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(전자기학I) Lecture 4 Gradient 필기

Electrical Engineering

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15 views

(전자기학I) Lecture 4 Gradient 필기

Electrical Engineering

Uploaded by

2021104206
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 04 Gradient

Ch 3.4 Del operator


The del operator D is the vector differential

operator defined in Cartesian coordinate as

0 It gf5t E

Useful for many derivatives in spatial domain


1 TV
2 T F
3 TX F
4 PV
we will learn each of these in the subsequent
sections
Ch3 5 Gradient of a Scalar
a Definition
In a
single variable function
y
III.ae
f A
Onto
coaxn

The direction of variation was


only
Mr
in X direction

How should we define a derivative


Q
in multi variable function

a y function
EEmfuixtyjaniable
we have to define the
7 derivatives for each direction

L 1 Y of infinitesimal charge

qf s fcx.gl x g

This is the gradient of the scalar function


Notice definition Coord matches
naturally with the expression of notation as del product
with a scalar function Tf At F f
In 3 D
Tf f Iff Iff It It E f CD
Indeed natural to use a del operator

ex 3 3
Z
a
V e sin 2x oosh Y

It 212
pv It
2e
2 cos 2x
coshy It e Zsinzxsinhy J
e Zsinoxcoshy E

Coming backto the ZDfunction E FCK y The


gradient specifies how f Hey varies in only
two direction A and J What if we wonder
how f CKD changes in other directions say
Catty It turned out that we can deduce
it easily from the gradient Directional derivative
b Properties

Directional derivative
u
The gradient is useful to find
dz.IR imal derivative of a scalarfunction f

How fast fCx y will


they decrease
Increased in
it Ux Ug direction
nkefeminaffination
f circa
x
Technically it can be expressed as

I fait
ff't
L.im whereof is in some
torso 871 direction as A
ie
YET YET ux

try Uy
Uy

we have
heat L.in or ryE fxrI
Lotto tart
Y t 2
zoik x
loft
i
t
EFTftp.t
2fcr 1
Ux 2
1 Uy ay

Ff I
e Directional derivative in Pfc I

Note that Idp f is maximized when

it is in a same direction as Ofcf


uh 0f
i e

IT fail

In other words the direction of Pf represents


the direction of the maximum space rate
of increase off

The magnitude of of 1 14 tuff 1K


is the magnitude of the maximum space rate
of Increase of f
One can show that Of at any point
is
perpendicular to the constant
surface that passes through that point
Exercise

C gradient in other coordinates

Let's see how we can define the gradient


in other coordinate ex Cyl coord

In Cgl Gord shall we define the gradient


of a function fCp 0 Z as

If I
Of jfp f of G

This definition is apparently the most


similar to the definition at Cartesian in
mathematical expression However it turned out
this is an useless definition To see this
lets first start with ZD version of Cyl Gordy
I

Assume we have a scalar function f


fce ftp.opz
if
I 41
l 1

D
x e

physically we wonder how He changes

in the neighbor of Ceo Oo We want to


define the gradient at Cyl so that the
physical meaning of it is consistent with
K
that in Cart instead of the mathematical
appearance as in CD

The physical meaning of the gradient is as follows


The physical meaning of E component of the
of a function the of
g l
small displacement in a direction of E

For example the I the gradient was


component of
It is representing the change in f f pen
small displacement x in a direction of 2

Following this in cyl Gord the f component


of the gradient should be The tricky part

is with the of the gradient We


component

want to give a small change 80 creating a


displacement by Pof which corresponds to the
change in f by tf Therefore the change of
per the small displacement pool is

p
but not
This definition
3
turns out to be much more useful than sticking
to the mathematical appearance 3

i Gradient in Polar cord

Pf f t
b
Extending this to 3D version we have
the gradient in cyl coordinate as

E
of Effete y It

Likewise when we solve it for Sph Gord


we have

of ZE A c In ftp.o fpff
ex 3.3

b
ftp.zcos20
much
Zn
I f means how changes
g
LE
Fn each direction of

T
f f E
x

Of ft ftz f

fzpzcos24 PZZS.hu tp2cos2o Z


C How fast f would change at f 1,4 0,2 0

direction of it
Eft
in a
of

I Tf h
o of 11 ft F O

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