KCSE 2024 REPLICA

BIOLOGY
(PREDICTION EXAMS 1-10)

Confidential set of Possible Questions likely to be examined in the forthcoming

Final Examinations. A Projection of what is likely to be tested in the much-
awaited KNEC Exams scheduled for November 2024.

The following are Questions to expect in KCSE 2024 EXAMS.

CONFIDENTIAL!

For Marking Schemes

Mr Isaboke 0746 222 000 /0742 999 000

THE KEY TO SUCCESS!

 KCSE 2024 REPLICA PREDICTION
(POSSIBLE TRIAL 1)
BIOLOGY
231/1
PAPER 1 (THEORY)
TIME: 2 HOURS

NAME……………………………………………………………………………………….

SCHOOL……………………………………………… SIGN………………………….

INDEX NO……………………………………………. ADM NO……………………..

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education.

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
a) Write your name and admission number in the spaces provided above.
b) Sign in the spaces provided above.
c) Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.
d) All workings MUST be clearly shown where necessary.

FOR EXAMINERS USE ONLY

QUESTION MAXIMUM SCORE CANDIDATES SCORE

1 – 30 80

KCSE Predictions Marking Schemes - 0746 222 000 / 0742 999 000
 Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided
1. One of the function of the nucleus is storage of hereditary material also known as gene.
(a) What is a gene. (1mks)
(b) State the three functions of DNA. (3mks)
2. State any two species of schistosoma that transmit bilharzia. (2mks)
3. a) State three importance of photosynthesis in nature. (3mks)
b) How does nutrition differ in plants and animals? (1mk)
4. (a) Identify the organelle shown below (1mk)

b. How is the organelle you have identified in (a) above suited to its function? (2mks)
5. During a practical class, form four students estimated the field of view to be 3.5mm. Using the low
power objective, they observed spirogyra cells across the same field of view and counted 8cells.
Calculate the size of each cell and give your answer in micrometer. (3mks)
6. a) Explain what happens when a wilting plant is watered. (2 marks)
7. The diagram below represents a type of neurone.

(a) (i) identify the neuron above. (1 mark)

(ii) Give a reason for your answer in a (i) above.
(b) With an arrow, indicate on the diagram the direction of an impulse transmission through the
neuron. (1 mark)
(c) Name the chemical substance that brings about transmission of impulse across a synapse
(1mark)

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8. The diagram below represents a mammalian jaw

A
(a) State the mode of feeding for the mammal. (1 mark)
(b) Describe three adaptations for this mammal from jaw to its mode of feeding. (3 marks)
(c) Where are the following structures found along the mammalian digestive tract? (2 marks)
(i) Pyloric sphincter
(ii) Crypt of Lieberkuhn
9. Explain how crops grown along roads can be a source of lead poisoning to human beings.(2 mks
10. a) State the characteristics that can separate the following organisms into respective classes;
millipedes, tsetsefly and spider. (3marks)

b) State the kingdom whose members have a cell wall made up of mullein. (1 mark)
11. The diagrams below show organs obtained from members of Angiospermatophyta

A B
To which classes do the plants from which the organs were obtained belong? (2marks)
A ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
B ………………………………………………………………………………………………
a) Small insect-eating birds are feeding on the caterpillars and caterpilars are eating the leaves of a
tree. A pair of sparrow hawks is hunting for small birds to feed their young.
(i) Represent the information on a food chain. (1 mark)
(ii) Draw a pyramid of numbers of the above chain. Give the organisms at each trophic level.
(2 marks)

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12. Give two ways by which prey are adapted to escaping predators (2marks)
13. The diagram below shows the site where exchange of substances takes place in the mammalian
circulation.

a) Name the vessel labelled T [1mark]

b) Name the fluid labelled F and state its importance [2marks]
c) Explain the mechanism of formation of the liquid named in (b) above [3marks]
14. Briefly give clear explanations to the statements below. [2 marks]
a) In mammals haemoglobin is confined to erythrocytes. Give one advantages of this
b) People living in high altitude areas have a higher erythrocyte count and more haemoglobin than
people living in low altitudes. Suggest a reason for this adaptations
15. Color blindness is a sex-linked trait controlled by a recessive gene b if a mother is carrier and
father is normal what is the chance that their son will be colour blind? Show your working.
(4mks)
16. a) State the role of a generative cell during fertilization in flowering plants. (2mks)
b). State two differences between prophase and prophase I. (2mks)
17. Using the named parts of a flower in the table below. State the differences between insect
pollinated flower and wind pollinated flower. (3marks)
Part Insect pollinated Wind pollinated
Pollen grain
Stigma
Anthers
18. (a) Name the part of the eye in which the light sensitive cells are located. (1mark)
(b) List the two types of sensory cells found in the part named in (a) above (2 marks)
19. State the function of conjunctiva. (1 mark)
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20. The diagram below shows the position of an image formed in a defective eye:-

(a) Name the defect (1 mark)

(b) How can the defect be corrected. (1 mark)
21. Name the disorder characterized by the following. (2marks)
(a) Having extra somatic chromosome
(b) Missing one of the sex chromosome
22. Study the figure below then answer questions that follow.
B

A
(a) Identify the bone on the diagram above. (1mk)
(b) Name the part labelled A and B. (2mks)
23. Name the type of joints found in the following regions. (2 marks)
(a) The anterior end of atlas.
(b) The articulation of glenoid cavity and head of humerus bone.
24. A boy who is learning how to swim in sea water accidentally drinks a lot of sea water. Explain the
effect this will have on his kidneys. (3mks)
25. (a)Name the fluid that is produced by sebaceous glands. (1mk)
(b) State two functions of sweat on the human body. (2mks)

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26. Two flasks were set up as shown below.

a) What is the aim of the investigation? (1mark)

b) Explain why the vacuum flasks were used instead of conical flasks. (1mark)
c) What is expected of the thermometer reading after 2 hours in A? (2marks)
27. Explain what happens when there is oxygen debt in human muscles (3mks)

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 KCSE 2024 REPLICA PREDICTION
(POSSIBLE TRIAL 1)
BIOLOGY
231/2
PAPER 2 (THEORY)
TIME: 2 HOURS
NAME……………………………………………………………………………………..

SCHOOL……………………………………………… SIGN………………………..

INDEX NO……………………………………………. ADM NO……………………

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education.

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
1) Write your name, admission number and class in the spaces provided above.
2) Answer all the questions in Section A in the spaces provided.
3) In section B answer question 6 Compulsory and Either Question 7 or 8

FOR EXAMINERS USE ONLY

Questions Questions Maximum Score Candidate Score
A 1 8
2 8
3 8
4 8
5 8
B 6 20
7 20
8 20
TOTAL 80

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 SECTION A
1. The quantity of urine passed per day was established in five mammals A, B, C, D, and E of the
same species in the natural habitats. The results are ash shown in the following diagram;

(a) Which of the above mammals is likely to be excreting urine very high in ammonia? Explain
(2mks)
(b) Which of the five mammals was likely to be living in a desert? Explain (2mks)
(c) State two structural differences expected in the nephron of mammals A and D. (2mks)
(d) Name two physiological mechanisms used in mammal D to regulate its salt and water
balance in the body. (2mks)
2. (a) State the function of the following parts of mammalian ear;
i) Tympanic membrane (1mk)
ii) Pinna (1mk)
iii) Ear ossicles (1mk)
(b) Give two defects of mammalian eye (2mks)
(c) The diagram below show how the iris and pupil of a human eye appear under different
Condition

i) Name the structures labeled X and Y (2mks)

ii) State the condition that lead to the change in appearance shown in the diagram labeled B
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3. A biologists carried out a study to investigate the growth of a certain species of herbivorous
fish and the factors influencing plant and animal life in four lakes A,B,C and D. The lakes
were located in the same geographical area.
Two of the lakes A and B were found to contain hard water due to the presence of high
content of calcium salts. The mean body length of 2 year old fish, amount of plant use and
invertebrates biomass in each lake were determined. The data was shown in the table below;
Lakes Means of fish Type of Amount of Invertebrate biomass g/cm3
body length water plant life
(m) insects snails crabs worms
A 31.2 Hard 1050 11 300 10 180
B 38.6 Hard 950 72 100 9 90
C 18.4 Soft 1.2 79 0 2 20
D 16.3 soft 0.5 99 0 1 10
(a) Describe the procedure that may have been used to determine the mean body length of the
fish. (4mks)
(b)What are the likely reasons for the difference in mean body length of the fish living in lakes A
and D (2mks)
(c) Explain why primary producers have a higher biomass than primary consumers. (2mks)
4. In an experiment to investigate a factor affecting photosynthesis a potted plant which had
been kept in the dark overnight was treated as shown in the diagram below and exposed to
light.

(a) Why was the potted plant kept in the dark overnight? (1mk)
(b) Which factor was being investigated in the experiment? (1mk)
(c) (i) Which test did the students perform to confirm photosynthesis in the leaves labeled P and
Q
(ii) State the results obtained in the leaves labeled P and Q.
P (1mk)
Q (1mk)
(iii) Explain the results obtained in the leaves labelled P and Q
P (1mk)
Q (1mk)
(iv) What was the purpose of the leaf Q in the experiment? (1mk)
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5. The diagram below shows samples of blood obtained from two different persons A and B

(a) What genetic disorder is person B suffering from? (1mk)

(b) State one advantage and one disadvantage of the disorder exhibited in person A. (2mks)
(c) Work out the genotype and phenotypes of the resulting offspring of a marriage between
person A and B. Show your working (5mks)
SECTION B
6. The data below represents levels of progesterone hormone produced in a female’s body within a
period of 34 days. Study the data and use it to answer the questions that follow
NB: The days were counted from the 1st day that menstruation was noticed.

Day Progesterone hormone

concentration in arbitrary units
1 6
2 5
3 3
4 2
5 1
6 1
8 1
10 2
12 4
14 7
16 8
20 9
22 10
24 10
26 10
28 10
30 11
32 11
34 11
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(a) Plot a graph of progesterone concentration against time using a suitable scale. (6mks)
(b) Account for the progesterone levels in the blood between
i) Day 1 - day 5 (2mks)
ii) Day 14 – day 20 (2mks)
iii) Day 28 – day 35 (2mks)
(c) Name two structures that produce progesterone in females . (3mks)
(d) Suggest the process that usually takes place at day 14. (1mk)
(e) Suggest two other hormones that were in high concentration in the body of the female
between day 10 – 15 . Give reasons for your answer. (4mks)
7. Describe how water moves from the soil to the leaves in a tree. (20mks)

8. (a) Describe the process of carbohydrates digestion in human beings. (12mks)

(b) Describe the flow of energy from the sun through the different trophic levels in an
Ecosystem (8mks)

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 KCSE 2024 REPLICA PREDICTION
(POSSIBLE TRIAL 2)
BIOLOGY
231/1
PAPER 1 (THEORY)
TIME: 2 HOURS
NAME……………………………………………………………………………………..

SCHOOL……………………………………………… SIGN………………………..

INDEX NO……………………………………………. ADM NO……………………

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education.

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES:
(a) Write your name and Index Number in the spaces provided.
(b) Sign and write the date of examination in the spaces provided.
(c) Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.
(d) Wrong spelling especially of technical terms will be penalized.

