeE 2022) A.Abrasion B.taceration C.Stabinjury Diincision . Featuresofartificialbruiseis? (ee 2022) A.Extravasation Vesicles C.Colourchange D.Erythemaatthesite3 ALLISTICS © Itisdefinedas the study of Firearm. 2 =— ‘Stock Breach Barrel Muzzle end ‘+ Proximal Ballistics: Study of Bullet within thegun. + Intermediate Ballistics: Afterbulletcomes ut. + Wound/terminal Balistcs:Efect of Bulletontarget important information © Inner surface of the barrel can be measured by Helixometer pepe ‘Two types of firearms Smooth Barrel Firearm 27 Toner surface of barrelsmooth 2 Smooth bored A Leadshotsused % Alsocalledasshot gun ‘© Riffled Barrel firearm © Inner surface of barrel rifled are grooved, produced by Broachcutter © ThisisknownasRifling Sysop 4— — Tal shotgun bret Sas fined bore | | nefits offing FE sive ti stably A iPower ’ Insmooth barrel irearm/Shotgun-Lead shots 7 ‘Wile erm. pale |e + Rangeisassessed by “Dispersion oF Palit ‘= In smooth barrel firear Paradoxgun RifledGun + Calibre: The distance between two oppositelands © Calibreis used forriledgun, shot gun/ Smooth Bore / Barrel Firearm + Thenumberofleadbals made from one pound ofead= gauge Lbore ‘© Example; 12ballsmadeof Lgmlead= 12 gauge + As the number of gauge increases, sie of the barrel comes down, _Z Gramplé:12-gaugegunvellbelagerthan gouge gun. 203Bullets DISCHARGES FROMAGUN epee Rife gun buler | #7Flame: Burns / Singeing of Hair (Flame can travel upto Tem) — & Smoke: Blackening (Smoke cantrayelupto30em) + Primer cup / detonator cyp | + Primercup ening (Smoke can rayel upto 30cm) famerase / det ; Sane’ Gun powder: ato / Peppering (Gun outer cant + GunPowder + Bullet aa SunPowde Bullet: Punctured wound with Abrasion collar/greas ‘= J howaoingitey | 7% Bullet: Punctured wound with Abrasion collar/grease weal MOWAD in Rie collar/bullet wipe alsocalledas grease deposition. Fupetions Gun, colleibolet wine Separation a 4, wbrication 35. Important information | Obturation A Bbrasion collar: due to spinning of bullet. Lead Shots ) esraboard Ranges of Rifled Gun ‘© Contact: Tight contact (Cruciate / Stellate margins) Sr © Recoilabrasion ‘Shots © Stellate/cruciate margin ‘wag + Close: Within the range of lame ae ‘+ Near: Outside flame butinsidegun powder sous + Distant: Qutside gun powder Brass heag Baer cup Contact | Close | Near | Distant Tight (inside (outside | Outside Gun Powders Contact | Flame) | flame/inside| Gun clackPowder: 1gmgives 3.-aLofgas aunpowder | powder + Composition ¥ Shape Grudiate/ | Cireular | Grevlar | crcuay & Charcoal(C):15% poor Srmoks Stellate oe 7 2 Potassium Nitrate:75% fe sigeician Monte | Present | Absent | Absent | Absent ‘© Because of presence of Charcoal {] Smoke production | Power Inapression: . ‘Black gun powder can be termed as FG, FFG, FFFG,FFEEG- [Burningand | Absent | Present | Absent | Absent more fineness (Flof powder singeing “ oi inital eae a) Blackening | Absent | Present Absent | Absent © Nitrocellulose: Single Base lon Smoke [Tattooing Absent | Present] Present-“| Absent © Mitro-thcerine + Nitrocellulose: Qouble Base = [Abrasion Present | Preser Present | Present © Nitoguanidine + Witvorlycerine + Nitrocellulose: Triple [AARON a or 7 2. sen SmotlssPoer ese cota 80% Black powder +20% Smokeless pow: Components causing injury in Rifled firearm Sequence of Firing Events AD Pulling of trigger. 2. Hitting percussion pin, A Ignition of primer mixture & Production of flame A Ignition of gunpowder. 6. Propellingof the shots/bullet/pellet. ZF Reportingof lame 2058oe 35. Important information @ Ail the Effects in shotgun fire can be seen in maximum fangeofim ispersion start at2mandcompletedat4m. Giese Nestor istant Contact Range Mad ange ‘+ When bullet entersnormally -Perpendicularly, we getcircular : bullet injury. intermesiate range Distant ange ‘+ Ovalinjury by bullet occurs by obliquebullet. Se Entry vs Exit Wound + Entryand ext Wound over skull canbe differentiated by beveling Near shot ye Aiargin verted | A targininverted Burning, blackening Tattooing + 7 Abrasion colar Grease collars eave protrusion + 7 Bleeding + Distant shot aapacinshorcin Contact Entry wound exit wound A cose im i ——_ inner table~ beveled Outer table bevelled AA, Neart-2m A Intermediate 2-4m A Distant>am | Rathole | Cooke Cuter distant dispersion ; Cont let Hr tama 4 a 8 co 0 bp eg F cororwound Fesiwound & @ 9g ales AbvweeRent TPE OF BULLETS 1. Tandembullets / Piggyback bullet © The first bullet gets struck in the bavrel. Whenitis fred again, the second bullet carries the frst bullet and comes out. Two bullets come outofthe muzzleend. dipeen 205Zi ie GUN ‘TANDEM BULLETS 2, Tracerbullet A We cantrace the path of bullet via glowing base of bulletin the dark. A Picocherbuiler . (abr: (olan abies) * Deflected bullet fromintermediatesurtace. 7” Shep Spe AA Tamblngbullet Rotting but SoS Po Yowingbulet © ragiarpathway ti GER 7 souvenirouer /Slerpig, bullet © Retdadultidathabody © May cause chroniclead poisoning AA. Wcendiary bullet-Coated with phosphorous, fireonimpact AX. Frangiblebullet Bullet fray impact. + Made up of powder. 5 Important information KennedyPhenomenon * Iatrogenic alteration of appearance of gunshot wounds, so.dificulttofindthe range during post mortem. Dum - Dum bullet / Semi jacketed bullet. '* Deformation of bullet happens inside tissues also known as 7 Musoomingotbulets Cexyord time) BULLET FINGERPRINTING ozai30 Primary Marl ‘= Duetorifling pattern of gun ‘© Alsocalledas lass characteristic Secondary Marking + Dueto irregularities (Wearand Tear) + Vary fromguntogun A Theyaremore specific. 2 Nsocalledasindividual characteristics Ze Weusemicroscope for comparison of markings. 206Sampletobetaken{rom dorsumof the hand ‘Mneumonic- HANDS. nAvos 1, Harrison and Gilroy'stest cae 2. Atomic AbsorptionSpectrometry (AAS) 3 Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) ‘E permal nitrate $5, SEM-EDKA (definitive) 1 bar wr[| Previous Year Questions ‘Range of shot can be determined by the spread of : Shotgun cartridge contains pallets? Te {allMs May 2019) ‘A. Bothassertion and reason are correct and reasonis correct explanation of assertion. . Both assertion and reason are correct but reason it not a corectexplanationofassertion = . Reasoncorrectassertion wrong D. Bothassertion andreasonare wrong Q. Amiddle aged lady was foundinarobbed room|yingina pool of blood. On forensic examination there was an entry wound of size around 2 x 2 em on the left temporal region wit tattooing and blackening at the right temporal regign. On further examination two bullet fragments were found inside the brain parenchyma. Which of the following could be used fo determine the distance from