Chapter 1 Revision

Revision Problems

1. Shade the given regions in separate Venn diagrams, with each diagram similar to this:

(a) Ac  Bc  C (b) A  B  Cc A B

(c) (A  B)  Cc (d) (A  B  C)c

2. For 3 overlapping sets X, Y and Z in a Venn diagram, shade the regions for:

(a) X  Y   Z (b) (X  Z )  Y (c) X Y   (Y  Z)

3. Use set notation to define the shaded areas (note: there may be many correct answers):

(a) (b) (c) (d)

X Y X Y X Y X Y

Z Z Z Z

4. 60 students were each offered a cake and a scone during their break. 42 students took a
cake, 36 took a scone, and 8 did not take any snacks.

(a) How many students took both a cake and a scone?

(b) Illustrate the information in a Venn diagram.

5. In a class of 62 students, 40 enjoy badminton, 31 enjoy volleyball, 33 enjoy swimming, 17

enjoy badminton and volleyball, 21 enjoy badminton and swimming, 15 enjoy volleyball
and swimming, 6 do not enjoy any of the three activities. How many students enjoy all
three activities?

6. A survey among a group of workers shows that 28% know COBOL, 43% know Pascal,
64% know BASIC, 15% know COBOL and Pascal, 20% know COBOL and BASIC, 31%
know Pascal and BASIC, and 9% know all three computer programming languages.

(a) What proportion of workers does not know any of the three programming languages?
(b) What proportion of workers knows exactly two of the three programming languages?
(c) Illustrate the information in a Venn diagram.

7. Given three sets A, B and C with n(A  B  C) = 68, n(A  B  C) = 9, n(A  C) = 16,
n(B  C) = 12, n(A  B c  Cc) = 14, and n(A) = n(B) = n(C), find n(A).

MM Kumaresan 1
 Chapter 1 Revision

8. Given three sets A, B and C with n(A  B  C) = 48, n(A  B  C) = 9, n(A  C) = 16,
n(B  C) = 12, n(A  B c  Cc) = 14, and n(A) = n(B) = n(C), show that the data is in error.

9. In a class of 62 students, 43 like grapes and 28 like plums. Determine upper and lower
limits for the number of students who like both grapes and plums.

10. A market research survey of 450 people concluded that 342 watched TV, 267 listened to
the radio, 231 read books, 176 watched TV and listened to the radio, 153 watched TV and
read books, 114 listened to the radio and read books, and 68 did all three activities.

(a) Show that the results are in error.

(b) If the error was in the number of people who watched TV and listened to the radio, (i.e.
the 176 figure), find the upper and lower limits on its value.

11. A company study of the product desirabilities of 1000 customers reported that each of the
products A, B and C was liked by 482, 347 and 501 respectively. The study reported that
all products were liked by 50 people, products A and B were liked by 141 people, products
A and C were liked by 84 people, and products B and C were liked by 100 people.

(a) Show that the reported study results are in error.

(b) It was found that an error was made in recording just one of the above figures although the
figure of 1000 customers sampled was accurate. Consider each other numerical piece of
information in turn, and produce limits upon the corresponding number of customers.

12. In a workforce of 1200 workers, 650 are male, 400 use the works canteen and 380 are
unskilled. Of the unskilled workers, 75 are male who use the canteen, and 85 are female who
do not use the canteen. 405 of the workers are skilled males of whom 150 use the canteen.

(i) Draw an annotated Venn diagram to illustrate the above data.

(ii) How many skilled workers do not use the canteen?
(iii)Unskilled female workers using the canteen typically spend $10. If skilled workers using
the canteen, on average, spend $5 more on the canteen than unskilled workers, and males
spend, on average, $1 more than female workers, how much more is spent in the canteen
by the male workforce than the female workforce?

(iv) If the 150 figure for skilled male workers using the canteen is erroneous, what are the
maximum and minimum values for this subset which are consistent with all the other data
given above?

13. On a particular day, a theme park amusement centre had 15000 visitors. Of these 15000, 9400
were children and were admitted for $10 each, 8500 went on the newest thrill ride (“The
Dragon”) and 8400 ate a meal in one of the restaurants. Of the children, 2800 went on “The
Dragon” and ate a meal in one of the restaurants and, of all those who ate in the restaurants,
4350 went on “The Dragon”. The adults paid an entrance fee of $12, and 1200 of them ate a

MM Kumaresan 2
 Chapter 1 Revision

meal in the restaurant only, and 2400 went on “The Dragon” only. All meals in the restaurant
are for a fixed price of $3 and rides on “The Dragon” are free but are limited to one per person.