FOR EXAMINER’S USE ONLY

QUESTION MAX. SCORE CANDIDATE SCORE

1 – 33 80

KCSE Predictions Marking Schemes - 0746 222 000 / 0742 999 000
 Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.
1. Name the hormone that is responsible for the development of a deep voice in humans. (1 mark)
2. a) Name the bacteria found in the root nodules of leguminous plants. (1 mark)
b) What relationship is shown by the bacteria and the leguminous plant. (1 mark)
3. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow

Receptor

(a) On the diagram show the direction of impulse transmission (1mark)

(b) State the potential at which parts A and B are: (2marks)
A……………………………………………………………………………………
B……………………………………………………………………………………
4. Fats produce high amount of energy on oxidation yet they are not the main respiratory substrate.
Explain. (2marks)
5. Distinguish between members of class Monocotyledonae and Dicotyledonae under the following
headings
(i) Leaf petiole (1mark)
(ii)Floral parts (1mark)
6. (a) Define continental drift as used in evolution (2marks)
(b) What is meant by the term homologous structure (1mark)
7. Name the gamete cells that are produced by ovaries. (1 mark)
8. Give the importance of mosaic leaf arrangement. (1 mark)
9. Identify the genetic disorders in man, characterized by the symptoms described in (a) and (b) below.
(a) Inability to distinguish between blue and green colour and various shades of red. (1 mark)
(b) Blood takes an abnormally long time to clot (1 mark)
10. Name the fins that prevent the following movements of fish during swimming. (3marks)
i) Yawing………………………………………………………………………………………
ii) Pitching………………………………………………………………………………………
iii) Rolling………………………………………………………………………………………

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11. A protein has 100 amino acids. Calculate the number of nitrogenous bases in the gene for this
protein (2marks)
12. An investigation was carried out on a mammalian kidney.

i. Name the structure labeled T. (1mark)

ii. What is the function of the structure named in (i) above in the kidney? (1mark)
iii. Identify the disease shown in the kidney above. (1mark)
13. .a) Name the part of the eye where image is formed. (1mark)
b) State two characteristics of the image formed on the retina. (2marks)
14. Name:
a) A cell in the human body that lacks mitochondria…………………………… (1mark)
b) A kingdom whose members lack mitochondria……………………………… (1mark)
15. Below is a photograph illustrating a germinating seedling.

a) Identify the type of germination. (1mark)

b) Give two functions of the structure labeled Z? (2marks)
c) What name is given to the part labeled W? (1mark)

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16. Name the cell structures that synthesize the following cell organelles
(i) Ribosomes……………………………………………………………………(1mark)
(ii) Lysosomes……………………………………………………………………… (1mark)
17. A solution of sugarcane was boiled with hydrochloric acid then cooled. Sodium carbonate was
added then Benedict’s solution. The solution was boiled and an orange precipitate was formed.
(a) Why was the solution boiled with hydrochloric acid? (1mark)
(b) To which class of carbohydrates does sugarcane belong? (1mark)
(c) Name the type of reaction that takes place when:
(i) Simple sugars combine to form complex sugars (1mark)
(ii) A complex sugar is broken down into simple sugars (1mark)
18. Name the most appropriate apparatus used to collect the following organisms (2 marks)
a) Mosquitoes………………………………………………………………………
b) Millipede…………………………………………………………………………
19. a) Name a chemical that can be used to preserve specimens in the laboratory. (1mark)
b) Identify two scientific skill acquired through the study of biology (2mark)
20. Explain why petals and sepals are referred to as the accessory parts of a flower (1marks)
21. The diagram below shows the position of an image formed in a defective eye.

(a) Name the defect. (1mark)

(b) Explain how the defect named in (a) above can be corrected. (2marks)
22. Describe photolysis (2marks)
23. Name two instruments used in the laboratory for magnification. (2marks)
24. Give reasons why microscopic sections require to be: (2marks)
(a) Very thin
(b) Kept wet during processing
25. State two sites for gaseous exchange in submerged aquatic plants (2marks)
26. Explain why a person can catch a cold several times in an year but only catches measles once in
his/her lifetime. (3marks)

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27. (a) Name the structure for gaseous exchange in insects (1mark)
(b) Explain the role of chitin ring found in the tracheal system of insects (1mark)
(c) Why does the blood of insects lack haemoglobin? (1mark)
28. Under what conditions do animals use tissue proteins for respiration? (1mark)
29. Name three processes in the human body in which homeostasis is involved (3marks)
30. Name two classes of animals that excrete their nitrogenous waste products mainly in the form of
uric acid. (2marks)
31. State three adaptations of the gazelle that prevents them from being preyed upon (3marks)
32. In rice field, weeds are normally removed by hand when rice plants are still young. One common
weed in rice fields is a species of barnyard grass which has a close resemblance to young rice
plants. Unlike most other weeds, this species spreads very fast wherever it is newly introduced.
(a) What adaptive variation confers a selective advantage to this species of barnyard grass?
(1mark)
(b) Explain why the weed spreads very fast. (2marks)
33. The photograph below shows red blood cells that have been put in different solutions. Examine
them and answer the questions that follow.

(a) (i) Identify the type of solution in which F was placed. (1mark)
ii) State the process which the red blood cells underwent in illustration G. (1mark)
(b) Account for the appearance of the red blood cells in illustration E. (3marks)

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 KCSE 2024 REPLICA PREDICTION
(POSSIBLE TRIAL 2)
BIOLOGY
231/2
PAPER 2 (THEORY)
TIME: 2 HOURS
NAME……………………………………………………………………………………..

SCHOOL……………………………………………… SIGN………………………..

INDEX NO……………………………………………. ADM NO……………………

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education.

INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS
 Write your name and admission number in the spaces provided above
 Sign and write the date of examination in the spaces provided above
 This paper consists of TWO sections A and B.
 Answer ALL questions in section A in the spaces provided
 In section B answer question 6 (compulsory) and either question 7 or 8 in the spaces provided after
question 8
FOR EXAMINERS USE ONLY
Section Question Maximum score Candidate score
A 1 8
2 8
3 8
4 8
5 8
6 20
B 7 20
8 20
TOTAL 80

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 SECTION A (40 MARKS)
1. In a breeding experiment a pure breed black mouse was crossed with a pure white one. All F1 off
springs were grey in color. Using letter B to represent the gene for black color and W to represent
the gene for white color:
a) Give the parental genotypes. (1mark)
b) If F1 offsprings were selfed, use a genetic cross to show the phenotypic ratio of F2 generation.
(5marks)
c) Explain the presence of the grey color from the cross between a black and white mouse.
(1marks)
d) Give one disadvantage of inbreeding in animal breeding. (1 mark)
2. The diagram below represents an organ from a bony fish. Study it and answer the questions that
follow.

a) Identify the organ. (1 mark)

b) Name the part labelled R and S. (2 marks)
c) State two ways in which the structures labelled Q are adapted to their function. (2 marks)
d) Name the structure that is found covering the organ shown above. (1 mark)
e) Blood in the capillaries of the gill filaments and water flow in opposite direction. Explain the
significance of this. (2marks)
3. The diagram below shows the bones in a human leg. Study it and answer the questions that follow.

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a) Name the bone B and C. (2 mrks)
b) Name the joint that is formed at the proximal end of bone C (1 mark)
c) State the function of the structure labelled A. (1 mark)
d) Name the bones that articulates with bone C at its distal end. (2 mrks)
e) Distinguish between a tendon and a ligament. (2 mrks)
4. The diagram below shows part of a longitudinal section of a young root.

G H
a) Name the structure G and H. (2 marks)
b) State two ways in which structure F is adapted to its function. (2 marks)
c) Describe how water from the soil reaches structure J. (4marks)
5. a) A person had an accident that damaged some part of the brain. Name the part of the brain that
was damaged that resulted in the following symptoms:
i) Inability to regulate body temperature (1 mark)
ii) Loss of memory (1 mark)
b) State two differences between simple reflex and conditioned reflex (2 marks)
c) State the role played by the following substances during nerve impulse transmission
i) Acetylcholine (1 mark)
ii) Cholinesterase (1 mark)
d) Give two differences between a motor neuron and relay neuron. (2 marks)

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 SECTION B (40 MARKS)
Answer question 6 (compulsory) and either question 7 or 8
6. An experiment was set up to investigate how body temperature of a student vary with different
temperature conditions of the environment. The data was tabulated as shown below.
Environmental temperature (0C) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Frog’s body temperature (0C) 5 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 43
Student’s body temperature (0C) 37 38 37 38 37 38 37 38 38 37

a) Using the same axis, draw graphs of the body temperature of student and frog against environmental
temperature. (7 marks)

b) At what temperature was the body temperature of the student and frog the same? (1 mark)
c) Account for the shape of the graph for:
i) The frog (2 marks)
ii) The student (2 marks)
d) State three changes that take place in the skin of the student as the environmental temperature rises.
(3 marks)
e) State two ways in which the frog regulates its body temperature when the environmental
temperature is low. (2 marks)
f) Give two advantages the student has over the frog. (2 marks)
g) Name the part of the body that detects the internal temperature of the body. (1 mark)
7. a) Describe the digestion and absorption of a starchy food (15 marks)
b) Describe adaptations of hydrophytes to their habitats. (5 marks)

8. a) Describe the structure and function of the male reproductive system. (15 marks)
b) Explain the role of water in germination. (5 marks)

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 KCSE 2024 REPLICA PREDICTION
(POSSIBLE TRIAL 3)
BIOLOGY
231/1
PAPER 1 (THEORY)
TIME: 2 HOURS
NAME……………………………………………………………………………………..

SCHOOL……………………………………………… SIGN………………………..

INDEX NO……………………………………………. ADM NO……………………

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education.

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
a) Write your name and admission number in the spaces provided above.
b) Sign in the spaces provided above.
c) Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.
d) All workings MUST be clearly shown where necessary.

FOR EXAMINERS USE ONLY

QUESTION MAXIMUM SCORE CANDIDATES SCORE

1 – 30 80

KCSE Predictions Marking Schemes - 0746 222 000 / 0742 999 000
 Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided
1. Name the organelle that performs each of the following functions in a cell
(i) Protein synthesis. (1mark)
(ii) Transport of cell secretions. (1mark)
2. (a) Define the term ‘parthenocarpy’. (1mark)
(b) Name two plant growth hormones that promote parthenocarpy. (2marks)
3. The diagram below shows a longitudinal section of mammalian skin.

a) Name the parts labelled F and G. (2marks)

b) State one function of each of the parts labelled H and J (2marks)
4. (a) State two characteristics used to divide the phylum Arthropoda into classes (2marks)
(b)Name the class with the largest number of individuals in the phylum Arthropoda. (1mark)
5. The diagram below represents a longitudinal section of a fruit

(i)Identify the mode of dispersal (1mark)

(ii) Describe two adaptations of the fruit to its mode of dispersal (2marks)
6. (a) What causes the following diseases?
(i)Diabetes mellitus. (1mark)
(ii) Diabetes insipidus. (1mark)
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b) An individual shows the symptoms for diabetes mellitus, how would you determine in the school
laboratory whether they are positive for the condition? (2marks)
7. (a) Give two examples of natural selection in action. (2marks)
(b) List two features that make man the most dominant species on earth. (2marks)
8. Study the diagram below of a neurone in human being.

(a)Identify the neurone. (1mark)

(b)Name the part labeled B (1mark)
9. Study the diagram of the mammalian tooth below and answer the questions that follow.

(a) Identify the tooth. (1mark)

(b) Give a reason for your answer in (a) above. (1mark)
(c) State one adaptation of the tooth to its function. (1mark)
10. It was found that during germination of pea seeds 9.3cm3 of carbon (iv) oxide was produced while
9.1cm3 of oxygen was used up.
a) Calculate the respiratory quotient (RQ) of the reaction taking place. (2marks)
b) Explain why it is difficult to measure respiratory quotient in plants during the day. (1mark)
11. The diagrams below represent two types of bacteria species that causes some human diseases.

A B
Identify each bacterium and state the disease it causes. (4 marks)
A:
Disease it causes:
B:
Disease it causes:
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12. a) What is metamorphosis? (1mark)
b) What is the biological significance of metamorphosis to an insect? (2marks)
13. Study and complete the table below. (3mks)
Feature Monocot Dicot
a) Number of stamens
b) Arrangement of vascular
bundle in stem
c) Type of root
14. The diagrams below show embryos of certain vertebrates animals. Study them and answer the
question that follows.

a) Mention two observable structural features in these embryos that suggest that they have a common
ancestral origin. (2marks)
(b)What phenomenon in organic evolution is exhibited by these diagrams of embryos? (1mark)
15. What is meant by the terms? (2marks)
a) Hypogynous flower
b) Dichogamy
16. What is the main difference between the phloem tissues of sub divisions Gymnospermaphyta and
Angiospermaphyta. (1mark)
17. State two ways in which the skin of a frog is adapted for gaseous exchange. (2marks)
18. What would be the effect of the following treatments on the nerve transmission?
(i) Inducing the axon with metabolic inhibitors. (1mark)
(ii) Removing myelin sheath from a nerve fiber. (1mark)
19. Give one reason why blood leaving the lungs may not be fully oxygenated (1mark)
20. What is the importance of retina in vision? (2marks)
21.The diagram below represents a simple endocrine feedback mechanism in human male.

