(II) CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME PSYCHOLOGICAL, BEHAVIOURAL AND

DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS:
(CAUSES AND SYMPTOMS OF ALL).
■ ANXIETY - GENERALISED, PHOBIC, OBSESSIVE- COMPULSIVE; MOOD
- BI-POLAR, DEPRESSION
■ WHAT IS MEANT BY ANXIETY - DIFFERENT FORMS OF ANXIETY
DISORDERS: Generalised, PHOBIAS, OBSESSIVE - COMPULSIVE
DISORDERS;
■ MOOD DISORDERS- CHARACTERISTICS OF SEVERE DEPRESSION,
MANIC- DEPRESSIVE OR BIPOLAR DISORDER.
BEHAVIOURAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS- (Definition and
symptoms only)
■ ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVE DISORDER (ADHD), AUTISM.
Have you ever felt anxious?
Has anxiety ever helped you?
Do you think everyone has
anxiety?
Anxiety Disorder

■ Anxiety disorders are a group of disorders in which a person experiences

excessive, persistent, and distressing fear and anxiety that interferes with
normal functioning.
■ Anxiety is a general feeling of fear and apprehension about possible danger.
■ Symptoms are: rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, diarrhoea, loss of
appetite, fainting, dizziness, sweating, sleeplessness, frequent urination and
tremors.
■ The group of disorders share features of excessive fear and anxiety and
related behavioral disturbances.
■ The anxiety disorders differ from one another in the types of objects or
situations that induce fear, anxiety, or avoidance behavior, and the associated
cognitive ideation.
 ANXIETY
DISORDERS

GENERALISED OBSESSIVE
ANXIETY PHOBIC DISORDER COMPULSIVE
DISORDERS DISORDER

1. SPECIFIC PHOBIA 2. AGORAPHOBIA 3.SOCIAL PHOBIA

■ Generalized anxiety disorder: anxiety is excessive, chronic and
unreasonable.
■ This consists of prolonged, vague, unexplained and intense fear which are
not attached to any particular object or person.
■ Symptoms/Clinical features: (more than 6 months)worry, apprehensive
feeling about future, hypervigilance that involves constantly scanning
the environment for dangers.
■ People with GAD live in a relatively future-oriented mood state of anxious
apprehension, chronic tension, worry & diffuse uneasiness. tense,
apprehensive difficulty concentrating, irritable, worried, can't concentrate,
headaches, insomnia, upset stomach, aching muscles, need to sleep,
sweating, dizziness, etc.
■ PTSD-Post-traumatic stress disorder- When some people have been
caught in a natural disaster, floods, earthquakes, tsunami, war, terrorist
attack, major accident etc. experience this disorder.
 Causes of Generalized Anxiety Disorder
1. Genetic factor- Inherited personality trait of neuroticism (ch-2)
2. Neurological factor- abnormal functioning of central neural pathways connecting regions of
brain concerned with emotion and thinking.
■ Bed nucleus of stria terminalis (part of thalamus)
■ Anxiety producing hormone- Corticotropin-releasing hormone.
■ Low level of GABA Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
■ Neurotransmitter- Serotonin
1. Psychoanalytic reason: Primitive sexual and aggressive id impluses are blocked. Unconscious conflict
between id and ego. Defense mechanisms breakdown, are not developed to deal with conflict.
2. Cognitive Factors: Wrong perception,biased thoughts or processing of information.Tendency to direct
attention towards threatening stimulus. Hypervigilance, Faulty perception and thinking pattern.
3. Environmental Factors: Trauma, stressful events. Experiencing many unpredictable, uncontrollable
events.
Phobic Disorder: An extreme and irrational fear of some specific object or situation that
leads to avoidance of these objects or situations.
■ DSM IV- 3 types. Specific phobia, social phobia, agoraphobia.
Specific Phobia– simple phobia. Intense and persistent fear of a specific object or situation.
snakes, heights, blood, insects, etc.
CLINICAL FEATURES: [i] Intense, excessive and unreasonable fear of a specific object or
situation
[ii] The level of fear is usually inappropriate to the situation as the object or situation
presents very little or no actual danger.
[iii] This unusual fear compels the person to avoid the particular object or situation or endure
the situation with great level of distress.
[iv] The fear is uncontrollable in spite of best efforts.
[v] Person recognises that the fear is unreasonable.
[vi] Exposure to phobic stimulus or mere anticipation of the same, results in extreme fear
and anxiety response in the person.
[vii] Duration of the symptoms must be for at least 6 months to diagnose the person with
specific phobia.
■ Agoraphobia– Fear of ‘agora’-
public places. Clinical Features
■ Characterised by extreme fear of
certain public places like
shopping malls, market place,
crowded places, movie halls.
■ Feels trapped or helpless
■ Fear places from where they
can’t escape, will be difficult or
embarrassing.
■ Panic attacks in feared
situations- AVOID
■ Frightened by bodily reactions.
■ Avoid activities associated to
arousal.
A 28-year-old woman is a rising junior executive in her investment company.
Her increasing duties require her to make periodic formal presentations to the
senior management of the company. However, she becomes intensely anxious
at the thought of speaking in public. When she is forced to give a presentation
she begins to feel anxious days in advance of the talk and the anxiety
increases as the time for the talk approaches. She is concerned that her
anxiety will become noticeable during the talk or that she will do something to
embarrass herself.
SOCIAL PHOBIA
■ Social Phobia– Experiences extreme and irrational fear of social
situations.
■ Trouble meeting and interacting with new people, attending social events,
public speaking.
■ Excessive fear of being negatively judged and scrutinized.
■ Fear that may act in a embarrassing, humiliating way.
■ Manifested in selective social situations- only when eating in front of
strangers, walking across a room, using public washrooms etc.
■ Clinical features-
[i] Extreme fear and worry about a social situation.
[ii] Avoiding
[iii] Excessive worry about being scrutinised and embarrassed in social situation.
[iv] Exposure to social situation induces extreme fear or panic attack
[v] Person realises the fear to be unreasonable.
 CAUSES OF PHOBIA
1. Genetic and personality factors- Genetic contribution. Behaviourally inhibited
children
2. Behavioural approach- Phobias are learned behaviour through classical
conditioning.
Neutral stimulus (lightening) paired with a traumatic/painful events (death of a loved
one)- fear response associated will get conditioned.
Phobia may be learnt indirectly, by observational learning.
1. Evolutionary perspective- Threat to our early ancestors (snakes, lightening). Social
phobia (Dominance hierarchies).
2. Cognitive perspective- Misinterpretations of social events. Others will reject or
negatively evaluate them.
3. Psychodynamic approach: Phobias are a kind of defense against repressed id
impulses. Anxiety is displaced onto some external object or situation. This object has
some symbolic relationship to real object
Check your understanding of psychological disorders by reading
the information on the following cases, and stating the most
appropriate diagnosis for each person. Explain the rationale for
each of your diagnoses.