which the weapon was hired? {AlIMS Nov 2017) AHalr B.Clothes C.Bullet fragments D.Blood 0. Bulletwipete 7. Gutter fracture of kul B.Blackening CTatiooing D.Dirtfrom barrel (als May 2019) Dee poisoning caused by bulletretainedinside thebodyis? (FMGE Dec 2019) A.tron 8. Phosphorus C.Niteo cellulose Ditead ACBullet fingerprintingis? : ‘A. Human fingerprints on bullet 8. Primary marking -Secondary marking, a D.Distorted bullet {alls Nov 2018)4 INDIAN LEGAL SYSTEM OFFENCES (oxor22 ‘© Cognizable Offence: 2(C) CrPC, (Murder, Rape, Dowry Death) © Police canarrest without arrest warrant ‘+ _Non-Cognizable Offence: (1) CrPC, Simple Offences) © Arrest warrant needed 7 Summon cases: Cases for which Punishmentis<2yr 77 Warrant cases: Cases for which Punishmentis> 2vr G extra tse A Bailable offence: Police can ive bail 27 Non Bailable offence: Only courtcan give bail a Important Information | + Executive magistrate can conduct inquest in dowry _deathrandexhumation only. Sy diggs body 7 Panehnama:Enairy report atthe end of police inquest andit forwarded tomaisate, HIERARCHY OF CRIMINALCOURTS 7 ApexCourtfor Country - Supreme court [* ApexCourtforstate - Highcourt _* ApexCourt for District. Sessioncour Can give any punishment + AAltsessions court gives death sentence, that should be confirmed ae byhigh court re Police inquest | Magistrate [Coroner's | Medical _#” Assistant Sessions 0yr Inquest | inquest Examiner | _» ChiefJudicial Magistrate Tyr system: _—* AstClass Magistrate 3yr 174 CPC 176crec | Wasfollowed| Best i acre apsiste ohare in India, now " penne + Additional Sessions court: Sessions court bn a ‘+ Supreme court & high court are appellate courts, " © Court of trial includes from 2™ class magistrate up till sessions fost common | Aéuperior cour Inquest in india | Inquest J Minimum rank % important information A Heed coontable ‘© Lowest court to give death sentence in India: Sessions + court + Best system overall-Medical examiner system, 4 + Magistrate Inquest(176CrPC) indication Commutation 2types + © Judicial-appointedby court of law © Executive - By Government officals, fre ex. ‘A-Asylum (Mental Asylum) death Borstal Juvenile home) death only 2-Dowrydeath E- Exhumation - digging out body -Notime limit. 176 (3) CrPC ae = 416 crPc - ‘= Changing of sentence, if one court hasa givena sentence then Gudirel 5 eS cea Immediate above / higher court has the power to change/ ‘commute the sentence, thisiscalledas ion Commutation of death sentence in pregnant female. sei C- Custodial death / custodial rape - by judicial magistrate ‘* Document compelling the attendance of witness inthecourt ‘+ Subpoena/under penalty: 61-69CrPC + f2Summonsatsametime © IC summon from Civil and criminal court then attend - summon from high court and sessions cour then attend 209court high court _227 if summon from 2 courts of same status then attend court which summoned first = Types: © Adtestificandum- For oralevidence > Ducestecum- For producing document © Conduct Money ©_Money fortravelling expenses © Incivilcases; money givenat time of servingsummon © Party willpay © Amountis fixed by the court ‘Types of witness | eee Common Witness Expert Witness. ‘+ Person who perceived the | * An expert witness is by factbyhisownsenses virtue of = fo 2 Knowledge pre ap Borge Ja Berle © Training - + Example: + Example: © Anyperson & Firearmexpert 2 Eyewitness 4 Handwriting Expert 7S Hearsay witness + edie) Begark L# Noopinions }# opinioncanbe given |.# First hand knowledge rule Order of trial (1381EA) # 4 — Oath taking ie. —+ Compulsory , refusal to take oath is '# Notimetimits in cross examination. + Leading Questions © They are permitted only in cross examination or hostile tness. expt im (Mabie estron) ope J 4 Pewation Com ference between Dying Declaration and Dying Deposition A Questionsby the judge canbe: asked at any stage of trial Points | Dying Declaration | Dying Deposition © Recordedby | Magistrate ora | Always bya Doctor> police> | Magistrate public | In Presence | 2 witnesses Accused/ defence of a Tawyer Fe oath Tenot necessary | Isnecessary + Leading © @ questions Le cross No opportunityof | Has opportunity of examination | cr0ss-examination | cross- examination, leading questions permitted — | = validity Inferior to dying | Superior to dying [deposition | declaration L“ India Practiced in India | Not practiced in 32 (1) IEA india if patient survives then dying declaration sinvali pstatementis, takenas corroborative evidence only punishable 1 Oath- Compulsoryexceptchild<12¥t. 1p Examination in chief/Dicect examination - Same side layyer willaskquestons * Cross Examination - Opposite lawyerwillaskquestions. - * Re-direct examination - Sgme side lawyer again asks the questions For prosecution For defence witness witness Public | Examination in Chief | Defence Lawyer prosecutor | by Same side lawyer |. Defence lawyer | Cross examination Publie by Opposite side lawyer | prosecutor A public Ma-waatnstion Oslonceinmer prosecutor | bySame side lawyer invade Invomplee 9 210A fi Previous Year Questions _AeTncase of deathintockup, thequestisheldby? (FMGe May 2018) A.Apolice officer eu aagistrate C Panchayat officer D.elstrict attorney AEA A4-year-old girl was kidnapped by a male. While the police arrested him, he died in police custody. The inquest is conducted by? (FMGE Aug 2020) A Judicial magistrate 8. Medical examiner D.Coroner _A¢The time limit fororderingan exhumationinindiais? + (FMGE May 2018) A.ayears 8.10years €.20years D.Nolimit _AcFrsthand knowledge referto? ‘A.Opinion of adoctorin court B. Handwriting expert C.Commonwitness D.Fingerprintexpert : (ais May 2018) 'Q. When the victim is dying because of unlawful act, the police recorded dying declaration. The doctor certified that the Victim was conscious and mentally oriented. Under what circumstances, the dying declarations invalid? (FMGE Aug-2020) Afthe victimisnot dead 8. Victim didn't sign the declaration C.Declarantisnot expectingdeath D.Itisdone bythe doctor an _& Leading questions permitted in? 1. A female has come to gynecologist for hysterectomy. The doctor explains the benefits & risks of the procedure & obtained consent. Thistype ofconsentis? (NEETPG 2022) ‘A.impliedconsent B. Informed consent Blanket consent D.Emergency consent (BéIna courtttrial, leading questions are not permitted in all the followingexcept? (NEETPG 2022) ‘A.Re-examination .Dyingdeclaration D.Direct examination Q. In case of alleged murder of ‘A’ by 'B' ata certain place ona particular day and time'C’ saw '8' witha knife on that day at {hat place a few minutes before the murder. ‘C’Stafes thisin thecourtoflaw.Thistypeofevidenceis? _(INICET 