PITUITARY GLAND

HORMONE X HORMONE Y

TESTES
(a)Name the hormone labelled X (1mark)
(b)State two differences that may be observed between a normal male and one who is incapable of
producing hormone labelled Y. (2marks)
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22. a) Name the cartilage found between the bones of the vertebral column. (1mark)
b) State the function of the cartilage named in (a) above. (1mark)
23. The cells shown below were obtained from two different plant cells which were immersed in 2%
and 25% salt solutions

(a)Which of the two cells A and B was immersed in 2% salt solution? (1mark)
(b) Comment on the nature of 25% salt solution in relation to the cell sap. (1mark)
(c)What biological phenomenon leads to the observation made in A. (1mark)
24. Name one structure found in the cortex of the kidney (1mark)
25. The diagram below shows the internal structure of a leaf

E
(a)Name the part labelled B (1mark)
(b)State the function of the part labelled C. (1mark)
(c) State two difference between xerophytic and hydrophytic leaves. (2marks)
26. a) Distinguish between gaseous exchange and respiration. (1mark)
b) Explain the disadvantages of anaerobic respiration in plant roots. (2marks)
27. a) Suggest the significance of the following adaptations in bony fish.
(i) Flexible vertebral column (1mark)
(ii) Presence of swim bladder (1mark)
b) State two features which reduce resistance in fish during swimming. (2marks)
28. State two protective feature of human eye. (2marks)
29. State two differences between photosynthesis and respiration (2marks)
30. Explain why malaria cannot be transmitted through blood transfusion (2marks)

THIS IS THE LAST PRINTED PAGE

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 KCSE 2024 REPLICA PREDICTION
(POSSIBLE TRIAL 3)
BIOLOGY
231/2
PAPER 2 (THEORY)
TIME: 2 HOURS
NAME……………………………………………………………………………………..

SCHOOL……………………………………………… SIGN………………………..

INDEX NO……………………………………………. ADM NO……………………

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education.

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
a) Write all your details in the spaces provided above.
b) This paper consists of two sections; A and B. Answer all the questions in section A in the
spaces provided.
c) In section B answer question 6 (compulsory) and either question 7 or 8 in the spaces provided
after question 8.
For Examiner’s Use Only
Section Question Maximum Score Candidate’s Score
1 8
2 8
A 3 8
4 8
5 8
6 20
B 7 20
8 20
Total Score 80

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 SECTION A (40 marks)
Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided
1. (a) Name two disorders in humans caused by gene mutation. (2 marks)
(b) Describe the following chromosomal mutations. (2 marks)
(i) Inversion
(ii) Translocation
(c) In mice the allele for black fur is dominant to the allele for brown fur. What percentage of
offspring would have brown fur from a cross between heterozygous black mice and brown mice?
(Show your working)
Use letter B to represent the allele for black colour. (4 marks)
2. The diagram below represents a vertical section through a mammalian skin.

(a). Name the structures labelled P,Q,R and U (4 marks)

(b) What is the function of S and T (2marks)
(c) State the physiological changes that would occur in the following structures if the environmental
temperature was raised gradually from 22℃ to 40℃ (2 mrks)
R …………………………………………………………………………………………………
Q…………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. An experiment was set up with seedlings as shown in the diagram below.

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(a) What observation would be made? (2 marks)
(b) Account for the observation made in (a) above (5 marks)
(c) Why were the seedlings labeled B and C included in the experiment (1 mark)
4. In an experiment to investigate an aspect of digestion, two test tubes A and B were set up as shown
in the figure below. The test tubes were left in the bath for 30minutes. The content of each test tube
was then tested for starch using iodine solution.

(a) What was the aim of the experiment? (1 mark)

(b) What were the observations expected in test tube A and B? (2 marks)
A
B
(c) Account for the observation made in (b) above (2 marks)
(d) Why was the set up left at 37℃ (1mark)
(e) How is the mouth adapted to digestion (2marks)
5. Ojwang’ Hatari is confronted by a hyena while walking in the forest. His adrenal glands secreted
adrenaline to prepare him to run away.
(a) What was the effect of adrenaline in his circulatory system? (4marks)
(b) Explain why the skin temperature rises shortly after drinking iced Coca-Cola. (4marks)
SECTION B (40marks)
Answer question 6(compulsory) and either 7 or 8 in the spaces provided after question 8.
6. A culture of bacteria was incubated in nutrients agar at 35℃. Samples were taken at intervals
in order to estimate the number of bacteria in the population.
The data obtained is as shown below.
Time(hours) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
No. of living 20 30 950 1000 1000 1000 800 500 250 50
cells(millions)

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Draw a graph of number of living cells(millions) against time(hours) (6 marks)
(a) When was the population of bacteria 750 million? (1 mark)
(b) Account for the shape of the graph between:
(i) 0-5 hours (2 marks)
(ii) 5-10 hours (2 marks)
(iii) 15-25 hours (2 marks)
(c) Give 3 reasons for the shape of the curve between 25 hours -45 hours. (3 marks)
(d) (i) Suggest what would happen to the population of the bacteria if the temperature was
lowered to 0℃ after incubation for 12 hours. (1 mark)
(ii) Give a reason for your answer in (e)(i) above (1 mark)
(e) Define the following; (2mks)
(i) Biological control
(ii) Carrying capacity
7. Describe the structure and functions of the various parts of the human ear. (20 marks)
8. Explain the various ways in which seeds and fruits are adapted to dispersal. (20 marks)

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 KCSE 2024 REPLICA PREDICTION
(POSSIBLE TRIAL 4)
231/1

BIOLOGY
PAPER 1 (THEORY)
TIME: 2 HOURS

NAME……………………………………………………. ADM NO; ……………………

CLASS……………………………………………………… DATE………………………

SIGN: ………………………………………………………..

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education.

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
(a) Write your name, index number and school in the spaces provided above
(b) Sign and write the date of the examination in the spaces provided above
(c) Answer ALL the questions in the spaces provided on the question paper
(d) Candidates should answer the questions in English
(e) Wrong Spelling of Technical Terms shall be Penalized

FOR EXAMINERS USE ONLY

MAX SCORE STUDENT’S SCORE

80

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 Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.
1. The diagram shown below represents a nuscleus

a) State the role of the organelle labelled Q (1mk

b) Name a Kingdom whose members lack structure labelled P (1mk
c) Which is the general term given to organisms whose cells have structure P? (1mk
2. a) Name the TWO components of a lipid molecule (1mk
b) State TWO disadvantages of using fats as respiratory substrates (2mks
3. a) Name the pigment that protects humans from the negative effect of Ultraviolet lights (1mk
b) Explain how sunlight contributes to stronger bones and teeth in human beings (2mks
4. Name the main target organ of the following hormones: (2mks
a) Aldosterone ….. ……………………………………………………………………….
b) Insulin ………………………………………………………………………………….
5. a) What is asexual reproduction? (1mk
b) Give TWO disadvantages of sexual reproduction (2mks
6. The diagram shown below represents a seeding. Use it to answer questions that follow

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a) Give a reason why the plant above is a member of Class Dicotyledonae (1mk
b) Explain why the biomass of part labelled A will be lower compared to the one found in the seed stage
of the same plant (2mks
7. a) State TWO ways in which blood clotting is important to a human being (2mks
b) What are the roles of thrombokinase enzyme during blood clotting? (2mks
The diagram shown below represents a flower

a) Name the agent of pollination for the flower shown above (1mk
b) Give TWO reasons for your answer in a) above (2mks
8. State the differences between cones and rods in terms of the following (2mks
Feature Cone Rod
Visual acuity
Photochemical
9. Use the diagram of a nerve cell shown below to answer questions that follow

a) With a reason, give the identity of the nerve cell (2mks

Identity …………………………………………………………………………………
Reason ………………………………………………………………………………….
b) Explain the significance of absence of part labelled H in nerve cells found in the brain. (2mks
10. Give THREE features that make modern man to be more adaptable to the environment (3mks

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11. The diagram below represents a living organism

a) State TWO economic importance of the above organism in the food industry (2mks
b) Why does the rate of respiration reduce under the following conditions? (2mks
i) Low temperature
ii) Metabolic poison
12. State TWO reasons why Biotechnology is important in modern science (2mks
13. a) Fill in the table shown below to give differences between continuous and discontinuous variation
(2mks
Continuous Variation Discontinuous Variation

b) Explain how variation is important in the process of evolution? (3mks

14. a) Define the term species (1mk
b) State TWO contributions of Carolus Linnaeus (1708 – 1778) to taxonomy (2mks
15. a) In an experiment, Peter counted 9 cells along the diameter of field of view of a light microscope
measuring 3.0mm. Determine the diameter of one cell in micrometers (3mks
b) Why is electron microscope safer to the eye than light microscope during use? (1mk
16. The following diagram represents results of an experiment carried out on two sets of germinating
seeds.

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a) Account for the result shown in test tube X (2mks
b) What is the importance of dipping the boiled seeds in a disinfectant in test tube Y? (1mk
17. The diagram shown below represents a section of the vertebral column

S
T

a) Name the part labelled S (1mk

b) State TWO ways in which part T is important to movement in human beings (2mks
18. Describe how the following cells adapt the structures where they are found to their functions
a) Companion cell (2mks
b) Schwann cell (2mks
19. A mother had a still birth and the expelled foetus showed clear signs of anaemia and jaundice
a) Give the name of this disorder (1mk
b) Describe how the disorder arose (3mks
20. The following equation represents a section of the Nitrogen Cycle
Y
Ammonia Nitrite X

Process Z

a) Name:
i) Bacterium labelled Y ………………………………………………. (1mk
ii) Compound X ………………………………………………………. (1mk
b) Explain how Process Z affect plant growth in an area? (2mks

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21. Samson had a road accident resulting in serious head injuries that left him with the following
conditions: Loss of balance, low body temperature; poor speech, unregulated breathing and memory
loss. Name the part of the brain affected that led to the following:
i) Low body temperature …………………………………………..…………….…,,.. (1mk
ii) Memory loss ……………………………………………………..………….…….. (1mk
iii) Unregulated breathing ………………………………………….………………… (1mk
22. The graph shown below represents effect of substrate concentration on rate of enzymatic reaction

a) Account for the rate of enzymatic reaction when the substrate concentration was between 0.3 to 0.5%.
(2mks
b) Name the substrates for the following enzymes
i) Carbonic anhydrase …………………….……………………………………… (1mk
ii) Thrombin …………………………………………………………………….... (1mk
23. A tilapia fish has a full length of 300mm but measures 200mm from the mouth tip to its anus.
Determine the tail power of the fish (2mks

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 KCSE 2024 REPLICA PREDICTION
(POSSIBLE TRIAL 4)
231/2

BIOLOGY
PAPER 2 (THEORY)
TIME: 2 HOURS

NAME……………………………………………………. ADM NO; ……………………

CLASS……………………………………………………… DATE………………………

SIGN: ………………………………………………………..

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education.

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
(a) Write your name, school, index number in the space provided at the top of the paper.
(b) Sign and write the date of examination in the space provided above.
(c) This paper consists of two sections, A and B.
(d) Answer all the questions in section A in the spaces provided.
(e) In section B answer question 6 (compulsory) and either question 7 or 8.

FOR EXAMINER’S USE ONLY

Section Question Maximum Score Candidate’s Score
A 1-5 40
B 6 20
7 20
8 20
80

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 SECTION A (40 marks)
Answer all the questions
1. a) Using the diagrams below, construct a dichotomous key that can be used to identify the leaves.
(2mks)

COTTON WOOD WHITE CLOVER

HONEY LOCUST
b) State two reasons for classifying living organisms (2mks)
2. The diagram below is a cross section through a part of human ileum.

(a)(i) Identify the structure drawn above (1 mark)

(ii) Sate the significance of the structure shown above. (1 mark)

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(b) Name the parts labelled A, B and C (3 marks)
(c)Give the functions of the part labelled B and C (2 marks)
(d) Name the cell organelle more abundant in goblet cells. (1 mark)
3. a) In human, premature baldness is controlled by a gene on the Y chromosome. Using B to represent
the gene for baldness, work out a cross between a bald man and his wife . (4mks)
(b)i) What is the probability of their daughters being bald? (1mk)
ii) Give a reason for your answer. (1mk)
(c) Name one trait in human beings that is determined by multiple allele. (1mk)
(d) Name one genetic disorder affecting the red blood cells. (1mk)
4. Study the diagram below and answer the following questions.