(i) Draw an annotated Venn diagram to illustrate the above data.

(ii) How many of the adults neither ate a meal in the restaurants nor went on “The Dragon”?
(iii)What was the total revenue for the day in question?
(iv) If the figure of 4350 who ate in the restaurant and went on “The Dragon” is erroneous,
what is the maximum and minimum size of this subset which is consistent with all the
other data given above?

14. A market research survey of 300 consumers concluded that product A was liked by 127,
product B was liked by 176, product C was liked by 91, products A and B were liked by
101, products A and C were liked by 52, and products B and C were liked by 64.

(a) Determine upper and lower limits for the number of consumers who liked all three
products.

(b) Determine upper and lower limits for the number of consumers who liked none of the three
products.

15. In a class of 48 students, 25 like coffee, 18 like tea, 16 like orange juice, 8 like both coffee and
tea, 5 like coffee and orange juice, 6 like tea and orange juice, 4 do not like any of three drinks.
How many students like all three drinks?

16. ABC Limited has chartered a jet plane flying from Paris to Rome. It has 128 passengers on
board, of whom 83 are French. There are 72 male passengers, and 49 of the passengers are
pensioners. Call the sets of French passengers, males and pensioners F, M and P respectively.
There are 27 French pensioners and 39 French males. The number of male passengers who
are neither French nor pensioners is known to be double the number of French pensioners who
are not male, this latter number being x.

a) Construct a clear Venn diagram of ABC’s data showing that it contains eight mutually
exhaustive sets. Determine the size of each of the eight sets in terms of x, and calculate the
possible range of values of x.

b) Describe the subset M  (Fc  Pc) in words. Given that x takes the largest possible value, state
the order of this set.

17. A company employs 250 staff. The 70 males form the set M and the 66 graduates form the
set G. 35 of the males are graduates. 40 of the staff have been with the company for more
than 10 years, and form the set H, whereas 30 of the staff have been with the company for less
than 2 years, and form the set L. The number of male graduates who have been with the
company for less than 2 years is double the number of male graduates who have been with the
company for more than 10 years, the latter number being x. Additionally, n(M ∩ H) = 18, n(M
∩ L) = 14, n(G ∩ H) = 10, n(G ∩ L) = 12.

MM Kumaresan 3
 Chapter 1 Revision

Draw the Venn diagram showing all 12 subsets representing the intersections of one or more
of M, G, H and L or their complements, and thus calculate the maximum and minimum values
of x.

If x takes the maximum possible value, how many females who are non-graduate have been
with the firm between 2 and 10 years?

MM Kumaresan 4
 Chapter 1 Revision

Solutions to Revision Problems

1.
A B A B A B
A B

C
C C C

(a) Ac  Bc  C (b) A  B  Cc (c) (A  B)  Cc (d) (A  B  C)c

**************************************************************
2.
X Y X Y
X Y

Z
Z Z


(a) X  Y  Z  (b) (X  Z )  Y  
(c) X  Y  (Y  Z )

 
Note: In (c), X  Y  (Y  Z ) = X  Y  Y  Z = X  Y  Z = X  Y  Z
**************************************************************

   
3. (a) X  X  Y  Z or X Y   X  Z  [See Ex 1(c), page 3]

(b) Xc  Zc or (X  Z)c
(c) (X  Y)  (Y  Z)  (X  Z)

    
(d)  X  Y   X  Y  Z or X Y  X  Z   X Y or X Y  Y  Z   X Y     
**************************************************************
4.
(a) C 8 S Let C = set of students who took a Cake

42 – x x 36 – x Let S = set of students who took a Scone

Let x = number of students who took both snacks.

(42 – x) + x + (36 – x) + 8 = 60  86 – x = 60  x = 26, so 26 students took both snacks.

(b) C S

16 26 10

**************************************************************

MM Kumaresan 5
 Chapter 1 Revision

5. B S Let B = set of students who enjoy Badminton

21 – x
x+2 x–3 Let S = set of students who enjoy Swimming
x
17 – x 15 – x Let V = set of students who enjoy Volleyball

x–1 Let x = number of students who enjoy all three.

V
6 40 + (x – 1) + (15 – x) + (x – 3) + 6 = 62

 57 + x = 62  x = 5. Hence, 5 students enjoy all three activities.

**************************************************************
6. Entries in Venn diagram are percentages.
(a) C P
6 Let C = set of workers who know COBOL
2 6
9 Let P = set of workers who know Pascal
11 22
Let B = set of workers who know BASIC
22
B 28 + 22 + 22 + 6 + y = 100  y = 22
y

Hence, 22% do not know any of the three languages.