2022) ‘A Direct evidence B. Indirect evidence or circumstantial evidence C.Hearsay evidence D.Hostile witness (FmGE 2022) A.Chief examination B.Crossexamination .Re-examination D.Direct examination5 MEDICAL ETHICS Set of moral principle given by MCI. Violation of whichis punishable. Infamous conduct professional misconduct. Unethical act by doctor. Itis punishable whichis given by state medical council. Punishmentby SMC(state Medical Council) = SMCappealto Central health ministry + MCI AL Warning, A. Penal Erasure ofName “6 Temporary _& Permanent - For serious offences is called as professional death sentence Ustofunethicalacts ; * GA's. f AcAduhery AcInapproprate Advertisement @ A-Criminal Abortion ©. AcAssocition with any pharmaceuticalcompany 2 A-Addiction’ ‘Treating the patient underthe influence of these © A-Alcoho! © Covering: Employing unqualified person # Dichotomy: Fee spitting. ( Cewmisin.) # Acceptingifts & Issuing false certificate. MMEDICALNEGLIGENCE / PROFESSIONAL MALPRACTICES 2 * Commission of wrong things and omi causing damage tothe patient. 40s 4 Dutyowedto patient © Derilictionof duty © Damage © Direct causation of right things + Types: © Chilnesigence & Criminal negligence A Contebutory negligence @ ova Criminal | Conbvibutory Ret Duero | Gross Doctor simpleiack [negligence | negligent but of care / sometimes patient also Fsxin | causing death | negligent Burden of | Patient | Prosecution | Doctor proof count | consumer CCilcharges court Punishment | Fine [Amount of fines reduced DOCTRINES. Res ipsa Loquitur (Facts speaks foritself) (© Negligent factor is so obvious that the thing (Act) speaks ioritselt. © Noneeds of exnertevidence _-2 Burden of prooflies onthe Doctor ‘.g. Surgery on wrongside ofthe body, Cueoicatnatoceurence) Mis _™ Recidental damage to_the patient - Doctor is not liable forthe Vicarious Liability * Letthe master answer / Respon jor + ‘Senior nisin charge of the junior should be answerable. Applic _alyi r (© Empiuyee- Employerselationship © Employee's conduct should be ‘employment © Actshould occurwhenhe was onjob jin the scope of RES INDICATA (LIMITATION PERIOD) (ZF Resse ian til yeh se against negligence of the doctor. It is 2 Years from the date of discovery of the negligence, ob of Haaligone — Seo foi 212‘These two doctrine are used for Contributory Negligence 7 Therapeutic privilege - Doctor can decide how much info eee needed to be given. Usually applicable in, i lisease stelearchancedoctrine rule (dex hr) & Emergency Doctrine - 92 IPC, consent is not needed for # If the doctor fails to avoid the damage in the last clear emergency cases to savetthelifeafpationt, chance. + Locoparentis: On vacation, if child get il, the consent for ay Doctorsta fuer treatment given B/RNEH? arson ncharpe ‘Avoidsbleconsequencesrute (fst ) coll GEER. @ Patient couldhaveavoidedthedamagebutfalstodoso ——_y’ Therapeutic waiver: Patient walvedhis ight togive consent Za Patientisliable. '* Consent Invalid (under section 90 IPC) in cases of @ Chlder2y¢5 CONSENT © Insanity —— Med nen + Forphysicalexamination:minage 12yrs. © Under theinfluence of someone * Forsurgery: 18yrs. + Doctrine of full disclosure: Complete info given to the patient ‘+ Doctrine of extended consent _® Inan unanticipated situation where doctor has to respond ‘considering the risks associated with it for the benefit of thepatient. o liable for * Doctrine ofinformed refusal (© Bt has right to refuse and doctor hi writing. Seen usually in examination (sexual assault examination) @, 213 © Tatoxication G ena tage ‘+ Noneedofconsent _—-SInemergency condition: 92 PC © Therapeuticwaiver _7© Medicolegalautopsy +fi Previous Year Questions Q. Punishment of perjury isgiven by? (NEET Jan 2019) A. 19118C 8. 1931°C A 19716 b. s981ec Q. Punishment for causing death due to medical negligence is sivenby? , (FMGE DEC 2020) A. 304A1PC 8. 30881RC ©. 3021Pc : D. 3381PC ile doing hysterectomy afterinformed consent for uterine fibroids. Ureter is damaged intraoperatively even after diligent measures. A doctor isnt responsible under which doctrine? (FMGE DEC 2020) A. Medical maloccurrence 8B, Novusactusinterveniens C. Physicianerror . Resipsaloquitur A DAKdoctor whois drunk, while perfor 2a In case of professional misconduct, patient records are demand shouldbe provided with? (AlIMs Nov 2018) @ “doctor takes consent before surgical procedures and also, he may go beyond the consent if he feels the need for patientsbenefit? = {alls Jun 2020) A. Doctrine of extended consent 8. Doctrine of conjugated consent C. Resipsaloquitur D. Doctrine of anticipation A. 36hrs. B. 48hrs. ©. 72hrs, D. 7days ing the surgery, inured (NEETPG 2022) amajor vessel & death of patient. Thisis? A. Ciuilnegligence 8. Criminal negligence . Therapeuticmisadventure 0. Dichotomy6 ASPHYXIA DEATHS G 24700 Internal Findings ” ~ 4+ Hyoid bone: Fracture Hyoid bone usually occurs > AO yrs of Age asehnpsal Gesths and they are usually abduction fracture or side to side compression fracture na ‘r+ Caron Ary AMUSSA gn -Tonserseintimalear Neck constriction Nomneck compression | »* (Vertebras Fracture of C2 (8/L pedicle Fracture) « Hangman’s i Fracture Suffocation © Position of hangman's knot - Idealissubmental, [ouetobody | Strangulation = © Common position -Below theangleof mandible suspension | 7 + Usually een with hanging with along drop Judicial Hanging) 1 Haesieg Axtannerof Death # Suicidalhangingis most common mode of hanging + Homicidal hanging: Lynching HANGING i + “Accidental hanging is common with sexual asphyxia also + Compressionofneckis due tobodyweight fooumas Autoarotcasohuate ” & Itisthe most common method of committingsuicide because “6 Aka Kotzwainism / Asphyaionhil sroducerpainessdeathe © Person con: = — cerebralischemi itproducespainlessdeath. Berson consists own neck —> aspbyaia ischemia + Typesbasedon knot position ~ hallucination — etgasm — pot able to slieve “Typical hanging: Knotisplaced at occiput “constriction —- death © Tyoicalhanging: Koottsplacedatocciout @ Manner of deathis Accidental > Mypical hanging: Knotis placed anywhere else deaths Accidental Z Typesbasedon position of body STRANGULATIONS (NECK COMPRESSION) ‘© Complete hanging: Whole body's suspended Types Digebo nome oraraaicieee ep apttnston OME) Gnyrnt ty _2foundiand body ls partially stispended :: 4 Manual Strangulation/ Throttling - Compression of neck by 2, hands emrindings. (Au (27 fy a a Jaye tat Sean External findings Gorrotting Oe oe a 1. Glove and Stocking Distribution of Hvpostasis Se 2. Face i PMFindings if + cmmpn ff fgg et $C Dribbling of Saliva (SUREST SIGN OBANTEMORTEM) — External ef m HANGING) (abies) - (7 Ligature