(a) i) Identify the type of circulatory system shown in diagram above. (1mk)
ii) Give a reason for your answer in (a)i) above. (1mk)
(b) Name the parts labelled X, Y and Z. (3mks)
(c) Explain the disadvantage of having the above circulatory system in the animals. (2mks)
(d) Explain why amoeba lack a circulatory system. (1mk)
5. An experiment was carried out to find out the concentration of ions in the cell sap of an aquatic plant
and that of the pond water in which they were found.
Concentration in
Ions Cell sap Pond water
Na + 50 1.2
K+ 49 0.5
Mg2+ 11 3.0
Ca2+ 13 1.3
Cl- 101 1.3
SO4 2- 13 0.67

(a)(i) Name the process by which the aquatic plant absorbs ions from pond water. (1 mk)
(ii) State the four roles of the process you have named in (a)(i) above in a mammalian body.(4 mks)
(b) Name the cell structure that allows passage of ions in and out of the cell. (1mk)
(c) How can the rate of uptake of ions by the aquatic plant be increased. (2mks)

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 SECTION B (40 marks)
Answer question 6 (compulsory ) and either question 7 or 8
6.The glucose level in mg per 100cm3 of blood was determined in two person Y and Z. Both had stayed
for six hours without taking food. They were fed on equal amount of glucose at the start of the
experiment .The amount of glucose in their blood was determined at intervals .The results are shown
in the table below.
Times in minutes Glucose level in blood in mg /100cm3
Y Z
0 85 78
20 105 110
30 105 110
45 130 170
60 100 195
80 93 190
100 90 140
120 90 130
140 88 120

a) On the grid provided, plot graphs of glucose levels in blood against time on the same axes.(7mks)
b) What was the concentration of glucose in the blood of Y and Z at the 50 th minute? (2mks)
Y...................................................................................................................................
Z...................................................................................................................................
c) Account for the level of glucose in present Y
i) During the first 45 minutes. (2mks)
th
ii) After 45 minute to the end. (4mks)
d) Account for the decrease in glucose level person Z after 60 minutes. (2mk)
e) Low blood sugar level in harmful to the body. Explain. (3mks)
7. (a) (i) Give four modes of expressing food relationship in an ecosystem. (4 marks)
(ii) Explain how food as a factor regulate the population of animals in an ecosystem.(8 marks)
(b)How are desert plants adapted to conserving water? (8 marks)

8. Describe the structure and functions of various organelles in a mature animal cell. (20mks)

KCSE Predictions Marking Schemes - 0746 222 000 / 0742 999 000
 KCSE 2024 REPLICA PREDICTION
(POSSIBLE TRIAL 5)
BIOLOGY
231/1
PAPER 1 (THEORY)
TIME: 2 HOURS
NAME……………………………………………………………………………………..

SCHOOL……………………………………………… SIGN………………………..

INDEX NO……………………………………………. ADM NO……………………

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education.

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
 Write your name and admission number in the spaces provided.
 Answer all questions in the spaces provided
 Candidates should check the question paper to ascertain all the pages are printed as indicated and
no questions are missing.

FOR EXAMINERS USE ONLY

QUESTIONS MAXIMUM SCORE CANDIDIATES SCORE

1 -30 80

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 Answer all questions in the spaces provided
1. Name one chemical used to immobilize highly mobile animals during collection in field for study
(1 mark)
2. Give a name for a branch of biology which deals with; (2 marks)
a) Study of cells
b) Study of internal structure of living organisms.
3. Conjugated proteins are proteins which combine with non- protein compound. Name non-protein
compound in the following conjugated proteins (2 marks)
a) Mucus
b) Haemoglobin
4. State two differences between smooth muscles and skeletal muscles (2marks)
5. Study the diagram below and answer questions that follows

a) Highlight the type of tissue illustrated (1mark )

b) Name the cells labeled (2marks)
A-……………………………………………………………………………………………
B-……………………………………………………………………………………………
c) Give one adaptation of cell C to its function (1mark)
6. The diagram below shows a transverse section of a plant organ

a) Name the plant organ from which the section was obtained (1 mark)

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b) (i) Name the class of the plant from which the plant organ was obtained. (1 mark)
(ii) Give a reason for your answer in (b) (i) above. (1 mark)
c) Name the part labeled X (1 mark)
7. State a characteristic that is common to all cervical vertebrae (1 mark)
8. a) Name a protein and vitamin involved in blood clotting.
i) Protein. (1mark)
ii) Vitamin (1mark)
b) Explain why blood is not normally used for transfusion after one month. (1mark)
9. The diagram below represents a section of the human brain.

i) Name the structure labelled P . (1marks)

ii) State one function of the part labelled R. (1mark)
iii) Give a disease which is caused by bacteria infection on brain membranes (1 mark)
10. The reaction represented by the equation below occurs in the body.
Enzyme Y
Hydrogen peroxide Oxygen + Water
(a) Name enzyme Y. (1mark)
(b) Name an organ in the body where the reaction occurs. (1mark)
11. The diagram below represents a neuro-junction/synapse

a) Name the:
i) Structure labeled M. (1mark)
ii) Enzyme responsible for reconstitution of transmitter substance labeled X. (1mark)
b) On the diagram, show the direction of the nerve impulse transmission. (1mark)
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12. The graph below represents the growth of animals in a certain phylum. Study it and answer the
questions that follow

a) Name the type of growth pattern shown on the graph (1mark)

b) Identify the process represented by letter B (1mark)
c) Name the hormone responsible for the process in (b) above (1mark)
13. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follows

a) What type of evolution is illustrated by the limbs (1mark)

b) What does the origin of the limbs suggest about the ancestry of these animals (1mark)
14. Compare the blood in the umbilical artery and umbilical vein in placenta (2marks)
15. Carefully study the figure which rotates making one resolution in 15 minutes. A seedling
With a straight radicle and plumule was attached to the apparatus as shown below.

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a) What is the name of the apparatus shown (1mark)
b) Make a drawing of how the seedling might have appeared after one week. Explain (2mark)
c) State the type of response being investigated in the experiment above. (1mark)
16. (a) Why is sexual reproduction important in evolution of plants and animals (1mark)
(b) The calyx cells of a certain plant has 22 chromosomes. State the number of chromosomes present
in plants (2marks)
(i) Endosperm
(ii) Ovule cell
17. The diagram below shows the internal structure of the mammalian ear

a) Name the part labeled Q (1mark)

b) Explain what would happen if the part labeled T is blocked (2marks)
18. (a) State the functions of olecranon process. (2marks)
(b) Which type of joint is found at the articulation of:
(i) Pelvic girdle and femur (1mark)
(ii) Humerus and ulna (1mark)
19. State three adaptations of aquatic plants to photosynthesis. (3 marks)
20. Distinguish between haemolysis and plasmolysis. (2marks)
21. State two adaptations of respiratory surface to gaseous exchange (2marks)
22. State two roles of hydrochloric acid in the digestion of food. (2marks)

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23. a) Name the blood vessels that link arterioles with venules (1mark)
b)How are the blood vessels above suited to carry out their functions (2marks)
24. Explain how the following adaptations will reduce the rate of transspiration. (2marks)
i. Sunken stomata
ii. Leaf folding
25. a) Name two structures for gaseous exchange in amphibians (2marks)
b) What is the effect of relaxation of diaphragm muscles during breathing in mammals? (2marks)
26. The equation below represents a process that occurs in plants.
C6H12O6 B + C2 H5 OH +Energy
a) Name the process (1mark)
b) Name the product B (1mark)
c) State the economic importance of this process (2marks)
27. State the role of the following bacteria in the Nitrogen cycle.
(i)Nitrosomonas…………………………………………………………………………(1mark)
(ii)Nitrobacter…………………………………………………..………………………(1mark)
28. State the structures that adapt the fish for: (2marks)
a) Forward movement………………………………………………………………………….
b) Fast movement…………………………………………………………………………………
29. Name the organelled that:-
a) Manufacture and transport lipids and steroids in a cell. (1mark)
b) Contain enzymes that are capable of destroying old damaged cells. (1mark)
c) Form cilia and flagella in cells that have them. (1mark)
30. A patient blood was found to have the parasite below:

a) Name the parasite; (1mark)

b) Name the disease the patient was suffering from; (1mark)
c) State one way the above disease can be controlled. (1mark)
THIS IS THE LAST PAGE PRINTED.

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 KCSE 2024 REPLICA PREDICTION
(POSSIBLE TRIAL 5)
BIOLOGY
231/2
PAPER 2 (THEORY)
TIME: 2 HOURS
NAME……………………………………………………………………………………..

SCHOOL……………………………………………… SIGN………………………..

INDEX NO……………………………………………. ADM NO……………………

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education.

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
1. Write your name and Admission Number in the spaces provided above.
2. Sign and write the date of examination in the spaces provided above.
3. This paper consists of two sections: A and B. Answer ALL questions in section A in the spaces
provided. In section B, answer question 6 (compulsory) and either question 7 or 8 in the spaces
provided after question 8.

FOR EXAMINERS’ USE ONLY

Section Questions Maximum Score Candidate’s Score
1 8
2 8
A 3 8
4 8
5 8
6 20
B 7
20
8
Total Score 80

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 SECTION A (40 MARKS)
Answer ALL the questions in this section in the spaces provided.
1. Pure breed of red cows and pure breed of white bulls were crossed to give F1 calves which had a
mixture of red and white coat known as roan. The F1 were selfed.
(a) Using letter R to represent gene for red colour and W to represent gene for white colour work out
the phenotypic ratio of F2. (4 marks)
(b) Work out the genotypic ratio of a cross between F1 offspring and white bull. (3 marks)
(c) Comment on the gene(s) controlling the colour of coats in cattle mentioned above. (1 marks)
2. The graph below show the effect of temperature on an enzyme catalysed reaction.

(a) Account for the shape of the curve between:

(i) A and B (3 marks)
(ii) C and D (2 marks)
(b) What does the point marked X represent? (1 mark)
(c) Apart from temperature. State two other factors that affect the rate of enzyme-controlled reaction.
(2 marks)
3. (a) The scientific name Lantana camara refers to a green herbaceous plant. Other related plants
include Lantana trifoliate and vitex rifoliate.
(i) From the list, identify the plants belonging to the same genus. (1 mark)
(ii) From the name Lantana camara, which name represents the genus name? (1 mark)
(b) During a taxonomical study of pond water, pupils observed the following organisms:

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(i) Identify organisms M, N and P. (3 mark)
(ii) All the three organisms above belong to the same kingdom. Name the kingdom to which they
belong. (1 mark)
(iii) State two main observable features of the kingdom you have named in (ii) above. (2 marks)
4. The apparatus below were used to investigate a certain physiological process in plants.

(a) State which physiological process was being investigated. (1 mark)

(b) Give the function of the following in the experiment:
(i) Soda lime (1 mark)
(ii) Bicarbonate indicator (1 mark)
(iii) Black cloth (1 mark)
(iv) Grease (1 mark)
(c) (i) Suggest a possible observation that would be made at the end of this experiment.(1 mark)
(ii) Give reasons for your answer in (c (i) above. (2 marks)
5. Below is a diagram of a structure found in Eukaryotic cells. Study it and answer the questions that
follow.

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(a) Identify the structure. (1 mark)
(b) State two functions of the structure. (2 marks)
(c) (i) Name one organelle found in animal cells but absent in plant cells. (1 mark)
(ii) State one function of the organelle you have named in(c) above. (1 mark)
(d) Briefly explain cell biology as evidence of evolution. (3 marks)

SECTION B (40 MARKS)

Answer question 6 (compulsory) and either question 7 or 8
6. The pressure in the flow of blood in a mammal was determined at two different vessels. The data
was taken within a period of one minute and was presented as follows.
Time (seconds) Blood vessel A Blood vessel B
0 160 320
10 165 360
20 170 320
30 180 400
40 170 360
50 160 320
60 160 360
(a) Plot a graph of blood pressure in both vessels against time on the same axis. (8 marks)
(b) Describe the trend of each curve. (2 marks)
(c) From the graphs, suggest the possible identity for:
(i) Blood vessel A. (1 mark)
(ii) Blood vessel B. (1 mark)
(d) Give reasons for your answer in (c) (i) and (ii) above. (2 marks)
(e) Explain a factor that would result to an increase in blood pressure in both blood vessels above. (2
marks)
(f) State three structural differences between the two vessels mentioned in (c) above.(3 marks)
(g) Name a nerve that is responsible for the increase of the rate of heartbeat. (1 mark)
7. (a) Describe the digestion of a starchy meal along the human alimentary canal. (13 marks)
(b) Describe the process of urea formation. (7 marks)
8. Discuss the effects of drugs abuse on human health. (20 marks)

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 KCSE 2024 REPLICA PREDICTION
(POSSIBLE TRIAL 6)
BIOLOGY
231/1
PAPER 1 (THEORY)
TIME: 2 HOURS
NAME……………………………………………………………………………………..