1. Amy, age 38, is a worrier. She is restless, irritable and has difficulty concentrating. She
worries that she worries so much and isn’t always sure what it is that she is worried about.
She can’t let her husband or children leave the house without making them call her
regularly to reassure her that they are ok. Her husband is growing weary of her fretting.
Her children can’t understand what all the fuss is about. Their impatience with her only
makes her worry more.
1. A 27-year-old, athletic young man has an intense fear of needles. He tries to
rationalize his fear by explaining that he is just being cautious and protecting
himself from acquired immunodeficiency disease syndrome (AIDS). He realizes
that his fear is irrational but is unable to control it. The patient has fainted twice
in the past when his blood was drawn during a physical examination. He
becomes extremely anxious at the sight of a needle and worries for days before
an appointment with his physician or dentist.
■ Obsessive compulsive disorder-
■ A person with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder experiences obsessions,
compulsions, or both.
■ Obsessions are repeated unwanted and intrusive thoughts or images.
Compulsions are repetitive behaviors that help to prevent or relieve anxiety.
■ Obsessions are characterized as persistent, unintentional, and unwanted
thoughts and urges that are highly intrusive, unpleasant, and distressing
■ Compulsions are repetitive and ritualistic acts that are typically carried out
primarily as a means to minimize the distress (temporary relief) that
obsessions trigger or to reduce the likelihood of a feared event
■ Compulsive behaviours- handwashing, checking, ordering or mental
activities- counting, praying, repeating certain words.
Clinical Features (Symptoms):
[1] Recurrent and persistent obsessive thoughts, impulses or images which are intrusive and
inappropriate, causing marked anxiety.
[2] Person tries to suppress or neutralise such thoughts or impulses by some other thoughts
or actions.
[3] Person realizes that these thoughts are inappropriate and originate from his or her own
mind.
[4] Repetitive behaviour or a mental activity that the person feels driven to perform in
response to a recurrent thought.
[5] These behaviours are performed to remove distress or uneasiness or neutralise the effect
of some dreaded obsessive thoughts or images.
[6] The obsession or compulsion causes significant distress, and great waste of time. This
happens to the extent that this disorder may interfere with a person's daily activities and
functioning.
Causes:
1. Neurochemical factors: Increased level of activity in brain areas like the caudate nucleus and
orbital frontal cortex. Dysfunction in these regions results in peculiar obsessive thoughts and
compulsions. Serotonin, a neurotransmitter has been highly implicated in OCD. Increased level of
serotonin activity results OCD.