Strangulation, 4 © Usfacie sympathique © Ugature markbelow thyroid © One side eyelid open, pupil dilated, due r © Completeandtransversemark cervical sympathticchain + Thesetwoarethesignsof antemortemhanging | 3.Ligature Marke Qbliaue, Incomplete andabovethethyroid « Seayetones eosin ia Sana Sola fu cao slipknot 5 Important information + Incase of ligature strangulation Transverse 2 Complete | # Belowthurid 4 | 215Z Manual strangulation Upcontusion, Nail scratch / Bruises) ©. NailSeratches/ bruises = © Fingertip bruises canbe seen —akasixpennybruises A Ganting eee 7 © Obstruction of pharynx by Cloth/gag being thrusted upon. Internal Findings pone Fracture: AdductionFracture A Choking ‘© Obstruction of Airway by the foreign particle 0 Usuallyitis Accidental © Eg. Cafe Coronary Syndrome: Cause of Death-Asphxia A Firstaid-Hemlichmanuvese -7RANSDOLA. ‘Done by Bamboostick JUGGING: Using forearm/elbow |ARROTTING: Thin ligature cordand twisted ‘SUFFOCATION DEATHS A Smothering ) Hraumatieasphyxia —> Exh: icine On Chat : + Duetomechanicalfiationofchest ‘© Cyanotic face seen aka masque ecchymotique _D Atthelevel of weightareais pale. Gprerecionstmmatvandnosrisbyhandrplion unbeaatgislnabomcga Unity eye homie can be seen, a Za Q gt yo chPositional Asphyxia A® Sack knife position BF Inverted crucifixion stack kate position 2 Smothering + Traumatic Asphyxia @ Baby smothered by weight of mather while sleeping and rolled overthebaby A Combination of smothering with traumaticasphysia DROWNING Jo > Py'd Types 7 dryproming PREM (© Vocal cord / Laryngeal spasm occurs and the water does @ ‘not go intolungs -Drylungs © Person dies because of asphyxia A Wetdrowning-twotypes el anplrplio oxt320 eee A leadingtodeath. ‘+ Hb, Cl, Na, Mg, strontium (best) levels in blood rise. Itis a relative rise due to haemoconcentration, irocution/immersion syndrome © Person falls in_cold water which stimulates sensory “receptors and vagus nerve gets stiniulated which results in “bradycardia —+ patient dies due to cardiac arrest (Vagal jonof heart) Near drowning / secondary drowning~Patient dies of secondary complications ike HIE and Pulmonary complication . nytt PM Findings of Drowning External * Cadaveriespasm © Grassorweedclenched intohands © Specificsign of AMdrowning + Frothinnostils © Duetowater, mucus and surfactant - Specificsign © frothnature- Fine, Tenacious, Persistent. lathery A Masherwomen'shands © Wrinkling / bleached / soddened /peeling of skin. © NotspecificforAMdrowning. Timesince deathcanbe find aut. + Cutis Anserina / goose flesh “F © Duetorigor mortis of erector pili muscles. © Nota specificsign of AM drowning. Internal findings me by Lungs Seniors © Spongy/ Crepitant on touch because ofthe frothinside due 10. struggle_of person in water known as Emphysema ‘o Fresh Water Drowning: Hy #5 body — So (a begins inside and duetoit el wes up and i, ‘Haemolysisoceur. The haemolysis causes 1} — hyo J peateminiasng Caria Arvbmia[ OS) ‘©. Salt Water Drowning; Hypertonic water enters body —+ So ttaemoconcentration and all the fluid from the Blood comes to the alveoli -+ Severe Pulmonary Edema Occurs ‘Aquosum. It tells that a conscious person drowned .. inwater. 7 Mud particles in lower airway means person was breathing atthe time of drowning more specific tautt's haemorthage: Haemorrhage on-the surface of lung. Means person was struggling to breathe in water +t 217which caused alveolar capillaries to rupture - sign specific > Water in-middle ear, stomach, small intestine ~ AM signspecific A Important Information Emphysema Aquosum: Conscious person drowned: Edema Aquosum: Unconscious person drowned Hydrostatic lung: Postmortem drowning oy TESTIN DROWING Gettler's Test! Difference of chloride concentration in the heart Gettlers Tes chloride concentration in the heart chambers ight Side Chambers ‘Left ide Chambers Diatoms Test oxae ‘+ Algae (Silica) will enter the blood from the lungs and will further goes to blood circulating in all the organs (e.g. Brain, Spleen, Bone marrow). So, itis AM drowningas circulation was intact. %]_ important information © Outer wall of diatomsis made of silica. ‘= Incase of PM drowning diatoms will be present only in lungs notin other organs. tunes Distant Organs (8M, Spleen, Brin) | ane ace AM Drowning rae OQ PM Drowning Normal Ta] + Diatom test is not useful in dry drowning, hydrocution and [FResh water Drowning (due to haemodilution on left side) Sekt water Drowning (because af haemoconcentration on left side) Ta > 4 + Thistestnotusefulin 6 Drydrowning % Hydrocution _/o Patent foramen ovale 218 advanced putrefaction[\ Previous Year Questions @ Apersonwas found dead. Post-mortem shows nail scratches in the face, lip laceration in the inner side of the lip. 1g cannot be the (FMGE Dec 2020) A. Causewas throttling. 8. Post-mortem was done within 24 hours C. Duetoasphyxia . ItisHomicide @. A woman died in her room. Her room was unlocked. Her blood alcohol levels,were 350 m/ml. Image shown below. eck dissection, there was contusion present? {AIMS Nov 2018) A. Throt B. Bansdola C. Cafe coronary D. Alcoholintoxication 219 @. Trueaboutfreshwater drowning? A. Hemodilution al 8. Hypokalemia © Hyponatremia ©. Aerhythmia {INICET Nov 2020) . Gettler'stestisnasitivein? A. Hanging 8. Poisoning . Strangulation D. Drowning (FMGE May 2018)7 autopsy ke. + Alsoknownas Necropsy, PME (Post Mortem Examination) 3. Modified“Y" Incision + Starts from mastoid comes down the lateral site of neck and, then fromsuprasternal notch to Pubic Symphysis + “Good forneckaissection A Psychological Autopsy (No Dissection) * Preferredin Asphyxialdeaths. ‘© Doneinsuicidaldeaths — © Done to know about the psychological state of person before committingsuicide. © Conduct interviews with parents/ friends __ scanning to findthe structural lesion/ cause ofdeath, A Negative autopsy: Doctor will not be able to state the cause of death. It_ may be due to incorrect technique, lack of experience incorrect presenationete. (9-5) Refer Table 7.1 Different Types of skin incisions 1. “Minelsion + Stating from chino pubicsymohysis 7 Mostcommonly used. Different Techniques of Organ Removal in Autopsy ———— c A Virchow's Method © Onebyone removal of organs | ‘ ta/Cmethodused. + Letulle's/EnmassMethod _ © En-Mass Removal or Evisceration © RAPIDmethod © Alsoused tostudvanatomicalrelatian f Removal of attachment of tongue and from there we 4000 remove all the thoracoabdominal organs together as single mass. Then we dissect the organs, * Ghon'sMethod 2. “Y"Ineision, 7 © En-blockRemoval ‘Starting from shoulders on both sites reach Xiphisternumand 0 Targetsonlyone particular area. itcomes down tothe