Fuzzy rule-based systems Fuzzy logic was initiated in 1965 by Lotfi A.

Zadeh, professor in computer science at the University of California in Berkeley. Since then Fuzzy logic has emerged as a Download powerful technique for the controlling industrial processes, household and entertainment electronics, diagnosis systems and other expert systems. Rapid growth s of this technology has actually started from Japan and then spread to the USA and Topics: Europe. Most applications of Fuzzy logic are in the area of control. Introductio The motivation for fuzzy logic was expressed by Zadeh (1984) in the following way: "The ability of the human mind to reason in fuzzy terms is actually of a great n advantage. Even though a tremendous amount of information is presented to the Neural human senses in a given situation an amount that would choke a typical computer networks somehow the human mind has the ability to discard most of this information and to concentrate only on the information that is task relevant. This ability of the human Fuzzy mind to deal only with the information that is task relevant is connected with its systems possibility to process fuzzy information. By concentrating only on the task-relevant information, the amount of information the brain has to deal with is reduced to a Chaotic manageable level.". systems Fuzzy logic is basically a multi-valued logic that allows intermediate values to be Global defined between conventional evaluations like yes/no, true/false, black/white, etc. Notions like rather warm or pretty cold can be formulated mathematically and and evolutionar algorithmically processed. In this way an attempt is made to apply a more humanlike way of thinking in the programming of computers ("soft" computing). y optimizatio Fuzzy logic systems address the imprecision of the input and output variables by n defining fuzzy numbers and fuzzy sets that can be expressed in linguistic variables To receive (e.g. small, medium and large). information about
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Fuzzy rule-based approach to modelling is based on verbally formulated rules overlapped throughout the parameter space. They use numerical interpolation to handle complex non-linear relationships. Many of existing systems need the rules to be formulated by an expert. However rules can be also generated automatically on the basis of numerical data describing a certain phenomenon; AFUZ system follows this principle.

Fuzzy rule-based systems

Fuzzy rules are linguistic IF-THEN- constructions that have the general form "IF A THEN B" where A and B are (collections of) propositions containing linguistic variables. A is called the premise and B is the consequence of the rule. In effect, the use of linguistic variables and fuzzy IF-THEN- rules exploits the tolerance for imprecision and uncertainty. In this respect, fuzzy logic mimics the crucial ability of

the human mind to summarize data and focus on decision-relevant information. In a more explicit form, if there are I rules each with K premises in a system, the ith rule has the following form.

In the above equation a represents the crisp inputs to the rule and A and B are linguistic variables. The operator 1 can be AND or OR or XOR. Example: If a HIGH flood is expected and the reservoir level is MEDIUM, then water release is HIGH. Several rules constitute a fuzzy rule-based system. Another example comes from Kosko (1993). Figures below are adapted from this book and illustrate the notion of a simple fuzzy rule with one input and one output applied to the problem of an air motor speed controller for air conditioning. Rules are given. Let us say the temperature is 22 degrees. This temperature is "right" to a degree of 0.6 and "warm" to a degree of 0.2 and it belongs to all others to a degree of zero. This activates two of the rules shown in Figure 1. The rule responses are combined to give those shown in Figure 2 (thick lines).

Figure 1. Air motor speed controller. Temperature (input) and spedd (output) are fuzzy variables used in the set of rules.

Figure 2. Temperature of 22 deg. "fires" two fuzzy rules. The resulting fuzzy value for air motor speed is "defuzzified" abscissa of the centroid of area gives the "crisp" valu

AFUZ - fuzzy rule-based system tool

A Windows based fuzzy rule-based tool AFUZ allows modelling an input output relationship (function of several variables) of any nature. Training of a set of fuzzy

rules is performed on the basis of a given set of "examples" of input output data. Being trained, the resulting system allows for accurate reproduction of output variable, given values of input variables. Applications FRBS methodology has been successfully applied to a problem of representing the spatial precipitation pattern at rain gauge stations in Italy using rules generated from historical data. The number of rules has been found to be the key parameter in overcoming problems of over-fitting and generalization arising from uncertainties due to incomplete or non-representative data. For this particular case study, the performance indices have shown its best performance compared to two other possible methods of solution a traditional normal ratio method and artificial neural network (ANN) solution. Another area of application is the use of FRBS (along with ANNs) in the problems of reproducing the behaviour of a control system responsible for regulating water levels in a water system.