(b) 6 + 11 + 22 = 39; Hence, 39% know exactly two of the three languages.

(c) C P
6
2 6
9
11 22

22
B 22

7. A B Let x = n(A) = n(B) = n(C)

x – 30
14 18 n(Ac  B  Cc) = x – [3 + 9 + (x – 30)] = 18
9
7 3  n(A  B  C) = 68 = x + (x – 19) + 3 + 18

x – 19  2x + 2 = 68  x = 33  n(A) = 33
C

MM Kumaresan 6
 Chapter 1 Revision

A B
3
14 18
9
7 3

C 14

**************************************************************
Let x = n(A) = n(B) = n(C)
8. A B  n(Ac  Bc  C) = x – 19 , n(A  B  Cc) = x – 30
x – 30
14 18  n(Ac  B  Cc) = x – [3 + 9 + (x – 30)] = 18
9
7 3 n(A  B  C) = 48 = x + (x – 19) + 3 + 18

x – 19  2x + 2 = 48  x = 23  n(A  B  Cc) = –7 < 0

C Hence, the data is in error.

Alternative solution: n(A  B  C)  14 + 7 + 9 + 3 + 18 = 51 > 48  data is in error.

Alternative solution: Let x = n(A  B  Cc)
A B  n(A) = x + 30  n(B) = n(C) = x + 30
x
14 18  n(Ac  B  Cc) = (x + 30) – (x + 12) = 18
9
7 3 n(A  B  C) = 48 = x + (x + 11) + 51

x + 11  2x = –14  x = –7  n(A  B  Cc) = –7 < 0

C Hence, the data is in error.

**************************************************************

9. G P Let G = set of students who like Grapes

43 – x x 28 – x Let P = set of students who like Plums

Let x = number of students who liked both fruits.

y=x–9

(43 – x) + x + (28 – x) + y = 62  y = x – 9

MM Kumaresan 7
 Chapter 1 Revision

Noting that all regions are non-negative, we have:

43 – x  0  x  43 Lower limit = 9
28 – x  0  x  28  x  28  9  x  28 
x0  x0 x9 Upper limit = 28
x–90  x9
**************************************************************
10.
(a) T R Let T = set of people who watch TV
108
81 45 Let R = set of people who listen to the Radio
68
85 46 Let B = set of people who read Books

32 n(T  R  B) = 342 + 32 + 46 + 45 = 465 > 450

B
 n(T  R  B) > n(U)  the results are in error.

(b)
T R Let x = n(T  R)
x – 68
257 – x 221 – x n(T  R  B) + y = n(U)
68
85 46  342 + 32 + 46 + (221 – x) + y = 450

32  641 – x + y = 450
B
y = x – 191  y = x – 191

Noting that all regions are non-negative, we have:

257 – x  0  x  257 Lower limit = 191
221 – x  0  x  221  x  221  191  x  221 
x – 68  0  x  68 x  191 Upper limit = 221
x – 191  0  x  191

11. n(A) = 482, n(B) = 347, n(C) = 501

(a) A 91 B
307 156 n(A  B  C) = 482 + 367 + 50 + 156 = 1055 > 1000
50  n(A  B  C) > n(U)
34 50 Hence, the results are in error.

C 367

MM Kumaresan 8
 Chapter 1 Revision

(b) A B Assume error in n(A). Let x = n(A).

91
x – 175 156 n(A  Bc  Cc) = x – (34 + 50 + 91) = x – 175
50 x – 175  0  x  175
34 50 n(A  B  C)  n(U)  x + 367 + 50 + 156  1000
C 367  x  427. Hence, 175  n(A)  427

A B Assume error in n(B). Let x = n(B).

91
307 x – 191 n(Ac  B  Cc) = x – (50 + 50 + 91) = x – 191
50 x – 191  0  x  191
34 50 n(A  B  C)  n(U)  x + 367 + 34 + 307  1000
C 367  x  292. Hence, 191  n(B)  292

A B Assume error in n(C). Let x = n(C).

307 91 156 n(Ac  Bc  C) = x – (34 + 50 + 50) = x – 134

50 x – 134  0  x  134
34
50
x – 134 n(A  B  C)  n(U)  x + 307 + 91 + 156  1000
C  x  446. Hence, 134  n(C)  446

A B Assume error in x = n(A  B  C).

257 + x 141 – x 106 + x n(A  B  C)  n(U)

x  482 + (317 + x) + (100 – x) + (106 + x)  1000
84 – x 100 – x  x  –5  Contradiction, since x cannot be negative.
317 + x  There cannot be an error in n(A  B  C).
C

A B Assume error in x = n(A  B).

