Mathematics

Parallelograms:
Co-ordinate Geometry  Two opposite sides equal and
Straight line parallel or
 Gradient form: y = m + b  Opposite sides are equal or
 General form: A + By + C = 0  Opposite angles are equal or
 Diagonals bisect each other
 Distance: d = (1-2)2 + (y1-y2)2 Rhombus:
 All sides equal or
 Midpoint: mp = (1 + 2 , y1 + y2 )  Diagonals bisect each other at right
angles
2 2 Rectangle:
 All angles are right angles or
 Gradient: m = y2-y1  Parallelogram with equal diagonals
2-1 Square:
 All sides equal and one angle right
 Perpendicular distance or
 All angles right and two adjacent
P= A1 + By1 + C
sides equal.
Tests for congruent triangles
A2 + B2
 SSS
 m = tan  SAS
 AAS
 RHS
Tests for similar triangles
Geometrical Properties  AA
 Complementary angles add to 90  Corresponding sides proportional
 Supplementary angle add to 180 (SSS)
 Vertically opposite angles are equal  Two sides are proportional and
 Angles at a point add to 360 included angles are equal (SAS)
 Angle sum of a triangle is 180
 The exterior angle of a triangle is
Applications of Differentiation
equal to the sum of the opposite
 First derivative dy/d
interior angles
- Stationary point when equals 0
 An isosceles triangle has equal base
- Curve increasing>0
angles
- Curve decreasing<0
 Equilateral triangles have all angles
-Max turning point if second
60
derivative negative
 Alternate angles on parallel lines are
-Minimum turning point if second
equal
derivative positive
 Corresponding angles on parallel
 Second derivative d2y/d2
lines are equal
- Point of inflexion when equals 0
 Co-interior angles between parallel
-Concave up when >0
lines are supplementary
-Concave down when <0
 The angle sum of a polygon is
 Horizontal point of inflexion if both
(n-2)x180
first and second derivative equals
 The sum of the exterior angles of
zero.
any polygon is equal to 360
 The angle sum of a quadrilateral is
360

Integration
Tests for special quadrilaterals: 1
n+1

1
 n d = n+1 + c

logef() =
 Area between curve and axis
A = ba f() d
 d = loge = c
 Volume of revolution
V =  ba [ f() ]2 d  d = logef() + c

 Area between two curves Log laws

A =  top curve -  bottom curve  logee2 = 2logee = 2
 logek = logek + loge
 Volume between two curves  loge = loge ½ = ½ loge
A =   (top curve)2 – (bottom curve)2  loge/k = loge - logek

Approximating integrals 2.5

Simpson’s Rule
2
A = h [ f(a) + 4 x f((a+b)/2) + f(b) ]
3 1.5

Trapezoidal Rule 1
A = ½ h [ f(a) + f(b) ]
0.5

Logarithmic and Exponential 0

Functions 0 2 4 6 8 10

Exponential functions
e  = e Trigonometric Functions
 Arc length
l = rΘ
ec = cec  area of sector
A = ½ r2Θ
 y = sin
ef() = f’() ef(x) 1.5
 e d = e + k

1

0.5
 ec d = ec + k
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-0.5

-1

-1.5
8

7 Period = 2
6
Amplitude = 1
5
 y = cos
4 1.5

3 1

2
0.5
1
0
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -0.5

Period
-1 = 2
Amplitude
-1.5 =1
Logarithmic Functions  y = tan
loge =

2
 2.5

1.5

0.5

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

Period = 
 Exponential Decay
If dP/dt = -kP

Then P = Poe-kt
=1
Where Po is the initial value of P
k is the constant of proportionality
 Derivatives
P is the amount of quantity present at
sin = cos
time t
cos = -sin
Series and Applications
Arithmetic Series
tan = sec2
 Tn = a + (n-1)d
 Sn = n/2 (a+l) or
 Integrals
Sn = n/2 [2a + (n-1)d]
 sina d = -1/a cos + c Geometric Series
 cosa d = 1/a sin + c  Tn = arn-1
 sec2a d = 1/a tan + c  Sn = if r > 1
Rates of Change  Sn = if r < 1
The rate of change of some physical
quantity Q is defined as dQ/dt
 Given Q = f(t) then rate of change,  S∞ = where <1
dQ/dt = f ‘(t) Compound Interest
 Given the rate of change, R = dQ/dt,
then Q =  R dt A=P

Kinematics Superannuation
Displacement =  If $P is invested at the beginning of
Velocity = v = d/dt each year in a superannuation fund
Acceleration = a = dv/dt = d2/dt2 earning interest at r% pa, the investment
 =  v dt after n years will amount to T
v =  a dt
A1 = P
Exponential Growth and Decay
 If e = a, then  = logea
 Growth y = aek A2 = P
And so on, so that investment = A1 +
A2…
=P +P …
 Decay y = Ae-k
 Exponential Growth forms a geometric series with
If the rate of change is proportional
to P, ie dP/dt = kP a=P n = number of years
Then P = Poekt
and r =

3
Time payments
A person borrows $P at r% per term,
where the interest is compounded per
term on the amount owing. If they pay
off the loan in equal term instalments
over n terms, their equal term instalment
is M, where

M=

Deriving the equation:

An = P (rate)n – M (1 + rate + rate2…)

After fully paid An = 0

Rearrange to find M, using (1 + rate +
rate2…) as a geometric series.

Probability
Probability of an event occurring =

The probability of two events A and B

occurring is given by:
P(AB) = P(A) x P(B)

Sum and Difference of Two Cubes

X 3+ Y 3 = (x + y)(X 2 - XY + Y 2 )
X 3 -Y 3 = (X - Y)(X 2 + XY + Y 2 )

Parabolas
(-b)2 = 4a(y-c)
where (b,c) is the vertex
a is the focal length