Fuzzy logic is a form of many-valued logic; it deals with reasoning that is approximate rather than fixed and exact. In contrast with traditional logic theory, where binary sets have two-valued logic: true or false, fuzzy logic variables may have a truth value that ranges in degree between 0 and 1. Fuzzy logic has been extended to handle the concept of partial truth, where the truth value may range between completely true and completely false.[1] Furthermore, when linguistic variables are used, these degrees may be managed by specific functions. Fuzzy logic began with the 1965 proposal of fuzzy set theory by Lotfi Zadeh.[2][3] Fuzzy logic has been applied to many fields, from control theory to artificial intelligence.
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[edit] Overview
The reasoning in fuzzy logic is similar to human reasoning. It allows for approximate values and inferences as well as incomplete or ambiguous data (fuzzy data) as opposed to only relying on crisp data (binary yes/no choices). Fuzzy logic is able to process incomplete data and provide approximate solutions to problems other methods find difficult to solve. Terminology used in fuzzy logic not used in other methods are: very high, increasing, somewhat decreased, reasonable and very low. [4]

[edit] Degrees of truth

Fuzzy logic and probabilistic logic are mathematically similar both have truth values ranging between 0 and 1 but conceptually distinct, due to different interpretationssee interpretations of probability theory. Fuzzy logic corresponds to "degrees of truth", while probabilistic logic corresponds to "probability, likelihood"; as these differ, fuzzy logic and probabilistic logic yield different models of the same real-world situations. Both degrees of truth and probabilities range between 0 and 1 and hence may seem similar at first. For example, let a 100 ml glass contain 30 ml of water. Then we may consider two concepts: Empty and Full. The meaning of each of them can be represented by a certain fuzzy set. Then one might define the glass as being 0.7 empty and 0.3 full. Note that the concept of emptiness would be subjective and thus would depend on the observer or designer. Another designer might equally well design a set membership function where the glass would be considered full for all values down to 50 ml. It is essential to realize that fuzzy logic uses truth degrees as a mathematical model of the vagueness phenomenon while probability is a mathematical model of ignorance.

[edit] Applying truth values

A basic application might characterize subranges of a continuous variable. For instance, a temperature measurement for anti-lock brakes might have several separate membership functions defining particular temperature ranges needed to control the brakes properly. Each function maps the same temperature value to a truth value in the 0 to 1 range. These truth values can then be used to determine how the brakes should be controlled.

Fuzzy logic temperature

In this image, the meaning of the expressions cold, warm, and hot is represented by functions mapping a temperature scale. A point on that scale has three "truth values"one for each of the three functions. The vertical line in the image represents a particular temperature that the three arrows (truth values) gauge. Since the red arrow points to zero, this temperature may be interpreted as "not hot". The orange arrow (pointing at 0.2) may describe it as "slightly warm" and the blue arrow (pointing at 0.8) "fairly cold".

[edit] Linguistic variables

While variables in mathematics usually take numerical values, in fuzzy logic applications, the non-numeric linguistic variables are often used to facilitate the expression of rules and facts.[5] A linguistic variable such as age may have a value such as young or its antonym old. However, the great utility of linguistic variables is that they can be modified via linguistic hedges applied to primary terms. The linguistic hedges can be associated with certain functions.

[edit] Example
Fuzzy set theory defines fuzzy operators on fuzzy sets. The problem in applying this is that the appropriate fuzzy operator may not be known. For this reason, fuzzy logic usually uses IF-THEN rules, or constructs that are equivalent, such as fuzzy associative matrices. Rules are usually expressed in the form: IF variable IS property THEN action For example, a simple temperature regulator that uses a fan might look like this: IF temperature IS very cold THEN stop fan IF temperature IS cold THEN turn down fan IF temperature IS normal THEN maintain level IF temperature IS hot THEN speed up fan There is no "ELSE" all of the rules are evaluated, because the temperature might be "cold" and "normal" at the same time to different degrees. The AND, OR, and NOT operators of boolean logic exist in fuzzy logic, usually defined as the minimum, maximum, and complement; when they are defined this way, they are called the Zadeh operators. So for the fuzzy variables x and y: NOT x = (1 - truth(x)) x AND y = minimum(truth(x), truth(y)) x OR y = maximum(truth(x), truth(y)) There are also other operators, more linguistic in nature, called hedges that can be applied. These are generally adverbs such as "very", or "somewhat", which modify the meaning of a set using a mathematical formula.

[edit] Logical analysis

In mathematical logic, there are several formal systems of "fuzzy logic"; most of them belong among so-called t-norm fuzzy logics.