2. Heredity: Genes Important role in the development of the disorder.

3. Behavioural perspective: OCD is a learned behaviour, which is learned by classical conditioning and
continued due to operant conditioning

4. Cognitive perspective: Thought-action fusion. OCD is caused due to faulty belief, where a person
believes that having a thought about doing something (killing a person) is equivalent to doing something
actually (having killed the person).

5. Psychodynamic perspective: Unconscious conflict arising when primitive id impulses are at odds
with socially acceptable behaviour. The persons try hard to suppress, resolve or cope with the conflict.
They may resort to something more manageable like an intrusive thought and an associated compulsive
behaviour. It helps to cope with the anxiety related with the unconscious conflict.
 MOOD
DISORDERS

MAJOR
BIPOLAR
DEPRESSIVE
DISORDER
DISORDER
Mood Disorders- gross deviations in mood
■ Disruption of mood for longer periods of time that causes clinically significant impairment
and distress. The two basic symptoms patterns in mood disorders are depression and
mania, however, mixed states are also possible.
■ Unipolar or bipolar. People with unipolar disorders experience moods that are at the
depressive end of the continuum. People with bipolar disorders experience moods that are
at both ends of the continuum.
■ Depressed mood: sadness of mood or loss of interest and/or pleasure (Anhedonia) in
almost all activities (i.e. pervasive sadness), which is present throughout the day.
■ Manic mood is a distinct period of an abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or
irritable mood lasting for at least 1 week.
 1. MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER/ SEVERE
DEPRESSION/UNIPOLAR DEPRESSION:

■ At Least a single major depressive episode for at least two

weeks.
■ Symptoms:
1. Depressive mood, persistent feelings of sadness and despair. Emptiness and
tearfulness, irritability among adolescents and children.
2. Loss of interest in previously enjoyable activities/events.
3. Change in body weight, constant sleep problems(insomnia and hypersomnia),
tiredness, inability to think clearly, agitation, greatly slowed behaviour.
4. At times even thoughts of death and suicide.
5. Feeling of worthlessness, low-self confidence or excessive guilt.
What are the characteristics of severe depression? (You will include introduction,
symptoms and causes)
Depression symptoms in children and teens

● In younger children, sadness, irritability, clinginess, worry, aches and pains, refusing to go to school, or
being underweight.
● In teens, sadness, irritability, feeling negative and worthless, anger, poor performance or poor attendance
at school, feeling misunderstood and extremely sensitive, using recreational drugs or alcohol, eating or
sleeping too much, self-harm, loss of interest in normal activities, and avoidance of social interaction.

Depression symptoms in older adults

● Memory difficulties or personality changes

● Physical aches or pain
● Fatigue, loss of appetite, sleep problems or loss of interest in sex — not caused by a medical condition or
medication
● Often wanting to stay at home, rather than going out to socialize or doing new things
● Suicidal thinking or feelings.
Normal Depressed
friends antisocial
affection revulsion & loss of feelings

favorite activity gives pleasure boredom

humor/amusement loss of humor

self-care self-neglect
success/achievement withdrawal
self-preservation suicidal thoughts
good sleep disturbed sleep
energy fatigued
CAUSES