pubic symphysis. (© Ex:InSexual offence- Only pelvic organ are removed. ; In Thoracic pathology / Trauma - Only thoracic organ -areremoved. + Bokitansky Method Insitu @ Organ not removed out dy to: id exposure. © Used orinfectiausdiseases, | ‘Example: HIV, Hepatitis patient,Covid pt. Heart Dissection ‘= Inflow outflow method: Start cutting from RA —» RV-—» LA—> LV. pa Wath pe oe BedBrain dissection Z Can be done as Fresh (commonly done) or Fixation with ARicombotism ‘+ Pyrogallol test, done to detect air embolism , Brown color Formalin (bes indicates postive test Formalin(best) 4 indicates positive test ; > Stomach dissection Which cavity tobe opened first when starting autopsy? ‘+ Doubletigationmethod © Cranium © Cutstomach out by applying two ndsand 0 Inpolsoningcases cutinmidle. © Asphyxial death cases to decompress vessels ‘© The area along lesser curv 0» Thorax poisoning. Thisisknown as Magenstrasse >} & Pneumothorax case to demonstrate presence of air in along greater curvature in poisoning thorax _& So,weopenstomach along greater curvat thorax, — ‘eases. * * Abdomen Spinalcorddissection _ + Notroutinely opened unless we suspect spinal injuries: ‘+ 2approaches: Anterior and posterior. -Pesterioriseasierand better. © Newborn babies: To checklevelof diaphragm + Asphyxia deaths: Cranium —Thorax— Abdomen —+Neck ©. Thisisto provide bloodless dissection, x * + Table 7a Medicolegal Autopsy Clinical / Pathological Autopsy * types of death M/C type of autopsy in india + DoneinNatural deaths '* Done in unnatural deaths - Suicide, Hor 2 [Authorization by Magistrate Consent from Investigation officer: (10), Police/ Relative give consent (cannot be done without consent) Complete / Partial Complete autopsy Partial autopsy zaA fA Previous Year Questions in autopsy, the doctor tied the bronchus ed the _Incorrosiveacidcase, stomachis openedalong? floating and inking of thelung. The testisidentified as? (FMGE Aug 2020) ceilan acemrana BT B. Diatomstest f Ze €.Hyarsaietst D.Plgue test (FMGE Jun 2019) A. Lessercurvature B, Greater curvature ©. Vertical D. Pylorus8 THANATOLOGY A study of Death ‘+ Defined by Sec. 4641PC ae A Cellular/Moleculardeath: Death at cellularlevel ‘© Gap between these two can be used for organ harvesting/ cadavericuse +e % ‘Forensic Taphonomy: Study of PM resorptionof the body. PM CHANGES HelpsustoknowTimesince Death (TSO) + eye changes 4. Kevorkian Sign / Railway tracking sign: Retinal vessels appear fragmented due to sudden cessation of blood supply. 4 Occurs within few minutes afterdeath, ‘+ Earliesteye change. _Z Determine time since death/ post mortem interval 2, TacheNoire: Two triangle shapedopacitiesonsclera. _Eyelids are open, dust will deposit on the clera ving © ittakes3-6hrstoappearafterdeath, fitreous K" level: Vitreous Sample is the best medium for ‘TSD. Vitreous K’ is the reliable indicator for time since death. Klevelriseafterdeath, thas linear correlation with death. Algor Mortis Fiore Pao Nes Te + PM cooling of body: || core body temperature. Starts i5minsafterdeath oe + Sites toRecord Core Tempof Body Rectum (Chinsodomy) Temperature is measured by “Chemical thermometer” ~ ‘Thanatometer © 25cmlong ‘+ Algor mortis curve: Sigmoid or Inverted. ‘+ Average rate of fallin temperature (0.4-0.7/hr) © Summer:0.5°C/hr © Winter:0.7°C/hr 1 Gigmoid curve Invented S Normal body Tem; Rate offall of Temp. Time Since death = PM Caloricity '* Body remains warmafter death (1-2hrs) ‘+ Prolonged raised temperature seenin ‘©. Nux vomica (due to convulsions) © Tetanus © Heat stroke This phenomenonis not seen in Burncases_ Livor Mortis / PM Stai /Suggillation/ Vibices ig/ Hypostasis / Cadaveric Lividity ‘© Blood settles down in capillaries and venules of dependent parts of body.If supine position LM occurs in back of head, back backof abdomen and backoflegs. If the body is suspended in the vertical position it causes "Glove and Stocking” distribution. = % Important Information A Onset=30mins-2hsatterdeath | © Signifeantyappearsinghrs > Maxing-t2hvs 4 7 ort nt a sere near ee vodyInfsttowingriveresbodeepsonolng + FnationofLM-Shours (Average) © On apphiing pressure If blanching seen, it means not fixed B -itnoblanchingscen then fixed © Once fred it wil not change even if bod ‘caged + Contactpallor-Pale areas ontightcontact_ 7 sition Is Rigor Mortis / Cadaveric Rigidity + PMstifeningot Body * Changes in Muscleafterdeath «Three phases of igor Mortis: <6 Primary relaxation © Rigor Monts sti) 2 Secondary relaxation (Decomposition) + igor Moris (Stitiness) begins wher(] ATP occur) and af 530) ofnormal ATP level onset of RM begins. + "RM is generalised involves both involuntary and voluntary muscles, Involuntary muscles are involved earlier than voluntary muscles. “important information + Overall2ststeto Appear: Myocardium, + Exealyistetonppear tag Nysten's Rule Sequence of Rigor Mortis progression + Order of Appearance and Disappearance + Proximalto Distal [Descending pattern:Eyelids + Neck Jai F Thorax-—+U/L-+ Abdomen» tL Fingers Toes muscles —> Ruleof 12 ‘+ Starts in 60 minutes, reaches maximum in 12 hrs, staysin body for12hrsand disappears frombodyinanother 12h. 77 Max 12hrs, Persist 12s, Disappears 12 hrs Situation mimicking Rigor Mortis * Heatsstiffening: Dueto protein coagulation alsocalled as Boxer'satitude/ pugilstic attitude Cold stiffening: Que tofrozenbody Gasstiffening: Due to decomposing gas Cadaverie spasm Cadaveric Spasm ‘Aka instantaneous Rigor ic, Occursimmediatelyaterdeath Noprimary relaxation phases es Whichever muscle used at the time of death, remainsin spasm even after death Tellsthelastactand manner death NoMechanismisknown ALWAYS ANTEMORTEM Spasm of a group of Voluntary Muscle — wi time of death are in use at Late changes/Decomposition I + Autolysis Putrefaction| Done by lysosomal emymes 1" site —» glands/brain 1" site externally + Corneal clouding Done by Bacteria source - from GIF Clostridium Weld secretes Lecithinase that helps in degradation. So aka chief destructive agent. 