SCHOOL……………………………………………… SIGN………………………..

INDEX NO……………………………………………. ADM NO……………………

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education.

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
1. Write your name and Adm. number in the spaces provided above
2. Sign and write date of examination in the space provided.
3. All working must be clearly shown where necessary.
4. Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.
5. Answer all questions in English.

FOR EXAMINERS USE ONLY

QUESTION MAXIMUM SCORE CANDIDATE’S SCORE
1-29 80

KCSE Predictions Marking Schemes - 0746 222 000 / 0742 999 000
 Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.
1. Explain why ferns are considered to be more advanced than mosses. (2mks)
2. A student estimating a cell size of an onion epidermal cell observed the following on the microscope
field of view using a transparent ruler.

The student identified 20 cells across the field of view. Calculate the size of the cell in micrometers.
(Show your working). (3mks)
3. What role do the following play in the movement a Tilapia fish? (2mks)
a) Myotomes
b) Swim bladder
4. Name the tissues whose cells are thickened with;
a) Cellulose and pectin (1mk)
b) Lignin (1mk)
5. The diagram below shows the position of an image formed in a defective eye.

a) Name the defect. (1mk)

b) Explain how the defect named in (a) above can be corrected. (2mks)
6. The paddles of whales and the fins of fish adapt these organisms to aquatic habitat.
a) Name the evolutionary process that may have given rise to the structures. (1mk)
b) What is the name given to such structures? (1mk)
c) Give two examples of vestigial organs in man. (2mks)
7. a) Define the term mutation. (1mk)
b) State two disorders due to gene mutation. (2mks)
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8. An experiment was set to investigate a certain aspect of response. A seedling was put on a horizontal
position as shown in figure M below. After 24 hours, the set up was shown in figure N.

a) Name the response exhibited by the shoot. (1mk)

b) Explain the curvature of the shoot upwards. (3mks)
9.a) A student visiting a game park observed an adult elephant flapping its ears twice as much as its
calf in order to cool its body when it is hot. Explain. (2mks)
b) Explain why some desert animals excrete uric acid rather than ammonia. (2mks)
10. The table below shows the concentration of important plant nutrients.
Ion Concentration in pond water Concentration in cell sap (ppm)
(ppm)
Potassium 1 15
Chloride 200 50
Name the process by which the above ions could have been taken up by the plants.
i) Potassium (1mk)
ii) Chloride (1mk)
11. Name two hormones produced by the duodenal cells in response to the presence of acidic chyme
from the stomach. (2mks)
12. Name the disease causing microorganism in the following respiratory diseases. (2mks)
i) Pneumonia
ii) Pulmonary tuberculosis
13. State the role of the following hormones during menstruation. (3mks)
a) Oestrogen
b) Luteinising hormone
c) Progesterone

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14. Give one aspect of dichogamy in flowers. (1mk)
15. The equation below shows an oxidation reaction of a food substance.

5C H O 145O 102CO 98H O  Energy

51 98 6 2 2 2
a) Determine respiratory quotient of the oxidation of the food substance above. (2mks)
b) Identify the food substance. (1mk)
16. State two pollution effects of radioactive emissions. (2mks)
17. A blood group A mother gave birth to a blood group O child with a blood group B husband.
a) State the genotype of the parents. (2mks)
b) What is the genotype of the child? (1mk)
c) State other blood groups likely to occur in the children of the couple. (1mk)
18. Name the organelle that would be most abundant in:
i) White blood cell (1mk)
ii) Salivary glands (1mk)
19. Name three mechanisms through which plants excrete. (3mks)
20. a) Nitrogen in the atmosphere cannot be directly utilized by plants. State two ways through which
Nitrogen is made available for plant use. (2mks)
b) State the importance of saprophytic bacteria in the environment. (1mk)
21. The diagram below shows regions of a root tip.

a) What is the function of the part labelled K. (1mk)

b) Name the region labelled L. (1mk)
c) Give two characteristics of the cell in the part labelled Q. (2mks)
22. Name the hormones that control the following activities;
a) Metamorphosis in young insect (1mk)
b) Formation of abscission layer in leaves and fruits. (1mk)

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23. Give the formula for calculating magnification of a specimen using: (2mks)
i) Light microscope
ii) Hand lens
24. A student met a lion as he walked along a forest path.
i) Name the hormone that was secreted in his blood stream and state its source. (2mks)
Name
Source
ii) What is the effect of the hormone in his? (2mks)
a) Circulatory system
b) Respiratory system
25. State the function of the following structures found in the walk of the trachea. (3mks)
i) Cilia
ii) Mucus
iii) Rings of cartilage
26. Explain the basis for the ever changing drugs for malaria. (3mks)
27. During an accident a victim suffered injuries in the head. After the accident he lost his memory and
was passing excessive amount of dilute urine. Suggest the part of the brain that was damaged in
relation to: (2mks)
a) Memory
b) Passing large amounts of dilute urine
28. State two structural differences between bicep muscles and muscles of the gut. (2mks)
29. The diagram below represents an experimental set up to investigate a certain scientific concept. The
potted plant was first destarched by keeping it in the dark for four days.

The setup was then placed in sunlight for five hours and leaves were tested for starch.
a) What scientific concept was being investigated? (1mk)
b) i) Give the results likely to be obtained after starch test for A and B.
A (1mk)
B (1mk)
c) Why was leaf C included in the set-up? (1mk)

THIS IS THE LAST PRINTED PAGE!

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 KCSE 2024 REPLICA PREDICTION
(POSSIBLE TRIAL 6)
BIOLOGY
231/2
PAPER 2 (THEORY)
TIME: 2 HOURS
NAME……………………………………………………………………………………..

SCHOOL……………………………………………… SIGN………………………..

INDEX NO……………………………………………. ADM NO……………………

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education.

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
1. Write your name and index number in the spaces provided above
2. Sign and write date of examination in the space provided.
3. All working must be clearly shown where necessary.
4. Mathematical tables and silent electronic calculations may be used
5. Answer all questions in English.
FOR EXAMINERS USE ONLY
QUESTION MAXIMUM SCORE CANDIDATE’S SCORE
1-5 40
6 20
7 20
8 20
TOTAL 80

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 SECTION A (40 MARKS)
1. The diagram below represents two plant cells A and B placed in two different solutions. Study the
diagrams and answer the questions that follow:

a) Identify the nature of solution into which each cell was placed. (2mks)
A………………………………………………………………………………………………………
B………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) Name the physiological process responsible for the observed results. (1mk)
c) Give the correct biological term used to describe cell A. (1mk)
d) Describe what happen if red blood cell was placed in the solution in which cell B was placed.
(2mks)
e) Explain why freshwater amoeba do not burst when placed in distilled water. (2mks)
2. i) Under certain conditions, carbon (IV) oxide concentration in the blood of mammals rises above the
normal levels. State two physiological change that occur to bring carbon (IV) oxide level back to
normal. (2mks)
ii) Why does a fresh wound bleed more in a hot weather than in cold weather? (2mks)
iii) A certain organ R was surgically removed from a rat. Later a drastic increase in glucose level was
observed in blood. Substance S was injected into the animal’s blood. The whole process was
reversed. Identify:
Organ R………………………………………………………………………………………… (1mk)
Substance S…………………………………………………………………………………… (1mk)
iv) State two functions of blood plasma. (2mks)
3. a) Explain why people with sickle-cell trait have an advantage of surviving malarial attack than
those with normal red blood cells. (2mks)
b) Colour blindness is a sex linked trait caused by a recessive gene carried on the X chromosome. A
carrier woman marries a man with normal colour vision. Using letter N to represent the gene for
normal colour vision, workout the probability of the couple getting a colour blind son. (5mks)
c) State one advantage of polyploidy in plants. (1mk)

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4. The diagram below represents a living organism.

a) Name the division to which the organism belongs to. (1mk)

b) Name part labelled Q. (1mk)
c) State two functions of part T. (2mks)
d) During a practical activity, Form three students of Bora Boys collected a specimen whose drawing is
as shown below. State the class that the organism belongs to giving a reason.

Class ……………………………………………………………………………………………(1mk)
Reason ………………………………………………………………………………………... (1mk)
e) State the economic importance of a named fungus. (2mks)
5.a) Distinguish between population and community. (2mks)
b) What is the importance of the following in an ecosystem? (2mks)
Decomposers
Predation
c) Give a reason why two species in an ecosystem cannot occupy the same niche. (2mks)
d. i) Name the bacteria found in root nodules of leguminous plants. (1mk)
ii) Identify the relationship between the bacteria named in d(i) above. (1mk)

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 SECTION B (40MARKS)
Answer Question 6 (compulsory) and either question 7 or 8 in the spaces provided.
6. The table below shows how quantities of sweat and urine produced by a healthy adult human vary
with external temperature.
External Temperature 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Urine produced cm3/hr. 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30
Sweat produced in cm3/ hr. 5 6 10 15 30 60 120 200

a) Using the same axes, draw graphs of quantities of urine and sweat against external temperature.
(8mks)
b) Account for the amount of sweat produced as the external temperature rises. (3mks)
c) At what temperature was the amount of urine equal to amount of sweat produced. (1mk)
d) Explain the effects of temperature on the amount of urine produced. (4mks)
e) Explain how the following structures reduce body heat loss when external temperatures are low.
i) Skin hairs (2mks)
ii) Blood vessels (2mks)
7.a) Describe the adaptations of mammalian male reproductive system to its function. (10mks)
b) Explain how the vertebrae below are adapted to their functions. (10mks)
i) Cervical vertebrae
ii) Thoracic vertebrae

8. Explain how the leaves of mesophytes are suited to their functions. (20mks)

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 KCSE 2024 REPLICA PREDICTION
(POSSIBLE TRIAL 7)
BIOLOGY
231/1
PAPER 1 (THEORY)
TIME: 2 HOURS
NAME……………………………………………………………………………………..

SCHOOL……………………………………………… SIGN………………………..

INDEX NO……………………………………………. ADM NO……………………

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education.

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
a) All Questions are Compulsory
b) Write your Answers in the Spaces Provided
c) Wrong Spelling of Technical Terms shall be Penalized

FOR EXAMINERS’ USE ONLY

MAX SCORE STUDENT’S SCORE

80

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 Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.
1. State TWO ways in which the study of Biology has helped the world in the accelerated fight against
the recent Covid-19 pandemic. (2mks
2. a) Give ONE function of centrioles (1mk
b) Name a Kingdom in which all members lack centrioles in their cells (1mk
3. a) Name the skin pigment formed by cells in the mammalian skin (1mk
b) Which genetic disorder is associated with the absence of the pigment named in 2a)? (1mk
c) How does the skin pigment help protect human beings against skin cancer? (1mk
4. Explain the following observations
a) More water hyacinth plants are found growing along the shore of Lake Victoria than in the deep waters
(1mk
b) Green plants grow faster in lower altitudes areas than in higher altitude areas (2mks
5. State TWO functions of a cover slip in light microscope work (2mks
6. Use the diagram of the heart shown below to answer the questions that follow

a) From the diagram, give a reason to show that X is the left ventricle (1mk
b) Name a class of organisms where all members have the heart structure above (1mk
c) Why are the muscles found in the heart above said to be myogenic? (1mk
7. Account for the following
a) Red blood cells lack mitochondria (1mk
b) The testes are found hanging outside the body in male human beings (1mk
8. a) Why is pancreas said to be a dual gland? (1mk
b) Name the endocrine tissue in the pancreas (1mk

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9. A student made a set up shown below to study a physiological process

A B

a) In which beaker did the dialysis tubing reduce in size? (1mk

b) Account for your answer in a) above (2mks
10. The diagram below shows a graph of body temperature of two different organisms against changing
environmental temperature

a) State the name used to refer to animal A in terms of thermoregulation (1mk

b) State TWO advantages animal B has over animal A (2mks
11. The diagram shown below is of a flower

a) Name the agent of pollination for this flower (1mk

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b) Give TWO adaptive features from the diagram to support your answer in a) above (2mks
12. The process of gamete formation is represented below

XX XX

XX X X

P Q
a) State a reason why the process above represents gamete formation in female mammals(1mk
b) Name the chromosomal mutation represented above (1mk
c) Identify the genetic disorder that arise when the following gametes are fertilized
i) P …………………………………………………………………………. (1mk
ii) Q …………………………………………………………………………. (1mk
13. A sample of air was passed through pyrogallic acid and its volume reduced from 8 cm3 to 7 cm3.
When it was later passed through lime water, the volume reduced to 6.8cm3.
a) What was the role of pyrogallic acid in this experiment? (1mk
b) Determine the percentage of Carbon (IV) oxide in the sample of air (2mks
c) Is this sample of air exhaled air or inhaled air? (1mk
14. The stage-wise process of germination of a seed is shown below

Y
X

a) Give a reason why the diagram above represents hypogeal germination (1mk
b) Account for the change in dry weight of the cotyledon at stage X and Y (2mks

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15. Barbra observed animal cells in a field of view of a light microscope as shown below. If she used a
total magnification of X1000 determine the actual diameter of one cell (3 mks)

16. Explain the importance of the following features

a) Acrosome in the spermatozoa (2mks
b) Hair-like structures in the fallopian tube (1mk
17. a) What are vestigial structures? (1mk
b) Explain why divergent evolution is advantageous to living organisms? (2mks
18. The various stages of mitosis are represented below

a) Identify the stages represented by the letters:

i) D ……………………………………………...……………………………….. (1mk
ii) E …………………...………………………………………………………….. (1mk
b) What shows that the process represented above is taking place in a plant cell? (1mk
19. The diagram shown below represents the various nerve cells

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a) Use arrows to show direction of impulse in a reflex arc in the diagram above (1mk
b) Outline expected TWO structural differences between nerve cell R and X (2mks
20. State the function of the following muscles in the body
i) Cardiac sphincter muscles (1mk
ii) Erector pili muscles (1mk
21. The diagrams below are of seedlings before and after an experiment.