448 – x x – 50 297 – x n(A  B  C)  n(U)

50  482 + 367 + 50 + (297 – x)  1000  x  196
34 50 448 – x  0, x – 50  0, 297 – x  0
367  x  448, x  50, x  297
C Hence, 196  n(A  B)  297

MM Kumaresan 9
 Chapter 1 Revision

A B Assume error in x = n(A  C).

91
391 – x 156 n(A  B  C)  n(U)
50  482 + (451 – x) + 50 + 156  1000  x  139
x – 50 50 391 – x  0, x – 50  0, 451 – x  0
 x  391, x  50, x  451
C 451 – x Hence, 139  n(A  C)  391

A B Assume error in x = n(B  C).

307 91 256 – x n(A  B  C)  n(U)

50  501 + 307 + 91 + (256 – x)  1000  x  155
34 x – 50 256 – x  0, x – 50  0, 467 – x  0
467 – x  x  256, x  50, x  467
C Hence, 155  n(B  C)  256

**************************************************************
12. (i)

M C M C
150 2
255 125 1 3
75 5
170 50 4 6

85 7
U 290 U 8

Region
Let E = set of all workers
Let M = set of Male workers Let C = set of workers who use the Canteen
Let F = set of Female workers Let U = set of Unskilled workers

n(E) = 1200, n(M) = 650  n(F) = 550

n(C) = 400, n(U) = 380
n(5) = 75
n(7) = 85
n(M  Uc) = 405, n(2) = 150
 n(1) = 405 – 150 = 255
n(4) = 650 – (255 + 150 + 75) = 170

MM Kumaresan 10
 Chapter 1 Revision

n(6) = 380 – (75 + 170 + 85) = 50

n(3) = 400 – (150 + 75 + 50) = 125
n(8) = 550 – (125 + 50 + 85) = 290

(ii) n(Cc  Uc) = 255 + 290 = 545  545 skilled workers do not use the canteen.

(iii) Female workforce spends approximately (50  10) + (125  15) = 500 + 1875 = $2375
Male workforce spends approximately (75  11) + (150  16) = 825 + 2400 = $3225
$3225 – $2375 = $850
Male workforce spends approximately $850 more than the female workforce in the
canteen.

(iv) n(E) = 1200, n(M) = 650, n(F) = 550

M C
405 – x x 275 – x n(C) = 400, n(U) = 380, n(M  Uc) = 405

75 Let x = n(2)
170 50
n(4) = 650 – [75 + x + (405 – x)] = 170
85
U x + 140 n(6) = 380 – (75 + 170 + 85) = 50

n(3) = 400 – (x + 75 + 50) = 275 – x

n(8) = 550 – (275 – x + 50 + 85) = x + 140

275 – x  0 x  275 x  275

405 – x  0  x  405   0  x  275
x + 140  0 x  –140 x0
x0 x0
Hence, the erroneous figure must be between a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 275.
13. (i)

C D C D
1750 2
2000 2400 1 3
2800 5
2850 1550 4 6

1200 7
M 450 M 8

Region

MM Kumaresan 11
 Chapter 1 Revision

Let C = set of visitors who are Children

Let M = set of visitors who had a Meal in restaurant
Let D = set of visitors who used “The Dragon”
n(U) = 15000, n(C) = 9400, n(Adults) = 5600
n(5) = 2800, n(D  M) = 4350 n(5) = number of visitors in region 5
n(6) = 4350 – 2800 = 1550
n(D) = 8500, n(3) = 2400
 n(2) = 8500 – (2800 + 1550 + 2400) = 1750
n(M) = 8400, n(7) = 1200
 n(4) = 8400 – (2800 + 1550 + 1200) = 2850
n(1) = 9400 – (1750 + 2800 + 2850) = 2000
n(8) = 5600 – (2400 + 1550 + 1200) = 450

(ii) n(8) = 450  450 adults neither ate a meal nor went on “The Dragon”.

