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akrille.007
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Experiment 5: Frank-Hertz experiment using Neon tube

Sattvik Yadav
(Roll no.- 2211100)
(Dated: August 5, 2024)
AIM
This experiment aims to calculate the quantized excitation energy for a Neon atom. It uses the Frank-Hertz tube and uses
the dips observed in the plot of collector current at the cathode versus the accelerating potential applied. The difference in
dips corresponds to the excitation of electrons in the Neon gas of a particular tube region. Through this method, the
calculated quantised excitation energy of the Neon atom comes out to be

I. APPARATUS

• Frank-Hertz Operating Unit

• Frank-Hertz Tube

II. THEORY

III. OBSERVATION

Three sets of data were taken to calculate the exci-


tation energy, each with a certain combination for the
constant values of UF , UKG and UAE . The data table is
in the attached datasheets (they were not included due FIG. 1. Plot for the first set of data.
to the data size).
The least count of the accelerating voltage is 0.5 V, and
the collector current is 1 nA. The values of the said con-
stants are as follows:

• First Set
UF = 8.5V
UKG = 5V
UAE = 6V

• Second Set
UF = 8.5V
UKG = 4V
UAE = 6V

• Third Set
UF = 9V
UKG = 7V
UAE = 4.5V

IV. CALCULATION AND ERROR ANALYSIS

The plots of collector current versus accelerating volt-


age for the above sets of data are as follows: FIG. 2. Plot for the second set of data.
2

From figure ??, for the third set of data, we have the
following values for the excitation energy:

• Peak 2 - Peak 1 = 17 ± 1eV

• Peak 3 - Peak 2 = 20 ± 1eV

From the above values of excitation energy, we get the


average as:

∆Eexavg = 18 ± 1V

V. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

We know that the literature value for the average ex-


citation energy obtained through the Frank-Hertz exper-
FIG. 3. Plot for the third set of data. iment is 17.3120 eV. This value lies in the error range of
the calculated value, which is 18 ± 1eV . We also note
Note that the error for each value of accelerating volt- that for all three sets of reading, the second difference is
age is 0.5 V. Thus, the subtraction operation will result always higher than that of the first difference. This may
in a net result of 1 V in each answer. be because the excitation energy from 2s to 3s is less
We also know that the energy in electron volts corre- than that of from 2s to 3p. Since at higher voltage, the
sponds to the voltage across which the electron acceler- energy of the emitted electrons is high, the probability
ates. Thus, the difference we calculate for the dips at of the 2s-3p absorption increases. This results in shifting
particular accelerating voltages corresponds to the exci- the peaks at higher voltages toward the right, thereby
tation energy in electron volts. increasing the second difference.
From figure 2, for the first set of data, we have the fol- We also note that the first set of data is a bit erroneous.
lowing values for the excitation energy: This is so because while taking the reading, an error was
made in the choice of the constants, which resulted in the
• Peak 2 - Peak 1 = 17 ± 1eV dips going in the negative and a subsequent decrease to
negative values.
• Peak 3 - Peak 2 = 19 ± 1eV
From figure 1, for the second set of data, we have the • NISER Lab Manual
following values for the excitation energy:
• Franck-Hertz. (n.d.). tell
• Peak 2 - Peak 1 = 16 ± 1eV
•
• Peak 3 - Peak 2 = 20 ± 1eV

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