1. Neurochemical factor: Low level of thyroid hormone, low level of serotonin affects the
level of other neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine
2. Cognitive factor:
■ Learned helplessness (Seligman) - Belief where individuals feel that they have no control
over their destinies.
■ People with Negative thinking patterns, low self-esteem- likely to develop severe
depression.
■ Beck- COGNITIVE TRIAD Automatic, repetitive, negative thoughts about the world,
oneself and the future.
1. Humanistic factor:
■ Depression results from heightened self awareness.
■ Tend to direct their attention inward towards themselves. (RELATED TO LOC and share
your opinion)
■ Incongruence between ideal self and real self.
■ Self-criticism and self-blaming. Inferiority, worthlessness.
H.W
Write briefly on Learned helplessness.
4. Genetic Factor: Family History
5. Stressful life events:
(i)Independent life events (ii)Dependent life events
6. Psychodynamic factor:
a) How a child deals with grief, loss during childhood sets the pattern for adult life.
Example: Child faces death of a parent, loss of a favourite toy induces feelings of rejection,
and desertion.
As a child ego is self centred- misinterprets the loss,rejection as something wrong
he/she has done Hence he is being unloved, abandoned and uncared.
Evokes anger (unable to express) Feelings of anger and hostility turn inward
Self blame, criticism Depressive symptoms.
As an adult, they faces a loss - they regress to childhood & adopt the same behaviour pattern.
a) Feelings of inadequacy- Failure to meet the expectations of parents in EC. If the child has
parents (Authoritarian and critical) they can never please the parent. So the person set for
themselves high expectations that they may not achieve.
Failure Depression.
 2) Bipolar Disorder (Manic-depressive)
■ Is expressed through serious shifts in mood, energy, thinking and behaviour.
Bi-polar- two extreme poles of mood.
Mania (elation or euphoria) Depression (melancholy or sadness)
■ One episode of each comes one after the other, (cyclic order).
Symptoms:
■ Persistently elevated or irritable mood at least for 1 week
■ Irrationally optimistic and highly talkative than usual.
■ Unrealistic belief about one's own power or ability (inflated self esteem).
■ Decreased need of sleep, extremely active, high level of energy.
■ Superfast thinking jumping from one idea to other (racing thoughts or flight
of ideas) and easily distracted.
■ Impaired judgment and impulsiveness resulting in excessive involvement in
pleasurable but risky activities (such as risky business investments,
unrestrained shopping sprees).
CAUSES
1. Genetic factor: Greater genetic influence in case of bipolar disorder than unipolar
depression.
2. Neurochemical factor:
■ Increased norepinephrine activity is associated with manic episodes while its decreased
activity is found during depressive episodes
■ Serotonin activity appears to be low
■ Increased activity of dopamine in several brain areas trigger manic symptoms
■ Drugs like cocaine stimulate dopaminergic activity thereby causing manic symptoms.
■ Brain scans Blood Supply
MANIA - Blood supply is lowered in right frontal and temporal regions during
DEPRESSION -lowered in the left prefrontal cortex.

■ Enlargement of brain areas like basal ganglia and amygdala

3. Psychodynamic factor:
Depression - feelings of aggression are turned inward towards self.
Feelings of inadequacy is generated and sustained due to repeated failure to achieve
certain unrealistic targets.

Manic phases are assumed to be a defense mechanism based on denial used by ego.
Ego tries to camouflage (cover up) the feelings of worthlessness and inadequacy,
depressed mood with some totally opposite feelings of inflated self-esteem, elevated
mood and optimism.

Ego often fails to sustain this defense mechanism for a long time. So, the person again
collapses to his/her depressive phase.
(CYCLIC ORDER)
Case - Diego is always active, from the time he wakes up in the morning until the time he
goes to bed at night. His mother reports that he came out the womb kicking and
screaming, and he has not stopped moving since. He has a sweet disposition, but always
seems to be in trouble with his teachers, parents, and after-school program counselors.
He seems to accidentally break things; he lost his jacket three times last winter, and he
never seems to sit still. His teachers believe he is a smart child, but he never finishes
anything he starts and is so impulsive that he does not seem to learn much in school.
 Behavioural and Developmental
Disorders

Attention Deficit
Hyperactive
Disorder
(ADHD) Autism
Behavioural and Developmental Disorders-
definition and symptoms only.
■ Neurodevelopmental disorders are a group of disorders that are typically diagnosed during
childhood and are characterized by developmental deficits in personal, social, academic, and
intellectual realms.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