224‘Changesin Decomposition 1. Colourchange 2. Gasformation 3, Liquefaction of tissues (S:10days) 1. Colourchange ‘+ Internally: Reddish brown discoloration in Aortic lumen overall") ‘+ External: Greenish discoloration of “Right iliac fossa” ie. caecum" external sigh of putrefaction. important information + Greencilourduetosulphhaemoglobin © Summer-12-18ht,Winter- 24-48hr . Gas Formation ‘+ H2S:Themostimportant gas being produced ‘+ Hb + H2S - Sulphemoglobin leads to greenish staining of vessels seenas greenish markingon skink/alMarBlig, ‘+ Time taken foritis36-72h + Gasstiffening: Rigidity + PMskinblisters (gas bubble inside them) Pa Blisters, arbling ‘Gashigity ) + Therate of Putrefactionindifferent Medium Air (Fastest) | Water Earth (Slowest - Soil) week 2weeks| “8 weeks Order of Putrefaction + T'site:Larynxand Trachea ‘+ Early: Stomach —+ Intestine + Spleen + Liver —+ Brain Heart 7 ‘+ (Mnemonic. Sister Lily's B + Late: Prostrate/Uterus(Nuliparous)—+ Skin —»Tendon ‘+ Lastsite:Bone, Teeth Refer Table 8.1 Embalming tase * Artificial method of preservation of dead body by injecting embalming fui : # Ethanolisnot usedin Embalming. ‘Best method: Discontinuousinjection and drainage * Best: When donewithin4-6hrsofdeath 7 + Should not be done before autopsy (Punishable) Qy)important information ‘+ Normalskin color after embalming= brown ‘+ Embalming of jaundiced body gives green colour Exhumation cunts ‘Digging out of the body, done only under magistrate inquest A76CrPC. + Notimetimit. + Preserve soil sample to exclude any soil contamination of body _ (M/Cmetal Arsenic) Entomology Study insects ©. Ufecycle:Eggs—>Larva—> Maggots Pupa—> Flies (4 life cyte of insect in a dead hady can determine tine Singedeath. 7 Wecanalso determine place of disposal. . 7 Weecanidentifythe cavte(posing) of death. easan 225Table 8.1 ‘Adipocere / Saponification ‘Mummification [Mechanism |» fat converted towaxfaty ais + calcium) ~ |» Drying and dehydration body; Mommifinton tke Substance 3 . wy Factors '* Body exposed to warm, moist climate ‘© Body exposed to dry / hot climate. }+ Lipase enzyme and Clostridium welchii needed [Smell |* Ammoniacal smell © Odourless Time }+ 3 days-3 month ‘+ 3month- 1 year 28Q. Identify the Phenomenon? UINIcET Nov 2020) . Marbling Hypostasis Poisoning. poe First PM changeina dead body? (FMGE May 2018) ‘Maggot formation Putrefaction Greenish discoloration of rightiliac fossa ‘Mummification poe@> |. Which of the followingis present in theimage below? (alims May 2019) Rigor mortis Algor mortis - Suggillation Marbling ooe> . Rigor mortisfirstseen in? (NEET Jan 2019) A. Eyelid B. Heart C. Limbs D. Neck fh Previous Year Questions 27 Q. According to Nysten rule, which ofthe followingis he correct sequence of appearance ofrigor mortis?.(AlIMS Nov 2017) A. Eyelid-neck-thorax-upperlimb B. Face-neck-upperlimb- thorax . Orbicularis occuli-facial muscle-jaw-neck-upper limb D. Orbicularis occuli-face-upperlimb-thorax Q. Trueabout pugilisticattitude? (alls May 2018) A 8 c Indicate only antemortem burn Indicate only postmortem burn Cannot differentiate between antemortem & Postmortem burn. D. Indicate defense by victim duringantemortem death . In the case of RTA, the dead body showed spasm ofa group of ‘muscles immediately after death. In which of the following conditions primary relaxation snot seen? {FMGE DEC 2020) Heat stiffening Coldstiffening . Cadaveriespasm Rigor mortis ooe> . Which ofthe followingis the first organ to putrefy? (NEET Jan 2018) Brain Heart . Prostate Kidney poe> Which of the following is not used as a preservative in chemical analysis? (NET Jan 2019) ‘A. Glycerine B. Formalin . Rectified spirit, D. SaltsolutionFor Presumptive Identification: We have 4 important parameters. CEPHALICINDEX 000010 i eT . tex (CI) = rt * ee Cephalte index (= MRIS. 409 A se + 20:75:Daleho|-Cephalic(Long Headed So stature 3 Nepean yay : * 75-80: Mesaticephalic (Medium Headed) For Complete identification, we have 0 Caucasoid (Europeans and Chinese), Indians A: Dactylography: Most absolute/precise method for + _g0-85:Brachycephalie (Short Headed) entfcation, Ween iferentiateeven identical wins © Mongoldlis{aganess) _2. DNA Fingerprinting IDENTIFICATION OF RACE | ;: 3 Typesofraces @ — Negoid A Negroid 2 Caucasoid TE Monconts —— covessois 9-1 © acecanbe determined am = ‘3. Bones, Cc Tenth Fis Nolte BA = Gy ‘© Mongoloid(Mnemonic-SET) > S_ Shovelincisor— AGE ESTIMATION +E + Enamelpearl : +T_: Taurodontism (bull tooth) - Increased pulp cavity, fRuieottaney Gate ot meray oideieoa Peaercor| © Gestational age of fetusin | o Gestational age of fetusin aucascid toot tational age of fetus i the first 5 month thesecondS months (6-10 ~> Carabell'scusp Additional noduleinthemolar3. Ne cecdinaton Gr oe © Negroidtooth i HL (CHL=Crowntoheel | o Gestational age = <= > They have a greater number of cusps in molars and tae 5 premolars CRL=2/3CHL GR Beet . Bones “acon ” ‘© Mainly from “SKULL” Cream to Rump bape BoeCne By Ossification Cénter Indices for race determination: @ SmonthiUL = Calcaheum + Cephalicindex @ TmonthiU = Talus Cruralindex C/o tit) - fa btonurtoan jhe o a6tweek 7 Srchlalinder (re ent) Yeo eau Bet woek intermembralindex = Birth (We) = Cuboidappear “Humerofemoralindex : oe Aacrum — 5 iff Hien _Conkt- ‘= AllScenter fuses to form the single bone at age of 25 years 28Sternuen MANUBRIUM Srmonths 3 Body cove 1 Ls months b Temenths |. ruse at 25 ys (Sy a Pomonne | Sseatzeue (Bryn w 10 months- Xiphoid process Byes Fars Allofthem fuse to form elbowjointat 16yr CarpalBones # Capitate-2month 7 ‘© Hamate-3m-1year Triquetral-3 yr Lunate-4years Scaphoid-5 years Trapezium, Trapezoi Pisiform-9-12 yr ‘years Skull Sutures * + Posterior fantanelle(ambda)-3m-6m + Anteriorfontanelle Bregma)-18 m fe + “Metopicsuture-Sm-2yr + Basioceiput and Basisphenoid junction fuses around 18-21.year Sphiretipak Ganson FORAGE > 30yr best bone to identify is Pubic symphysial surface ra Stature + Femur ;27%of entire statureheightiscontributed by femur * Tibia :22% + Humerus:20%, a 5. Important information | 6651 Bone To FIND RACE - SKULL | AEST BONE O FIND STATURE - FEMUR Ot ora, wm Go) Gay aw yt Plc wy AGE ESTIMATION BY DENTITION * Primary/Temporary / Deciduous =20 ‘0 M,M,CLICI ) ‘0 Each quadrant = teeth + Secondary/Permanent=32_ bu) © MiM,M, PM,PM,CLICL, © Superaddedteeth (are added extra)-12 (0 Successionalteeth-20 ” AllPermanent Molars = Superadded Eachquadrant=8teeth “Sequence of eruption Temporary Perpaanert]/ edang {1 -6months | 7a 6 ys Mi-12month | 7c -7t08 years CC -18month | 7U — -8to9years IM -24months |7 Pit -9%0.10 years PM2 - 10 to 11 jears 7c -11to 12 years 7 M2 «1210 14years M3 - 121025 years (Wisdorh tooth) Eruption Temporary Permanent Le First Tooth to erupt - | o Firsttoothtocrupt= LowerCentral I Molar incisor '* Period of mixed dentition - both permanent and temporary teeth can be seen together. Total number of teeth remains thesame=24 : * Total number of Permanent teeth = (Age - 5 ce \(Gustafson'sCriteria) ‘© 6criteria (APSRTC) - Ritrition of Paradentosis _-& Secondary dentin: “Best Criteria : 6 Rootresorption Transparency ofroot:Besteriteria _& Cementumapposition Goovde's method Hiowaepie nw ‘* Counting the number ofincremental lines « Ugiinddeine ‘© 1"line: Neonatal line appears on 2-3” day of birth. lejaacientauarpe During 229\ Seack’s Formulae) ‘© Usedininfancyanditbased onheight andweight oftooth, \Lamendin's Method > © Modification of ‘© Transparency of root & Paradentosis - Only uses these two criter fson'sCriter Dental Charting Palmer natation IDENTIFICATION OF SEX Refer Table 9.1 ¢ SciaticIndex=BestIndex orldentification of Sex. ‘Pelvis Is the one bone with which we can find the sex even beforethe puberty Ashley's Rule of 149 Sex Differentiation from sternal length. ‘© Measuring of Sternallength (Body + Manubrium) ~_ Permanent Teeth o> 149mmthen-Male apart Toperteh ifs then Ferle) (83 ]7s] 61] 5s] 45]3]24 25] 2] 12/3] 4]. 