[edit] Propositional fuzzy logics

The most important propositional fuzzy logics are:

Monoidal t-norm-based propositional fuzzy logic MTL is an axiomatization of logic where conjunction is defined by a left continuous t-norm, and implication is defined as the residuum of the t-norm. Its models correspond to MTL-algebras that are prelinear commutative bounded integral residuated lattices. Basic propositional fuzzy logic BL is an extension of MTL logic where conjunction is defined by a continuous t-norm, and implication is also defined as the residuum of the t-norm. Its models correspond to BL-algebras. ukasiewicz fuzzy logic is the extension of basic fuzzy logic BL where standard conjunction is the ukasiewicz t-norm. It has the axioms of basic fuzzy logic plus an axiom of double negation, and its models correspond to MV-algebras. Gdel fuzzy logic is the extension of basic fuzzy logic BL where conjunction is Gdel t-norm. It has the axioms of BL plus an axiom of idempotence of conjunction, and its models are called Galgebras. Product fuzzy logic is the extension of basic fuzzy logic BL where conjunction is product t-norm. It has the axioms of BL plus another axiom for cancellativity of conjunction, and its models are called product algebras. Fuzzy logic with evaluated syntax (sometimes also called Pavelka's logic), denoted by EV, is a further generalization of mathematical fuzzy logic. While the above kinds of fuzzy logic have traditional syntax and many-valued semantics, in EV is evaluated also syntax. This means that each formula has an evaluation. Axiomatization of EV stems from ukasziewicz fuzzy logic. A generalization of classical Gdel completeness theorem is provable in EV.

[edit] Predicate fuzzy logics

These extend the above-mentioned fuzzy logics by adding universal and existential quantifiers in a manner similar to the way that predicate logic is created from propositional logic. The semantics of the universal (resp. existential) quantifier in t-norm fuzzy logics is the infimum (resp. supremum) of the truth degrees of the instances of the quantified subformula.

[edit] Decidability issues for fuzzy logic

The notions of a "decidable subset" and "recursively enumerable subset" are basic ones for classical mathematics and classical logic. Then, the question of a suitable extension of such concepts to fuzzy set theory arises. A first proposal in such a direction was made by E.S. Santos by the notions of fuzzy Turing machine, Markov normal fuzzy algorithm and fuzzy program (see Santos 1970). Successively, L. Biacino and G. Gerla showed that such a definition is not adequate and therefore proposed the following one. denotes the set of rational numbers in [0,1]. A fuzzy subset s : S [0,1] of a set S is recursively enumerable if a recursive map h : SN exists such that, for every x in S, the function h(x,n) is increasing with respect to n and s(x) = lim h(x,n). We say that s is decidable if both s and its complement s are recursively enumerable. An extension of such a theory to the general case of the L-subsets is proposed in Gerla 2006. The proposed definitions are well related with fuzzy logic. Indeed, the following theorem holds true (provided that the deduction apparatus of the fuzzy logic satisfies some obvious effectiveness property). Theorem. Any axiomatizable fuzzy theory is recursively enumerable. In particular, the fuzzy set of logically true formulas is recursively enumerable in spite of the fact that the crisp set of valid

formulas is not recursively enumerable, in general. Moreover, any axiomatizable and complete theory is decidable. It is an open question to give supports for a Church thesis for fuzzy logic claiming that the proposed notion of recursive enumerability for fuzzy subsets is the adequate one. To this aim, further investigations on the notions of fuzzy grammar and fuzzy Turing machine should be necessary (see for example Wiedermann's paper). Another open question is to start from this notion to find an extension of Gdels theorems to fuzzy logic.

[edit] Fuzzy databases

Once fuzzy relations are defined, it is possible to develop fuzzy relational databases. The first fuzzy relational database, FRDB, appeared in Maria Zemankova's dissertation. Later, some other models arose like the Buckles-Petry model, the Prade-Testemale Model, the Umano-Fukami model or the GEFRED model by J.M. Medina, M.A. Vila et al. In the context of fuzzy databases, some fuzzy querying languages have been defined, highlighting the SQLf by P. Bosc et al. and the FSQL by J. Galindo et al. These languages define some structures in order to include fuzzy aspects in the SQL statements, like fuzzy conditions, fuzzy comparators, fuzzy constants, fuzzy constraints, fuzzy thresholds, linguistic labels and so on.