ADHD is a neuropsychiatric condition which affects preschoolers, children, adolescents and
adults. It is characterized by a pattern of diminished sustained attention and increased
impulsivity or hyperactivity. ADHD includes inattention (not being able to keep focus),
hyperactivity (excess movement that is not fitting to the setting) and impulsivity (hasty acts that
occur in the moment without thought).
■ ADHD symptoms can be mild, moderate or severe
■ There are three subtypes of ADHD:
– Predominantly inattentive. The majority of symptoms fall under inattention.
– Predominantly hyperactive/impulsive. The majority of symptoms are hyperactive and
impulsive.
– Combined. This is a mix of inattentive symptoms and hyperactive/impulsive symptoms.
Inattention
● Fail to pay close attention to details or make careless mistakes in schoolwork
● Have trouble staying focused in tasks or play
● Appear not to listen, even when spoken to directly
● Have difficulty following through on instructions and fail to finish schoolwork or
chores
● Have trouble organizing tasks and activities
● Avoid or dislike tasks that require focused mental effort, such as homework
● Lose items needed for tasks or activities, for example, toys, school assignments,
pencils
● Be easily distracted
● Forget to do some daily activities, such as forgetting to do chores
Hyperactivity and Impulsivity

■ Fidget with or tap his or her hands or feet, or squirm in the seat
■ Have difficulty staying seated in the classroom or in other situations
■ Be on the go, in constant motion
■ Run around or climb in situations when it's not appropriate
■ Have trouble playing or doing an activity quietly
■ Talk too much
■ Blurt out answers, interrupting the questioner
■ Have difficulty waiting for his or her turn
■ Interrupt or intrude on others' conversations, games or activities
Autism

A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by markedly impaired social interactions

and verbal and nonverbal communication; narrow interests; and repetitive behavior.
Onset typically occurring during the preschool years.
Autism is known as a “spectrum” disorder because there is wide variation in the type
and severity of symptoms people experience.
Classified in DSM–IV–TR as a pervasive developmental disorder, autism has been
subsumed into autism spectrum disorder in DSM–5.
 SYMPTOMS:
Children with this disorder show signs of significant disturbances in three main areas:
(a) deficits in social interaction, (b) deficits in communication.
■ Mind Blindness: inability to take the attitude of others or to see things as others
do.
■ Making little or inconsistent eye contact
■ Appearing not to look at or listen to people who are talking
■ Infrequently sharing interest, emotion, or enjoyment of objects or activities (including
by infrequently pointing at or showing things to others)
■ Not responding or being slow to respond to one’s name or to other verbal bids for
attention
■ Having difficulties with the back and forth of conversation
■ Often talking at length about a favorite subject without noticing that others are not
interested or without giving others a chance to respond
■ Displaying facial expressions, movements, and gestures that do not match what is
being said
■ Having an unusual tone of voice that may sound sing-song or flat and robot-like
■ Having trouble understanding another person’s point of view or being unable to
predict or understand other people’s actions
■ Difficulties adjusting behaviors to social situations
■ Difficulties sharing in imaginative play or in making friends
 (c) repetitive patterns of behavior or interests.

■ Repeating certain behaviors or having unusual behaviors, such as repeating words or

phrases (a behavior called echolalia)
■ Having a lasting intense interest in specific topics, such as numbers, details, or facts
■ Showing overly focused interests, such as with moving objects or parts of objects
■ Becoming upset by slight changes in a routine and having difficulty with transitions
■ Being more sensitive or less sensitive than other people to sensory input, such as light,
sound, clothing, or temperature
■ People with ASD may also experience sleep problems and irritability.

People on the autism spectrum also may have many strengths, including:

● Being able to learn things in detail and remember information for long periods of time
● Being strong visual and auditory learners
● Excelling in math, science, music, or art
Personality Disorders
 Personality Disorder