5]e] 7] 8] (KROGMAN'Sindex) alalslalaa|n|ralralralralrsbelr|r elalalafals bo fralralralralrsbelrrlre| e-ossc sinle best), Lower right Lower left + Skull-90%, Deciduous teeth (baby teeth) ‘© LongBones-80% Upper right Upper tert Ea]Da]er TAL Oy Ey EAA | Jot fan Ja | | cle -Pelvis+ Skull Pelvis + Skull } a -Palvis++ Long bone 100% Accuracyisonly possible with complete skeleton ) © Toincrease Accuracy Lower right Lower left Haderups system Permanent B+746+5+443+2414 | #14243 4445464748 R a7-654321- | 1 FDI method / 2-digit system (MOST IMPORTANT) '25|/26)|27 28) (sn) (sa [eas cae a a) a1 230) 342527) 29) aa|[z2|3 2 (a eas ee [es (na) mara) 74) 75) cpacrvtocrarHy (pig Pro's) + saxedon fingerprinting Best Methodofidentieaion Deter han WA fngerving becouse ts ferent amon twins. * Permanentalterations of fingerprintsis seen in —o Leprosy 2 ectrocsion —& Radiation 4 Charting © biterent rps ot Pater F Loops: Mostcommon A weds AB Arch ZA composte:teascommon '* Loops (60-7034) Whorls (25-35 %) Arches (6-7 %) Composite 28) :Dugoneeps 2) flor! _flelos (Jb 0) fm a Sony ‘Table 9.1 Character, Skull ‘Muscle markings, prominences and ridges promi Triangle i. + Inverte Everted © Grater sciatic notsh (single bestriteria) _ |Deepand narrow —_| Wide and shallow [Angles of mandible < ‘More obtuse >120 Indices Sciatic Index (Singl ) bes bra RED Br ie ter [ Sct pubis vac [Seb pol _avgel ari Chicle Sep) > Sp. atoo_fuo.ss > fapio Drege ah (ype Super imporihon > {MM oh = Saperinmperd (Gate) ~f = ie ‘Kul | Ske8 fi Previous Year Questions .2¢Saperimpositiontechniquetsused tor? (ans May 2018) A. Skull 8. Pelvis . Femur 0. Ribs Q.A 14-year-old female was claimed to be kidnapped, on Interrogation she claims that she snota minor andleft home with the person on her own well. Count ordered forher age . Given below are the X-ray of pelvis, wrist ang Bilateral elbow. What is her most probable age based as these? (alls May 2018) Ry A dyes. 6 B. 16-17yrs. Cc. 17-19yrs. D. 21-22yrs. D. Indicate defense by victim antemortem death Gare oyaashovewhchtype tsk? (FMGE May 2018) A Brachycephalic “ 8. Mesocephalic €. Dolichocephalic D. Allofthe above * A€Totalnumber ofteethat theageof 12 years? (FMGE May 2018) 232 . Xray showing fusion of sternal body segments and fusion of medial end of clavicle. The approximate ageis? (INICET Nov 2020) A. Morethan 15 years 8, Morethan 18years . Morethan22years, D. More than 25 years Q. Identical twins can be differentiated by? (NET Jan 2018) A. Fingerprint B. DNA fingerprinting C. Blood grouping i D. Age Q.Locard’s principleis famous for? A. Theory of exchange '8. Fingerprintstudy . Formula for estimation of stature D. System of personal identification using the body measurement (NET Jan 2018) @Fingerprint ridges appear by? A, 26028 weeks ofintrauterinelife WS. 12t016weeks ofintrauterinelife C. 24t028 weeks intrauterine life D. 321036 weeks ofintrauterinelife (iNIceT 2022)10 SEXUAL JURISPRUDENCE G@ Alipay Inability f a person to achieve & maintain penile. Fletitiousehild/ Suppositious child Fabricated child erection, -A Female may feign pregnancy and after sometime she willbring ‘+ Impotence towards one particular woman s/lmpotence, —_shechildand daimsthe child as her own child ‘QUADHAC. ‘Atavism: Child resemble grand parents “6. ‘Frigilty: Female serual coldness 7 + Sterility: {yto reproduce children Lochia _Z® Fecundation ab extra: Conception of afemale without penile "+ Vaginal discharge for fw weeks after delivery. Sign of Recent : penetration = Aan ) delivery, ae _A® Satyriasis: Increase sexual desireinmales BH tochia Rubra1-3 day (an ‘+ "Nymphomania Increase sexual desire in females Q A \ochia Serosa4-10day iy A lochia Alba 13-18 day J Hymentear + Mnemonic: Republic of South Ar at, © Penile penetration leads to posterolateral tear between 4to7 Wig Ga iolock luo Digital penetration leadstoanterior tear (Horta bakin) © Intrauterine death i + Canbeexamined bya Glgister s ; + Signs Intacthymen: Seenin © Maceration: An example of asepticautolyss False virgin - I hymen is intact even after sexual intercourse — Earliest sign is skin slippage, reddening as-early as seenifhymen too thick /to0 loose/tooelastie ahs + Child (deep seated hymen) ‘© Radiological signs Legitimate status of child born out of ART = legitimate > Robert sign (gasin aorta) (12 hs) > Qvercrowdingofribs renhvasneof respon ORCL erechela eae © Palpationof etal movements fechrigee Spalding sign: Oversiding of cranial vault bones. Seen _ Palpations of etalparts chins around 4-7 days ~~ Auscultation of fetal heart sounds A Radiologicalsigns ‘ hh Tests ofLive Births ‘ Spurious pregnancy / Phantom pregnancy/ Pseudocyesis Beebe to cos # Occurwithwoman intensely desiringa child InRaygat's test, we use ‘Liver’ as control, . Z Woman has all subjective symptoms due to hormonal gM fSlsepostivercsult:Inputeefaction | ake! preter fr imbalancesbutnotpregnant 2 false negative result: Seen in Atelectasis / Pneumonia / — Pulmonary edema fete ae A redemina * | F einsion | 7 Morning setness Subjective | 7 symptoms 6) ‘Type Fertilisation of | Ovulatory cycle P saperiecunaion ova ‘same F superetaion | 2000 “Diferent 233‘Table 10.1 Name © Mechanism / Principle Unrespired Baby + Respired Baby 3-4" Rib 6" Rit Level of diaphragm 5-6" Rib Fodere's Test (Weight of Lungs) Tf Vascularity 30gm 60.gm fod inst) = Plocquets Test (Wegt of ings / Wt of Baby) = \Wreden's test fr Middle Ear Gelatin Air Breslau's second life test (Stomach bowel test) No air bubble (¢ ‘Air bubble + Ar ipaseane Test (Raygat's test) depends on Specific gravity of lung Sink Float residual airin the ung — a 1.049 940 + +A Previous Year Questions A rounds for divore A Sterility B. Frigidity . Impotence D. Poverty Q. Posthumous childis? A. Child bornafter the death of father 8. Child born through artificial insemination . Woman claimthe child asher own D. Child born out of wedlock (FMGE Dec 2019) Q. Maximum number of times a woman can become pregnant for surrogacyis? (ipmeR 2017) AL B2 3 D4 (GE 1m 2019) 6 Tstpe thyme Q. A 14-year-old rape victim brought to the hospital with 22, ‘weeks pregnancy. All of the following are correct statements regarding the case, except? {alis Nov 2017) A. Vaginal swabneedtobe taken B. The fetuscan be aborted after her consent . Examination can be done by a male doctor with a female attendant D. Urine pregnancy testisnot necessary Q. IPCfor causing abortion without women’s consent? (FMGE June 2019) A312 * 8. 