[edit] Comparison to probability

Fuzzy logic and probability are different ways of expressing uncertainty. While both fuzzy logic and probability theory can be used to represent subjective belief, fuzzy set theory uses the concept of fuzzy set membership (i.e., how much a variable is in a set), and probability theory uses the concept of subjective probability (i.e., how probable do I think that a variable is in a set). While this distinction is mostly philosophical, the fuzzy-logic-derived possibility measure is inherently different from the probability measure, hence they are not directly equivalent. However, many statisticians are persuaded by the work of Bruno de Finetti that only one kind of mathematical uncertainty is needed and thus fuzzy logic is unnecessary. On the other hand, Bart Kosko argues that probability is a subtheory of fuzzy logic, as probability only handles one kind of uncertainty. He also claims to have proven a derivation of Bayes' theorem from the concept of fuzzy subsethood. Lotfi Zadeh argues that fuzzy logic is different in character from probability, and is not a replacement for it. He fuzzified probability to fuzzy probability and also generalized it to what is called possibility theory. (cf.[6])

Introduction to Predicate Logic

The propositional logic is not powerful enough to represent all types of assertions that are used in computer science and mathematics, or to express certain types of relationship between propositions such as equivalence. For example, the assertion "x is greater than 1", where x is a variable, is not a proposition because you can not tell whether it is true or false unless you know the value of x. Thus the

propositional logic can not deal with such sentences. However, such assertions appear quite often in mathematics and we want to do inferencing on those assertions. Also the pattern involved in the following logical equivalences can not be captured by the propositional logic: "Not all birds fly" is equivalent to "Some birds don't fly". "Not all integers are even" is equivalent to "Some integers are not even". "Not all cars are expensive" is equivalent to "Some cars are not expensive", ... . Each of those propositions is treated independently of the others in propositional logic. For example, if P represents "Not all birds fly" and Q represents "Some integers are not even", then there is no mechanism inpropositional logic to find out whether or not P is equivalent to Q. Hence to be used in inferencing, each of these equivalences must be listed individually rather than dealing with a general formula that covers all these equivalences collectively and instantiating it as they become necessary, if only propositional logic is used. Thus we need more powerful logic to deal with these and other problems. The predicate logic is one of such logic and it addresses these issues among others.

Products

Example 1: Classifying Houses

Problem. A realtor wants to classify the houses he offers to his clients. One indicator of comfort of these houses is the number of bedrooms in them. Let the available types of houses be represented by the following set. U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} The houses in this set are described by u number of bedrooms in a house. The realtor wants to describe a "comfortable house for a 4-person family," using a fuzzy set. Solution. The fuzzy set "comfortable type of house for a 4-person family" may be described using a fuzzy set in the following manner.

Example 2: Representing Age

Problem 2-1. Fuzzy sets can be used to represent fuzzy concepts. Let U be a reasonable age interval of human beings. U = {0, 1, 2, 3, ... , 100} Solution 2-1. This interval can be interpreted with fuzzy sets by setting the universal space for age to range from 0 to 100.

Problem 2-2. Assume that the concept of "young" is represented by a fuzzy set Young, whose membership function is given by the following fuzzy set.

The concept of "old" can also be represented by a fuzzy set, Old, whose membership function could be defined in the following way.

We define the concept of middle-aged to be neither young nor old. We do this by using fuzzy operators from Fuzzy Logic. Solution 2-2. We can find a fuzzy set to represent the concept of middle-aged by taking the intersection of the complements of our Young and Old fuzzy sets.

We can now see a graphical interpretation of our age descriptors by using the FuzzyPlot command.

From the graph, you can see that the intersection of "not young" and "not old" gives a reasonable definition for the concept of "middle-aged."

Example 4: Natural Numbers

Problem. Suppose you are asked to define the set of natural numbers close to 6. There are a number of different ways in which you could accomplish this using fuzzy sets. Solution 1. One solution would be to manually create a fuzzy set describing the numbers near 6. This can be done as follows:

Solution 2. A second solution would be to use the FuzzyTrapezoid function to create the fuzzy set. For a case such as this, a triangular fuzzy set would probably be better than a trapezoid, so we set the middle two parameters of the FuzzyTrapezoid function to 6.

Solution 3. Another solution would be to use a function to create a fuzzy set representing numbers near 6.

We can use this function to create a fuzzy set for numbers near 6.

Note that this is a convenient method because the function CloseTo can be called with any integer argument to produce a fuzzy set close to that number. Solution 4. Still another solution is to use a piecewise function to describe the fuzzy set.

Now, we can view all four of our fuzzy representations of the number six to see how they compare. We do this by plotting them all on the same graph with the FuzzyPlot function.