Antisocial Avoidant Personality Dependent

Personality Disorder Disorder Personality Disorder
1. Personality disorders are marked by inflexible and extreme personality traits and
behaviours that are deviations from social norms and expectations.
2. Personality disorders have faulty recognition in appropriate emotional expression
difficulty in interpersonal functioning and in controlling once emotion.
3. Most of the personality disorders are common in 40- 60% of psychiatric patients some
personality disorders are discussed below:
ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER:
Show continuous disregard for violation of rights of others, this disorder is also called as
psychopathy or sociopathy.
Clinical features (symptoms):
➔ Lack of confirm it in law and repetitively committing crimes.
➔ Repeated deceitful in relationship failure to think or plan ahead.
➔ Tendency of irritability anger and under aggression this regard for personal safety or
safety of others.
➔ Persistent lack of taking responsibility lack of guilt for any wrong activity.
Causes:
➔ Environmental factor: Dysfunctional family environment, absence of parental
guidance.
➔ Genetical factor: Partial level of hereditary from parents having psychopathic traits.
➔ Neurochemical factor: Brain areas like temporal loops and preformtal cortex serotonin
responsible for aggressive behaviour.
AVOIDANT PERSONALITY DISORDER:
It is marked by behaviour pattern of social inhibition feelings of inadequacy and
hypersensitivity to negative evaluation by others. This is also known as Anxious
Personality Disorder.
Clinical features (symptoms):
● Self imposed social isolation.
● Pre occupation of being criticized or rejected.
● Hypersensitivity to rejection or criticism extremely shy and on anxious in social
situation.
● Low self esteem and feeling of inadequacy, self critical.
Causes:
Genetic and personality factor: High level of introversion indicates inhibited and shy
behaviour feeling of inferiority. while high level of neuroticism indicated by fear and
anxiety of being shamed and ridicule.
Psychodynamic factor: Chronic parental or pure criticism or rejection develops and
individual to have a tendency has a difference mechanism to avoid or protect self
against for the criticism from anyone.
DEPENDENT PERSONALITY DISORDER:
It shows acute fear on separation or possibility of separation from other people. Profound
psychological dependence on others to meet their emotional and physical needs.
Clinical features (symptoms):
● Chronic and of dependent submissive and needy behaviour.
● Seeking out excessive advise approval and encouragement sensitivity to criticism or
rejection.
● loses confidence and self esteem and inability to meet decision without direction from
others.
● Feelings of helplessness when alone and inability to this agree with others.
● Extreme devastation when close relationships end and need to immediately in new
relationship difficulty in making everyday decision.
Causes:
Genetic and personality factor: History of neuroticism parents and agreeableness leads to
dependent personality disorder.
Behavioral and cognitive factor: Authoritarian parents does not encourage the child’s
autonomy and individuation leads to reinforcing the dependent behavior. The child starts
believing that they are incompetency. So required others for survival.
SCHIZOPHRENIA
 SCHIZOPHRENIA

Paranoid Disorganized Catatonic

Schizophrenia Schizophrenia Schizophrenia
SCHIZOPHRENIA:
■ Term given by Eugen Bleuler. Originated from
germany word “schizen” which means to split
and greek word “phrenia” which means mind. It
referred to as split in the thought, split between
thought and emotion, split between thought and
external reality.
■ A complex mental disorder in which person
experience positive and negative symptoms of
schizophrenia.
■ Schizophrenia is the descriptive term for a group
of psychotic disorders in which personal, social
and occupational functioning deteriorate as a
result of:
■ Disturbed thought processes, strange
perceptions, unusual emotional states, motor
abnormalities.
Negative Symptoms: deficits of thought, emotion and behaviour;
pathological deficits.

Symptoms Definition

a. Alogia (poverty of speech) Reduction in speech content.

b. Blunted Affect Show less feelings than most people do.

c. Flat Affect Show no emotions at all.

d. Avolition (loss of volition) Apathy and an inability to start or complete a course of

action.

e. Social Withdrawal Withdraw socially, become totally focused on own

ideas and fantasies.
PARANOID SCHIZOPHRENIA: DISORGANIZED SCHIZOPHRENIA:
Most common schizophrenia marked by It is characterized by disorganised
presence of high level of suspicion and behaviour, speech, affective flattening,
mistrust towards others. gradual social withdrawal. Also known as
HEBEPHRENIA.
Symptoms: Delusion combined
Symptoms:
hallucination, absurd, illogical beliefs Disorganised thought and speech:
Delusion of persecution-plotting against Incoherent or illogical thought, loosening
them or against family members like of associations or echolalia or baby talk.
poisoned, talked about by others. Grossly disorganised behavior: Poor
Delusion of grandeur: person claim to be self-care (unhygienic), odd facial
influential or powerful or wealthy or expressions, self-talk, mannerism,
famous person like a great politician or an stereotypy or echopraxia.
industrialist. Inappropriate affect: Flat affect,
Creates a wide range of peculiar ideas and monotonous voice, no eye contact, sudden
uncontrollable laugh.
plots as they exhibit fewer problems with
Social withdrawal: Gets shelled in their
cognitive skills, emotions and attention. world of some hallucinations, delusions
away from reality.
CATATONIC SCHIZOPHRENIA: The presence of unusual motor characteristics.
SYMPTOMS:
Catalepsy: Assumes particular posture and remain for hours or even day in the
same.
Catatonic stupor: Totally immobile and mute; Negativism: No response to
instructions or stimuli.
Catatonic excitement: exhibits excessive movements without any reason.
Echolalia- senseless repeated words.
Echopraxia: involuntarily imitated the movements of others.