(iii) n(C) = 9400, n(Adults) = 5600, each child pays $10 to enter, each adult pays $12 to enter.
n(M) = 8400 , all meals cost $3.
 Total revenue = (revenue from entrance fees) + (revenue from meals)
= [(10  9400) + (12  5600)] + [3  8400]
= 94000 + 67200 + 25200
= $186,400

(iv)
C D C D
2x – 6700 6100 – x 2400 2
1 3
2800 5
7200 – x x – 2800 4 6

1200 7
M 4800 – x M 8

Region
Let x = n(D  M)  n(6) = x – 2800
n(2) = 8500 – (x + 2400) = 6100 – x
n(4) = 8400 – (x + 1200) = 7200 – x
n(1) = 9400 – [(6100 – x) + 2800 + (7200 – x)] = 2x – 6700

MM Kumaresan 12
 Chapter 1 Revision

n(8) = 5600 – [2400 + (x – 2800) + 1200] = 4800 – x

Noting that all regions are non-negative, we have:

4800 – x  0 x  4800
6100 – x  0  x  6100  x  4800
7200 – x  0 x  7200  3350  x  4800
2x – 6700  0  x  3350  x  3350
x – 2800  0 x  2800

So, the erroneous figure must be between a minimum of 3350 and a maximum of 4800.
**************************************************************
14.

(a) A B
101 – x
x – 26 x + 11
x
52 – x 64 – x 127 + (x – 25) + (64 – x) + (x + 11) + y = 300

x – 25  x + y + 177 = 300  y = 123 – x

C
y = 123 – x

Noting that all regions are non-negative, we have:

101 – x  0  x  101
52 – x  0  x  52  x  52
64 – x  0  x  64
123 – x  0  x  123  26  x  52
x – 26  0  x  26
x + 11  0  x  –11  x  26
x – 25  0  x  25
x0  x0

Hence, the number of consumers who liked all three products is between 26 and 52.

(b) y = 123 – x, where 26  x  52.

 71  y  97
Hence, the number of consumers who liked none of the products is between 71 and 97.

MM Kumaresan 13
 Chapter 1 Revision

15.
C T Let C = set of students who like Coffee
8–x
x + 12 x+4 Let T = set of students who like Tea
x
5–x 6–x Let J = set of students who like Orange Juice

x+5 Let x = number of students who like all three drinks

J
4 25 + (x + 5) + (6 – x) + (x + 4) + 4 = 48

 48 = 44 + x  x = 4
Hence, 4 students like all three drinks.

C T
4
16 8
4
1 2

9
J 4

**************************************************************
16a)
n(U) = 128, n(F) = 83, n(M) = 72, n(P) = 49, n(F  P) = 27, n(F  M) = 39, n(F  P  Mc)
= x, n((Fc  Pc  M) = 2x.

44 – x ≥ 0  x ≤ 44
27 – x ≥ 0  x ≤ 27
33 – 2x ≥ 0  x ≤ 16 x ≤ 11
23 – 2x ≥ 0  x ≤ 11

2x ≥ 0  x ≥ 0
12 + x ≥ 0  x ≥ -12 x≥6
2x - 11 ≥ 0  x ≥ 6

The possible values of x are, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11.

16b)
M  (Fc  Pc) is the set of male passengers who are not French prisoners.
n[M  (Fc  Pc)] = (12 + x) + 2x + (33 – 2x) = 45 + x = 56 when x = 11.
The largest possible value of M  (Fc  Pc) is 56.

MM Kumaresan 14
 Chapter 1 Revision

17.

Let F denote the set of females.

70 – [(14 – 2x) + (18 – x) + 35] = 70 – (67 – 3x) = 3 + 3x

66 – [(12 – 2x) + (10 – x) + 35] = 66 – (57 – 3x) = 9 + 3x

250 – [70 + 22 + 16 + (9 + 3x)] = 250 – (117 + 3x) = 133 – 3x

The number of staff in each of the 12 subsets should be a non-negative integer.

18 – x ≥ 0 ∴ x ≤ 18
10 – x ≥ 0 ∴ x ≤ 10
133 – 3x ≥ 0 ∴ 3x ≤ 133 ∴ x ≤ 44
x ≤6
12 – 2x ≥ 0 ∴ 2x ≤ 12 ∴ x ≤ 6
14 – 2x ≥ 0 ∴ 2x ≤ 14 ∴ x ≤ 7
35 – 3x ≥ 0 ∴ 3x ≤ 35 ∴ x ≤ 11

3 + 3x ≥ 0 ∴ x ≥ -1
12 + x ≥ 0 ∴ x ≥ -12
4 + 2x ≥ 0 ∴ x ≥ -2 x ≥0
9 + 3x ≥ 0 ∴ x ≥ -3
2x ≥ 0 ∴ x≥0

So, 0 ≤ x ≤ 6. Minimum value of x = 0 and Maximum value of x = 6.

Suppose x = 6, The number of non-graduate females who are have been with firm between 2 and
10 years is n(Mc ∩ Gc ∩ Hc ∩ Lc) = 133 – 3(x) = 133 – 3(6) = 115.

MM Kumaresan 15