END

START

a) Under which light condition was the experiment carried out (1mk
b) Which term describes the appearance of the seedlings at the end of the experiment (1mk
c) What is the importance of the above experiment in crop production? (1mk
22. State the function of the following cells in the body of organisms
a) Palisade (1mk
b) Schwann (1mk
c) Sertoli (1mk
23. a) Mary suspects that she has diabetes mellitus. Using a sample of her urine describe a school
laboratory procedure she can follow to confirm it is true (3mks
b) Why is insulin not administered orally? (1mk
24. The following is an illustration of a bone M

a) Give the name of the bone (1mk

b) State an advantage of the joint formed at the part labelled M (1mk
c) State the function of the part labelled N (1mk
25. a) Distinguish between population and community as used in ecological studies (2mks
b) State the formula for population estimation using capture recapture method (1mk

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26. The diagram below shows the structure of germinating pollen grain

a) Name the type of cell division that formed the parts labelled A (1mk
b) State the role of part labelled B (1mk
27. The picture of a common animal is represented below

a) Name the class to which the organism shown above belongs (1mk
b) Give TWO reasons for your answer in a) above (2mks
28. The following experimental set up was placed in sunshine to investigate a biological process

a) Account for the expected result in the level of water in the beaker labelled B 2mks
b) Why were the set up C and D included in the experiment? (1mk

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 KCSE 2024 REPLICA PREDICTION
(POSSIBLE TRIAL 7)
BIOLOGY
231/2
PAPER 2 (THEORY)
TIME: 2 HOURS
NAME……………………………………………………………………………………..

SCHOOL……………………………………………… SIGN………………………..

INDEX NO……………………………………………. ADM NO……………………

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education.

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
i) Write your name and Index Number in the spaces provided above.
ii) This paper consists of two sections: A and B. Answer ALL questions in section A in the spaces
provided. In section B, answer question 6 (compulsory) and either question 7 or 8 in the spaces
provided after question 8.

FOR EXAMINERS’ USE ONLY

Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 TOTAL
Maximum 8 8 8 8 8 20 20 20 80
Score
Candidate’s
Score

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 SECTION A (40MARKS)
Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided.
1. The diagram below represents the human respiratory system.

a) How is structure labelled A adapted to its function? (4 marks)

b) What would be the effect of contractions of the muscles of the structure labelled C during breathing
in. (3 marks)
c) Give the scientific name of the organism that causes whooping cough? (1 marks)
2. The diagram below represents a section of the spinal cord.

a) State one structural and functional differences between A and B. (2 marks)

Structural
Functional
b) State three differences between a simple and a conditioned reflex? (3 marks)
c) Explain how an impulse is transmitted across region Y? (3 marks)
3. Form 3 students were assigned to study a particular ecosystem around the school.
a) Distinguish between an ecosystem and ecological niche. (2 marks)
b) Name a suitable method they would have used to estimate the population of wild animals.
(1 marks)
KCSE Predictions Marking Schemes - 0746 222 000 / 0742 999 000
c) State three methods which could be used to determine the diet of the wild animals. (3 marks)
d) Name biotic factors that could have regulated the animal population? (2 marks)
4. a) How is sex in humans determined. (3 marks)
b) In human, hairy ears is controlled by a gene on the Y chromosome. Using letter Y H to represent the
chromosomes carrying the gene for hairy ears, work out a cross between a hairy eared man and his
wife. (4 marks)
c) Girls will not display hairy ears, explain. (1 mark)
5. The diagram below illustrates the structure of bread mould.

a) State the function of the structure labelled K. (2 marks)

b) Describe the mode of reproduction. (5 marks)
c) State any one economic importance of members of this kingdom (1 mark)
SECTION B
Answer question 6 (compulsory) and either question 7 or 8 in the space provided after question 8.
6. In an experiment carried out in a tropical country, carbon (IV) oxide concentration was measured
around a plant in an open air at two hours in travels for a period of 24 hours. The results were as
shown in the table below.
Time %of co2 concentration(x10-2)
3am 3.40
5am 3.60
7am 3.90
9am 3.20
11am 2.95
1pm 2.90
3pm 2.90
5pm 2.92
7pm 3.02
9pm 3.10
11pm 3.20
1 am 3.30
3 am 3.40

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a) Plot a graph of % carbon (IV) oxide concentration against time on the grid provided. (5 marks)
b) Calculate the rate of change in CO2 concentration between 4 a.m. and 7 a.m. (2 marks)
c) Give a reason for the change in CO2 concentration between:-
i) 7 a.m. to 11a.m (2 marks)
ii) 12 noon to 4 p.m. (2 marks)
iii) 5p.m. and 5 a.m. (3 marks)
d) With reasons identify three environmental factors that are likely to affect the results. (6 marks)

7. Describe how the male reproductive system is adapted to perform its functions. (20 marks)
8. Explain the role of the following hormones in growth and development:
(a)(i) Indole acetic acid. (5 marks)
(ii) Gibberellin. (5 marks)
(iii) Cytokinnin. (5 marks)
(b) Describe role of hormones in insect metamorphosis. (5 marks)

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 KCSE 2024 REPLICA PREDICTION
(POSSIBLE TRIAL 8)
BIOLOGY
231/1
PAPER 1 (THEORY)
TIME: 2 HOURS
NAME……………………………………………………………………………………..

SCHOOL……………………………………………… SIGN………………………..

INDEX NO……………………………………………. ADM NO……………………

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education.

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
 Write your name and Index Number in the spaces provided above.
 Sign and write date of examination in the spaces provided above.
 Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.

FOR EXAMINERS USE ONLY.

Question Maximum Score Candidates Score

1 – 28 80

KCSE Predictions Marking Schemes - 0746 222 000 / 0742 999 000
 Answer ALL questions
1. Name the antigens present in red blood cells of a person whose blood group is B positive.
(2mks)
2. Give reasons for the following structural modifications in axial skeleton of humans
(i) Fused sacral vertebrae (1mk)
(ii) Long transverse process in lumbar vertebrae. (1mk)
3. (a) What is adaptive radiation? (1mk)
(b) State two ways in which Homo sapiens differs from Homo habilis (2mks)
4. State three characteristics of class Reptilia. (3mks)
5. The diagram below represents the structure of a yeast cell as seen under a light microscope.

(a) Name parts labeled (2mks)

L……………………………………………………………………………………………...
K……………………………………………………………………………………………..
6. (a) Which part of plant normally shows
(i) Increased growth at lower auxin concentration (1mk)
(ii) Decreased growth at lower auxin concentration (1mk)
7. State the functions of the following parts of a light microscope.
(i) Fine adjustment knob (1mk)
(ii) Condenser (1mk)
8. Give a reason for the following features present in human trachea
(i) Ring of cartilage (1mk)
(ii) Presence of cilia (1mk)
9. The diagram below shows a plant supportive tissue

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 (a) Identify the tissue (1mk)
(b) State two similarities between tissue named in 9(a) above and one conducting water in
dicotyledonous plant. (2mks)
10.A wild beast in Masai Mara National Park was found to be infested with a lot of ticks. State the
trophic level occupied by the following organisms:
(a) (i) Wild beast (1mk)
(ii) Ticks (1mk)
(b) Sketch a pyramid of numbers to represent above feeding relationship. (1mk)
11. (a) Name the causative agent of the following diseases in humans.
(i) Bilharziasis (1mk)
(ii) Syphillis (1mk)
(b) Describe the following defects:
(i) Varicose veins (1mk)
(ii) Thrombosis (1mk)
12.The flow chart below shows the movement and fate of carbohydrate synthesized by green plants.
Photosynthetic tissues in a leaf

Storage tissues Meristematic tissues

(a) Name the type of carbohydrate that is

(i) Transported from leaf to other parts of plant (1mk)
(ii) Found in storage tissues (1mk)
(b) Name two main photosynthetic tissues found in a leaf (2mks)
13. State the roles of the following cell organelles in a cell
(a) Lysosomes (2mks)
(b) Centrioles (1mk)
14.Name the physiological process involve in the movement of the following substances in and out of
the cell.
(a) Mineral salts (1mk)
(b) Water (1mk)
15. Below is the dental formula of an organism
3 1 4 2
i C Pm m
3 1 4 3
(i) Calculate the total number of teeth in the jaw of the animal (2mks)
(ii) With a reason, identify the type of dentition for the organism (2mks)
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16. The diagram below shows a section through a plant organ

(a) (i) Name the class of the plant from which the section was obtained (1mk)
(ii) Give a reason for your answer in a(i) above (1mk)
17. (a) Name two structures for gaseous exchange in aquatic plants. (2mks)
(b) State one adaption of the above named structures. (1mk)
18. During a biological trip, plants that had flowers drew the attention of students
(a) Name the subdivision of the plants (1mk)
(b) Name two possible characteristics that students would use to conclude that they were
insect pollinated. (2mks)
19. Define the following terms
(a) Homologous structures (1mk)
(b) Vestigial structures (1mk)
20. Name the type of responses exhibited by the following
(a) Pollen tube growth towards the embryo sac (1mk)
(b) Maggot moving from the lit part of boiling tube to the part painted black (1mk)
(c) Folding of the leaves of the Mimosa Pudica plant on touch (1mk)
21. Insulin is a hormone synthesized using bacteria DNA. It is possible to obtain from hospitals
because of the new technology
(a) Name the technology used in the case above. (1mk)
(b) Why were bacteria preferred in the medicine production (2mks
22. (a) State the role of the following parts of ear in the hearing process
(i) Ear drum (1mk)
(ii) Cochlea (1mk)
(b)Explain why the body temperature of a healthy human being may rise up to 39 0C on a hot

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humid day. (3mks)
23.Explain what happens to human body when glucose level is above normal (3mks)
24.Name three mechanisms that ensure cross pollination takes place in flowering plants. (3mks)
25.State the functional difference between sensory and motor neurons (1mk)
26.Give two reasons why class insecta is the most numerous among members of phylum arthropoda.
(2mks)
27. The diagram below shows the appearance of a plant cell after it had been placed in a strong
salt solution

(a) Name the process that occurred in the cell shown above. (1mk)
(b) (i) Which substance is present in the regions marked 1? (1mk)
(ii) Give reasons for your answer in b(i) above (2mks)
28. State two roles of a fruit to a plant (2mks)
29. What is the importance of the following in an ecosystem?
(i) Bacteria and fungi (1mk)
(ii) Predators (1mk)
30. Outline three roles of active transport in the human body. (3mks)

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 KCSE 2024 REPLICA PREDICTION
(POSSIBLE TRIAL 8)
BIOLOGY
231/2
PAPER 2 (THEORY)
TIME: 2 HOURS
NAME……………………………………………………………………………………..

SCHOOL……………………………………………… SIGN………………………..

INDEX NO……………………………………………. ADM NO……………………

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education.