313 c. 314 ° D. 315 235 (NEETPG 2022) Septate hymen ‘A. Septate B. Fimbriate . Annular D. Semilunar Q. Opinion of doctors needed for MTP, when the durationis? (FMGE 2022) ‘A. 12t020weeks B. 20to24weeks C. 24to28weeks , Morethan 28 weeks11 SEXUAL OFFENCES i NATURAL SEXUAL OFFENCES © Bondage: Sadism+Masochism Adultery 2 Exhibitionism: Sexual gratification by showing private parts ee fia “Roaiec) rest ‘+ Voyeurism /Scotaphilia (Peeping Tor): Sexual gratification by + Sexwithbloodrelations watching private ats of female. (354(C)IPC) _Aape . + Eetichism - Sexual gratification by inanimate objects( po" living ) ‘ $ec3751PC:Defnitionofrape + Jransvestism / eonism - Sexval gratification by wearing the If there is penetration of penis in vagina, anus, uretva,”| “ressofoppositesex, ‘mouth + Frotteurism - Sexual gratification by touching or rubbing of or “female private parts. (punishable under 290 IPC and 354 (A) Bodypart /foreign body into vagina, anus, urethra eo Or # Scatalogia Sexual gratificationby talkingobscenity 1 Application of mouth to vagina, anus, urethra 7 Klsmaphila-Sewalgratiication benems + Minimumageof consent of sex: 1Byrs. © Urophilia- Sexual gratification by sight orsmellof urine + Statutory Rape: Sex with the girl < 18 yis with / without ® Coprophilia-Sexvalgratification by sightandsmellof feces FF conseny TEST TO CHECK PRESENCE OF SEMEN Examination: Can be done under police inquest which states ‘+ (Barberiontést - Yellow needle crystal due to presence of + Foraccusedunder section 53(A) crpe “spermine 2 Consentisnot mandatory 2" Reasonable force canbe used ‘+ Forvictimunder section 164 (A)erpe Cgnsent is mandatory, obtain informed refusal if she is not Yellow needle. consenting a crystals * Lugol's iodine test - Done to detect vaginal epithelium cells on, (shermine) theaccused (nn) p -UNNATURAL SEXUAL OFFENCES @ Lesbianism/Tribadism Q- g b « © Active Partner: Dyke/ But + cFIGFEREERES - Dark brown rhombic erystal due to presence of © Passive Partner: Femme . choline ‘ Sodgmy/ Greeklove / Buggery: Penile -analintercourse @ Pederasty: cderast) is having_habitual sodomy Male Child (Catamite) ee © Buccal Coitus: Oral Sex/Sinof Gomorrah A Fellatio-Oralstimulation of penis -# Cunnilingus- Oral stimulation of vag dark brown rhonie A Bestiality: Sexual intercourse with animals Bea (choline) Non - consensual unnatural sexual offence is punishable under section377 PC PERVERSIONS / PARAPHILIAS: 01:08:16 7 Sadism: Sexual gratification by inflicting painin partner A best test to detect - MICROSCOPY (presence of even 1 CH Masochism:Seual graticatonbysufferingpain spermatozoa confirms thetest) 236‘TEST FORBLOOD STAINS ‘+ Teichmantest -Brown shombicerystals = Takayama’stest -Pink feathery crystals ‘+ Absorption Spectrometry: Besttest for bloodstain. 237Previous Year Questions Q. A14-year-old rape victim was brought to the hospital with 22 weeks pregnancy. All of the following are correct statement regardingthe case,except?_ (AIMS Nov 2017) A Vaginal swab needtobe taken B, Thefetuscanbeabortedafterherconsent C. Examination canbe done bya male doctor witha female D. Urine pregnancy testisnot necessary Q, Aman continuesto call females, achieves sexual gratification by talking obscenity & sharing obscene picture. The condition 182 {AlIMS Aug 2020) A. Seatologia 8. Stalking ©. Scopophilia . Voyeurism : 238 ES . Following is used to identify the vaginal cells on glans penis duringthe examination of accused ofrape? _(INICET 2022) A. Precipitintest 8. Florencetest C. Lugolsiodine D. Toludineblue Getting Sexual gratification by giving pain to partnerisknown as? (FMGE 2022) ‘A. Masochism B. Sadism . Lesbianism D. Urolagnia12 LEGAL SECTIONS LEGALSECTIONS '# 441PC-Definition of injury ‘+ 821PC-Crimedone by child <7 yr=notliable #83 IPC - Crime done by child between 7 - 12 yrs, liability, depends on maturity of the child #84 1PC- Criminal responsibility of insane person — non liable, Rules relatedtoinsanity cere? © IrresistibleImpulse Act © Curren’s Rule ‘© Americanlaw institute Test © MCNaughten’s Rule ‘© 85 1PC- Crime done in involuntary drunkenness — person is notliable * 86 IPC - Crime done in voluntary drunkenness —> isliable ++ 901°C -Consent given under following situation are INVALID- Childe22, Insane, under influence, Intoxicated + 921PC-Nonee Sm Situation ‘© 1911PC-Definitionof perjury (ale culo gfx om ) ¢ 1931PC-Punishmentofperiury + 3001PC-Definition of culpable homicide amounting tomurder + 3021PC-Punishmentof murder + 308(A)IPC-(P) Death due to medical negligence + 308(8)1PC-Punishmentfordowry death + 312 - (P) Criminal abortion (Illegal abortion) offemale 5 aga “+ 313-(P)Criminalabortion without consent of female ‘© 3191PC-Definition of Hurt ‘© 3201PC- Definition of grievous hurt i consent 3201PC: Grievous hurt sequence 1. Emasculation (lon gf Airy gf meh) Permanentlossot vision A, Permanentlossofhearing A. Permanent lossof member or joint &: Permanentlossof power of member orjoint -&. Permanent disfiguration of face or head AP Fracture or dislocation of bone or tooth _-&. Any hurt which endangers life or which eto be_in severe bodily pain-or unable to foll linar pursuits for 20days. Re + 326(A)1°C-Punishmentofrotage| Jel AH + 326(B)IPC- Punishment of attempt ofacid attack. + 3541PC A ~ Defineand punishmient of sexual harassment 28 -Forciblydsobingatemale (atin joa Abie) pen Ze C -Voyeutsm ( pipiy bm) “xD - Stalking 3751PC- Defritionofape ‘+ 3761PC-Punishmentof rape ‘+ 376(1)IPC- 20yr-lifeimprisonment ‘© 376(2)IPC-Punishment for Custodial rape ‘+ 3771PC- Punishment for unnatural sexualoffences ‘+ 39 CrPC - Police intimation in case of crime , if not punishable ‘+ 357 (C) CrPC- AlLhospitals, public, private , shall immediately provide the first aid or medical treatment, free of costand shal immediately inform the police of such incident. Vidlation of ‘thisis punishable under 166 (8) PC. MTP ACT MTP AMENDMENT ACT 2021 Indication Eugenic (paX gf prt dw) & Humanitarian: Pregnancy due torape oe Thempeutic a Social Failure ofcontraception + Hujband’sconsentnotnecessary + Minage of consentforMTPis38yrs © Wei8yrs.consentofguardianrequired. A © Confidentiality shouldbe maintained + Hage ofgestation:<12 weeks . Emergency “ANYTIME Oe Mg