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
1) Write your name, admission number and class in the spaces provided above.
2) Answer all the questions in Section A in the spaces provided.
3) In section B answer question 6 Compulsory and Either Question 7 or 8

FOR EXAMINERS USE ONLY

Questions Questions Maximum Score Candidate Score
A 1 8
2 8
3 8
4 8
5 8
B 6 20
7 20
8 20
TOTAL 80

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 SECTION A (40 marks)
Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided.
1. The graph below shows the rate of transpiration of the same plants on two consecutive mornings,
day 1 and 2.

200
Day 1
2 -1
Rate of transpiration/µgcm s

100 Day 2

0
08.00 09.00 10.00 11.00 12.00
Time of day/hour
a) (i) Give two environmental factors that could account for the difference between day 1 and day 2
(2mks)
(ii) Explain how the environmental factors named (a) (ii) above could have caused the difference
between day 1 and day 2. (2mks)
b) Name two forces involved in movement of water up the xylem. (2mks)
c) Name the strengthening material found in the following tissue in a stem:
i) Sclerenchyma (1mark)
ii) Collenchyma (1 mark)
2. a) A young mother delivered a baby at Muranga Hospital, which was taken to the nursery shortly
after delivery. When she was brought the baby later, she felt that it was the wrong baby. When she
got home, she decided to contest the issue in a court of law. The blood tests showed that she was
blood group AB and her husband was group O and the baby was blood group O. Use a genetic cross
to find out if her claims were true. (5mks)
b) The figure below is a diagram of a pair of homologous chromosomes during meiosis.

i) Name the process shown above (1mk)

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ii) Explain the effect of the process named in (b) (i) above on linked genes. (2mks)
3. The diagram below shows a vertical section through the part of a leaf of a mesophyte.

C
a) Label cell A and organelle B (2marks)
A-…………………………………………………………………………………………
B-………………………………………………………………………………………...
b) State two functions of the part labelled C. (2mks)
c) Give two differences between the structure shown above and that of a floating hydrophyte.
(2marks)
d) Give two observable features that adapts the structure above to photosynthesis. (2 marks)
4. Below is a diagram of a mammalian nephron. Use it to answer the questions that follow.
5
4

2
3

a) Name part 4. (1mark)

b) Explain what happens to the concentration of sodium ions between 1 and 2. (2 marks)
c) i) Name the hormone that controls the amount of urine produced in the kidneys. (1 mark)
ii)How will the concentration of urine be affected at region 3 in the absence of the hormone mentioned
in (c) (i) above. (2mks)
d) What will happen at point 4 if there was partial constriction at point 5? (2marks)
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5. The diagram below shows a food web. Study it and answer the questions that follow.

foxes
kestrels

Toads and lizards stoats

spiders rabbits
Carnivorous
insects moles

Herbivorous
insects
grass

a) Write two food chains with foxes as the quaternary consumer. (2mk)
b) Name the organism with
i) The highest biomass (1 mark)
ii) The highest number of predators (1 mark)
c) State two possible effects on the ecosystem if kestrels migrated. (2 marks)
d) Explain why primary productivity reduces with increase in depth in an aquatic ecosystem.
(2marks)
SECTION B
Answer question 6 (compulsory) and either question 7 or 8
6. During germination and growth of a cereal, the dry weight of endosperm, the embryo and total dry
weight were determined at two-day intervals. The results are shown in the table below.
Dry weight of Dry weight of embryo
Time after planting Total dry weight (mg)
endosperm (mg)
0 43 2 45
2 40 2 42
4 33 7 40
6 20 17 37
8 10 25 35
10 6 33 39
a) Using the same axes, draw graphs of dry weight of endosperm, embryo and the total dry weight
against time. (8 marks)
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b) What is the total dry weight on day 5? (1mark)
c) Account for:
i) Decrease in dry weight for endosperm from day 0 to 10. (2 marks)
ii) Increase in dry weight of embryo from day 0 to 10. (2 marks)
iii) Decrease in total dry weight from day 0 to day 8. (2 marks)
iv) Increase in total dry weight after day 8 (1 mark)
d) State two factors that causes seed dormancy in each of the following:
i) Within a seed (2 mark)
ii) Outside a seed. (2 mark)
7. a) A student sitting under a shade of a tree, on a sunny day, shifted the eyes from looking at an aero
plane in the sky to reading a page on her book. Describe the changes that occurred in her eye.
(15 marks)
b) Explain how a neuron is adapted to its function. (5marks)

8. a) Describe digestion of milk in the stomach (10 marks)

b) Describe assimilation of the end products of digestion in mammals. (10 marks)

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 KCSE 2024 REPLICA PREDICTION
(POSSIBLE TRIAL 9)
BIOLOGY
231/1
PAPER 1 (THEORY)
TIME: 2 HOURS
NAME……………………………………………………………………………………..

SCHOOL……………………………………………… SIGN………………………..

INDEX NO……………………………………………. ADM NO……………………

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education.

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
a) Write your name and admission number in the spaces provided above.
b) Sign in the spaces provided above.
c) Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.
d) All workings MUST be clearly shown where necessary.

FOR EXAMINERS USE ONLY

QUESTION MAXIMUM SCORE CANDIDATES SCORE

1 – 30 80

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 Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided
1. a) Name the one chemicals of a life that makes up protoplasm (1mark)
b) State Two disadvantages of using fats as respiratory substrates (2marks)
2. (a)Name the type of gene mutation that results in loss of skin pigment (1mark)
b) Explain how sunlight contributes to stronger bones and teeth in human beings (2marks)
3. Name the main target organ of the following hormones: (2marks)
a) Antidiuretic….. ………………………………………………………………………………….
b) Glucagon……………………………………………………………………………………….
4. a) What is Binary Fission? (1mark)
b) Give Two disadvantages of sexual reproduction (2marks)
5. The diagram shown below represents a seedling. Use it to answer questions that follow

a)(i) Name Class in which the seedling belong (1mark)

(ii) Give reasons for your answer in a (i) above (2marks)
b) Explain why the biomass of part labelled A will be lower compared to the one found in the seed
stage of the same plant (2marks)
6. A solution of sugarcane was boiled with hydrochloric acid. Sodium hydrogen carbonate was added
and the mixture heated with Benedict’s solution. An orange precipitate was formed.
a) Why was the solution boiled with hydrochloric acid? (1mark)
b) To which class of carbohydrates does sugarcane belong? (1mark)
c) Name the type of reaction that takes place when:
Simple sugars combine to form complex sugar. (1mark)
d) State the form in which carbohydrates are stored in animals (1mark)
7. a) State Two ways in which blood clotting is important to a human being (2marks)
b) What are the roles of thrombokinase enzyme during blood clotting? (2marks)

8. The diagram shown below represents a flower

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a) Name the agent of pollination for the flower shown above (1mark)
b) Give Two reasons for your answer in a) above (2marks)
9. State the differences between cones and rods in terms of the following (2marks)
Feature Cone Rod
Visual acuity High
Photochemical Low
10. Use the diagram of a nerve cell shown below to answer questions that follow

a) With a reason, give the identity of the nerve cell (2marks)

Identity …………………………………………………………………………………………….
Reason ……………………………………………………………………………………………...
b) Explain the significance of absence of part labelled H in nerve cells found in the brain. (1 marks)
11. Give Three features that make modern man to be more adaptable to the environment (3marks)
12. The diagram below represents a living organism

a) State Two economic importance of the above organism in the food industry (2marks)
b) Why does the rate of respiration reduce under the following conditions? (2marks)
i) Low temperature
ii) Metabolic poison
13. State Two reasons why Biotechnology is important in modern science (2marks)

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14. Fill in the table shown below to give differences between biceps and gut muscles (3marks)
Biceps Gut muscles
I
II
III
15. Explain how variation is important in the process of evolution? (2marks)
16. Explain the term negative feedback (1mark)
17. State Two contributions of Carolus Linnaeus (1708 – 1778) to taxonomy (2marks)
18. a) In an experiment, Venna counted 9 cells along the diameter of field of view of a light microscope
measuring 3.0mm. Determine the diameter of one cell in micrometers (3marks)
b) Why is electron microscope safer to the eye than light microscope during use? (1mark)
19. The following diagram represents results of an experiment carried out on two sets of germinating
seeds.

a) Account for the result shown in test tube X (2marks)

b) What is the importance of dipping the boiled seeds in a disinfectant in test tube Y? (1mark)

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20. The diagram shown below represents a section of the vertebral column

a) Name the part labelled S (1mark)

b) State TWO ways in which part T is important to movement in human beings (2 marks)
21. The diagram below shows an experiment carried out to investigate photosynthesis in a potted plant
which has been kept in the dark for 48 hours.

The setup was left in the sunshine for 6 hours. The leaf was tested for starch using iodine solution at the
end of the experiment.
a) What would be the colours of the regions of the leaf marked L, M and N? (3marks)
b) What is the function of the sodium hydroxide pellets? (1mark)
22. (a) In fruit flies (Drosophila) the gene for red eyes (R) is dominant over the one for white – eye (r).
In a true breeding white – eyed male, all the offspring will be red eyed. However, if a true –
breeding white-eyed female is mated with a true- breeding red- eyed male, all the female offspring
will be red – eyed. Explain this apparent contradiction. (1mark)
(b) Work out the expected FI genotypes if a red- eyed female offspring from the cross- described in (a)
above is mated with red- eyed males. (4marks)

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23. An experiment was set up to investigate the effect of unilateral/unidirectional light in growth of
maize seedlings. The diagram in the table below represents experimental set up at the beginning.
The tip of D is covered by an aluminium foil.

Using diagrams, complete the table to show the expected results in experimental set up ( 3 marks)
24. Use the figure below to answer the questions that follow.

(a)Identify the cardiac cycle represented by the diagram. (1mark)

(b)Identify the valves X and Y (2marks)
25. How does sunken stomata help in lowering transpiration? (3marks)
26. a) Name the hormone that stimulate the maturation of the graafian follicles to release a mature
ovum in female reproductive cycle. (1mark)
b) Explain why menstruation does not take place after fertilization in human beings. (2marks)

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 KCSE 2024 REPLICA PREDICTION
(POSSIBLE TRIAL 9)
BIOLOGY
231/2
PAPER 2 (THEORY)
TIME: 2 HOURS
NAME……………………………………………………………………………………..

SCHOOL……………………………………………… SIGN………………………..

INDEX NO……………………………………………. ADM NO……………………

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education.

INSTRUCTIONS TO THE CANDIDATES

a) Write your name and index number in the spaces provided above.
b) Sign and write the date of examination in the spaces provided above..
c) This paper consists of TWO sections A and B
d) Answer ALL questions in section A in the spaces provided.
e) In section B answer question 6 (compulsory) and either question 7 or 8 in the spaces provided after
question 8.

FOR EXAMINERS USE ONLY

Questions Questions Maximum Score Candidate Score
A 1-5 40
B 6 20
7 20
8 20
TOTAL 80

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 SECTION A – (40 MARKS)
Answer All Questions In This Section In The Spaces Provided.
1. (a)What is meant by the term sex linkage? (1 mark)
(b) Name two sex-linked traits in humans (2 marks)
(c) In Drosphilamelanogaster, the inheritance of eye colour is sex-linked. The gene for the red
eye is dominant. A cross was made between a homozygous red-eyed female and a white eyed male.
Work out the phenotypic ratio of F1 generation.(Use R to represent the gene for the red eyes)
(5 marks)
2. A response exhibited by a certain plant tendril is illustrated below.

a) (i) Name the type of response. (1 mark)

(ii) Explain how the response named in (a) (i) above occurs. (3 marks)
b) What is the importance of tactic response to microscopic plants? (1 mark)
c) State three applications of plant hormones in Agriculture. (3 marks)
3. The diagram below represents a simple respiratory pathway in cells

a) Name the process marked X and Y. (2 marks)

b) State two differences between process X and Y. (2 marks)
c) State the name of substance B and condition under which it is formed. (2 marks)
d) Explain how body size affects the rate of respiration in animals. (2 marks)
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4. The diagram below represents a setup to investigate the conditions necessary for seed germination.
The setup was left for 5 days.

a) What conditions were being investigated in the experiment? (2 marks)

b) Explain the role of water during seed germination. (3 marks)
c) Account for the expected results in each setup after 5 days. (3 marks)
5. Examine the diagram below and use it to answer the questions that follow.

a) Name the parts labeled. (3 marks)

B…………………………………………………………………………………….…
C……………………………………………………………………………………….
D………………………………………………………………………………………..
b) What is the substance that makes up part labeled A? (1 mark)
c) Name the process by which mineral salts move into structure B. (1 mark)
d) Explain what happens when a red blood cell is put in distilled water. (3 marks)

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 SECTION B – 40 MARKS
Answer question 6(compulsory) and either question 7 or 8 in the spaces provided.
6. The data below shows the rate of photosynthesis at different temperature in attached leaves of three
East African plants. (Crotolarie, Gynandropsis and Amaranthus species) respectively which were
grown outside with the same condition while water and carbon (iv) oxide are not limiting factors in
this experiment.
Rate of photosynthesis was expressed in terms of carbon (IV) oxide uptake in mg/mm2/hr at varius
temperatures as tabulated below.

Temperature Rate of Photosynthesis (mg/mm2/hr)

0
C
Gynadropsis sp Crotolasis sp Amaranthus sp
5 - 20 -
10 22 40 10
15 50 49 27
20 60 64 42
25 80 48 55
30 85 45 54
35 80 42 50
40 73 31 45
45 66 15 40
50 2 - 11

a) Represent the results graphically (rate of photosynthesis against temperature)

b) Using the graph in (a) above indicate optimum temperature for the Gynandaropsis and Amaranthus
species (2 marks)
 Gynandaropsis ………………………………………………………………………
 Amaranthus………………………………………………………………………….
c) Give a reason why Gynandaropsis and Aaranthus could not function photosynthetically at 5 oC.
(1 mark)
d) What are the possible ecological habitats for the following plants (2 marks)
(i) Amaranthus………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) Crotolaria…………………………………………………………………………….
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e) At what temperature was the amount of carbon (IV) oxide around the leaf of Gynandaropsis
highest? (1 mark)
f) What raw material required in the light stage of photosynthesis. (1 mark)
g) Name the parts of chloroplasts in which the following stages of photosynthesis take place.
(2 marks)
(i) Light stage………………………………………………………………………………………...
(ii) Dark stage………………………………………………………………………………………...
h) State one structural similarity and difference between chloroplast and mitochondria.
(2 marks)
Similarity
Difference
i) What is the compensation of photosynthesis? (1 mark)

7. (a) Explain the role of mammalian skin in thermoregulation. (10 marks)

(b) Describe how the alveolus is adapted to perform its functions. (10 marks)

8. (a) Discuss the evidence of organic evolution. (10 marks)

(b) Describe how the xerophytes are adapted to their habitat. (10 marks)

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 KCSE 2024 REPLICA PREDICTION
(POSSIBLE TRIAL 10)
231/1

BIOLOGY
PAPER 1 (THEORY)
TIME: 2 HOURS

NAME……………………………………………………. ADM NO; ……………………

CLASS……………………………………………………… DATE………………………
SIGN: ………………………………………………………..

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education.

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
a) Write your name and admission number in the spaces provided above.
b) Sign in the spaces provided above.
c) Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.
d) All workings MUST be clearly shown where necessary.

FOR EXAMINERS USE ONLY

QUESTION MAXIMUM SCORE CANDIDATES SCORE

1 – 32 80

KCSE Predictions Marking Schemes - 0746 222 000 / 0742 999 000
 Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided
1. Name one factor in nature that increases the process of evolution. (1mk)
2. What is meant by the term “oxygen debt” (2mks)
3. Differentiate between characteristics of members of Monera and those of Protoctista (2mks)
4. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow.

(a) Name the organelle. (1mk)

(b) State function of the structure labeled A (1mk)
5. State two functions of the substance secreted by sebaceous glands. (2mks)
6. In an experiment, the pituitary gland of a rat was removed.
(a)State the effect that this will have on the quantity of urine produced by the rat. (1mk)
(b)Give a reason for your answer in (a) above. (2mks)
7. The lungs and ileum are adapted for absorption. State three features they have in common
which facilitate absorption. (3mks)
8. State the function of the diaphragm in the light microscope. (1mk)
9. Explain why food is stored in an insoluble form in the cells of living things. (1mk)
10. Name two components of blood that are not present in the glomerular filtrate. (2mks)
11. (a)State the importance of the following features in gaseous exchange.
(i)Cartilages in the trachea. (1mk)
(ii)Moisture on the surface of alveoli (1mk)
(b)Name two sites where gaseous exchange takes place in terrestrial plants. (2mks)
12. i. Explain how the following adaptations minimize the rate of transpiration.
(a) Sunken stomata (1mk)
(b) Leaf drooping (1mk)
ii. State two environmental factors that influence the rate of transpiration. (2mks)
13. State the role of decomposition in an ecosystem. (2mks)
14. An animal is found to have large glomeruli and short loop of Henle. Account for the
presence of
(i)Large glomeruli (1mk)
(ii) Short loop of Henle. (1mk)
(iii) State the possible habitat of the above organism (1mk)
15. The diagram below represents a set up that was used to investigate a certain process in a
plant. Both the beaker and funnel are transparent.
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 (a) State the process that was being investigated (1mk)
(b) Name the gas collected in the gas jar (1mk)
(c)State one factor that would affect the process (1mk)
16. Name the sites where light and dark reactions of photosynthesis take place. (2mks)
(i) Light stage reaction
(ii) Dark stage reaction
17. The diagram below represents a reflex arc in human beings

(a) Name the parts labeled Q and R. (2mks)

(b) What is the function of part labeled P? (1mk)
(c)Using arrows, indicate the direction of impulse transmission on the diagram (1mk)
18. (a) What is the meaning of the following terms as used in ecology. (2mks)
(i) Autecology
(ii) Synecology
(b) The number and distribution of stomata on three different leaves are shown in the table
below.
Leaf Number of stomata
Upper epidermis Lower epidermis
A 450 0
B 185 270
C 03 15
Suggest the possible habitats of the plants from which the leaves A,B,C were obtained. (3mks)
19. A bone obtained from a mammal is represented by the diagram below

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 (a)(i) Name the bone shown above? (1mk)
(ii) State one reason for your answers in (a) (i) above (1mk)
(b) Name a bone articulate with bone shown in the diagram above at the notch . (1mk)
20. (a)Explain why pepsin in stomach of man is secreted in inactive/precursor form. (1mk)
(b) Which gland secrets pepsinogen. (1mk)
21. Name the regions in plants where the following take place (2mks)
(i) Primary growth
(ii) Secondary growth

22. The figure below illustrates a portion of chromosome with genes E, G, H, P, Q and R
E G H P Q R
Using diagrams similar to the one above, illustrate the changes that the above chromosome
would
undergo. If the following mutations occurred on gene H and P.
(a) Deletion (1mk)
(b) Inversion (1mk)
(c) Duplication (1mk)
23. (a)Name the type of skeleton that arthropods have. (1mk)
(b) What substance is the arthropods skeleton made of? (1mk)
24. In view of modern genetics, explain why Lamarck’s theory is unacceptable. (2mks)
25. State two ways in which genetic engineering is applied in the field of medicine. (2mks)
26. What is the functional difference between a tendon and ligament. (1mk)
27. (a)How is fovea centralis adapted for its function in the human eye. (2mks)
(b) A person was not able to see far objects clearly but could view near objects clearly. Name
the eye – defect the person had. (1mk)
(c) How can the defect be corrected. (1mk)
28. State two functions of a chloroplast. (2mks)
29. State three differences between osmosis and active transport. (3mks)
30. (a)State two functions of an ovary in a human female. (2mks)
(b) State two advantages of internal fertilization in mammals. (2mks)
31. State two features of petals that enhances insect pollination. (2mks)
32. How are halophytes adapted for survival in their habitats. (2mks)

THE END

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 KCSE 2024 REPLICA PREDICTION
(POSSIBLE TRIAL 10)
231/2

BIOLOGY
PAPER 2 (THEORY)
TIME: 2 HOURS

NAME……………………………………………………. ADM NO; ……………………

CLASS……………………………………………………… DATE………………………
SIGN: ………………………………………………………..

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education.

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
(f) Write your name, school, index number in the space provided at the top of the paper.
(g) Sign and write the date of examination in the space provided above.
(h) This paper consists of two sections, A and B.
(i) Answer all the questions in section A in the spaces provided.
(j) In section B answer question 6 (compulsory) and either question 7 or 8.

FOR EXAMINER’S USE ONLY

Section Question Maximum Score Candidate’s Score
A 1-5 40
B 6 20
7 20
8 20
80

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 SECTION A 40 MARKS
1. A potted plant was placed in each of the following conditions for a period of one hour in the
order given and transpiration in each hour was measured. The air temperature was 18 0C
throughout the experiment.
CONDITIONS RELATIVE TRANSPIRATION g/hr
HUMIDITY
A) Still air in sunlight and shade 70 1.2
B) Moving air only 70 1.6
C) Still air in bright sunlight 70 3.75
D) Still air in dark chamber 100 0.20
a) Account for the rate of transpiration in
i) Condition C (3mks)
ii) Condition D (3mks)
b) Name the apparatus used to measure the rate of transpiration. (1mark)
c) Give one modification in the stomata of xerophytes that reduce the rate of transpiration. (1 mks)
2. Sickle cell anaemia is a disease in which people produce abnormal haemoglobin in their red
blood cells. Letter H represents the gene for normal haemoglobin while letter S represent the
gene for abnormal haemoglobin. Heterozygous individuals are said to have sickle cell trait.
a) If both parents have sickle cell trait, work out the proportion of their offspring that have sickle
cell anemia. (5marks)
b) Explain why sickle cell trait is more prevalent in tropical countries than temperate countries.
(2marks)
(c)Name any other disease caused by gene mutation. (1mk)
3. Equal volumes of three different sugar solutions were placed in visking tubings X, Y and Z.
The tubings were placed in a beaker containing 5%sugar solution. The set up was left for two
hours. The results were as shown in the diagram below.

X X

Y Z Y Z

Start of the experiment End of the experiment

a) Name the process being investigated (1mark)
b) What is the significance of set up X in the experiment? (1mark)
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c) Account for the observations in set up Y and Z. (4mks)
Y
Z
d) Name a structure in cells that can be compared to the visking tubing. (1mark)
e) Explain how high temperature above 400C will affect the process being investigated in the
cells of organism. (1marks)
4. The diagrams below show changes in the life cycle of a flowering plant.

B D
G

a) Name the parts labelled A, B and G. (3marks)

b) State the function of the part labelled D. (1mark)
c) (i) What will part A develop into after fertilization? (1mark)
(ii) Define the term parthenocarpy. (1mark)
d) Name two features in flowering plants that prevent self-fertilization (2marks)
5. The diagram below represents one of the joints in the mammalian body.

Pelvis

Capsule

Synovial membrane
Z W

a) Name the type of joint shown in the diagram. (1mark)

b) Name each of the parts labeled Z and U. (2marks)
c) State two functions of the fluid found in W. (2marks)

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d) Identify the type of muscle found attached to bone Z. (1mark)
e) State two differences between the muscle identified in (d) above and those found in the gut.
(2marks)

SECTION B (40MARKS)
Answer question 6 (compulsory) and either question 7 or 8
6. In an experiment to investigate a certain process in a given plant species, the rate of carbon
(IV) oxide consumption and the rate of carbon (IV) oxide released were measured over a
period of time of the day. The results of the investigation are shown in the table below.
Time of day 6am 8am 10am 12pm 2pm 4pm 6pm 8pm 10pm 12am
CO2consumption(mm3/mi 0 43 69 91 91 50 18 0 0 0
n)
CO2 release (mm3/min) 38 22 10 3 3 6 31 48 48 48
(a) On the same axis, plot graphs of volume carbon (IV) oxide against time (7mk
b) Name the biochemical process represented by:
i) Carbon (IV) oxide consumption (1 mark)
ii) Carbon (IV) oxide released (1 mark)
c) Account for the shape of the curve for:
i) Carbon (IV) oxide consumption (3 marks)
ii) Carbon (IV) oxide released (3marks)
d) (i) What is meant by the term compensation point? (1marks)
(ii) From the graph state the time of the day when the plant attains compensation point(2 mark)
e) Explain how temperature affects the rate of CO2 consumption in a plant. (2 marks)

7. a) Explain how the villi in the small intestines are adapted to their functions. (10 marks)
b) Describe the photosynthetic theory as a mechanism of opening and closing of the stomata.
(10marks)
8. a) Explain how ultrafiltration occurs within the kidneys. (5marks)
b) Describe water pollution under the following headings:
i) Causes (5marks)
ii) Effects (5marks)
iii) Control measures. (5marks)

KCSE Predictions Marking Schemes - 0746 222 000 / 0742 999 000
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KCSE Predictions Marking Schemes - 0746 222 000 / 0742 999 000