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Rational Function

AAaaa

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mfranciselijah
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3K views

Rational Function

AAaaa

Uploaded by

mfranciselijah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Rational Function

A rational function, 𝑟(𝑥) is a


function of the form

𝑝(𝑥)
𝑟 𝑥 =
𝑞(𝑥)

where 𝑝(𝑥) and 𝑞(𝑥) are polynomial


functions and 𝑞 𝑥 ≠ 0
Identify the domain and range of the
following and graph them using your
Geogebra app
1 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑥 =
𝑥 𝑥−1

1 2𝑥
𝑔 𝑥 = 𝐺 𝑥 =
𝑥+1 𝑥+3
1
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥

x cannot be zero because it will render the function as


undefined.
Thus the domain: 𝑥 = {𝑥|𝑥 ≠ 0}

and whatever you input in x (of course except 0) you’ll


end up with any real number except 0
x 1 2 -1 -3 39 -70 -1/2 1/3 1/18 …
y 1 1/2 -1 -1/3 1/9 -1/70 -2 3 18 …

Thus the range: 𝑦 = {𝑦|𝑦 ≠ 0}


1
The graph of 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥

If you have noticed, the curves don’t seem to touch


the axes
1
𝑔 𝑥 =
𝑥+1

x cannot be -1 because it will make the denominator 0


and render the function as undefined.
Thus the domain: 𝑥 = {𝑥|𝑥 ≠ −1}

and whatever you input in x (of course except -1) you’ll


end up with any real number except 0
x 1 2 3 -3 -1/2 -2/3 -70 1/3 1/4 …
y 1/2 1/3 1/4 -1/2 2 3 -1/69 3/4 4/5 …

Thus the range: 𝑦 = {𝑦|𝑦 ≠ 0}


1
The graph of 𝑔 𝑥 =
𝑥+1

If you have noticed, the curves don’t seem to touch


the line x =-1 and the x-axis
𝑥
𝐹 𝑥 =
𝑥−1
x cannot be 1 because it will make the denominator 0 and
render the function as undefined.
Thus the domain: 𝑥 = {𝑥|𝑥 ≠ 1}

and whatever you input in x (of course except 1) you’ll


end up with any real number except 1

x 0 2 3 -3 -1/2 2/3 -50 79 -200 …


y 0 2 3/2 3/4 -1/3 -2 50/51 79/78 200/201 …

Thus the range: 𝑦 = {𝑦|𝑦 ≠ 1}


𝑥
The graph of 𝐹 𝑥 =
𝑥−1

If you have noticed, the curves don’t seem to touch


the line x=1 and the line y=1
2𝑥
𝐺 𝑥 =
𝑥+3
x cannot be -3 because it will make the denominator 0
and render the function as undefined.
Thus the domain: 𝑥 = {𝑥|𝑥 ≠ −3}

and whatever you input in x (of course except 3) you’ll


end up with any real number except 2

x 0 2 3 -4 -1/2 2/3 -50 79 -200 …


y 0 4/5 1 8 -2/5 -2 50/51 79/78 200/201 …

Thus the range: 𝑦 = {𝑦|𝑦 ≠ 2}


2𝑥
The graph of 𝐺 𝑥 =
𝑥+3

If you have noticed, the curves don’t seem to touch


the line x=-3 and the line y=2
If you have noticed, the domain and
range is somehow the basis for that
imaginary line wherein the graph
will not cross. That imaginary line is
called asymptote.
Techniques in graphing
𝑝(𝑥)
rational functions 𝑟 𝑥 =
𝑞(𝑥)
if 𝑝(𝑥) and 𝑞(𝑥) are
st
1 degree polynomials
or 𝑝(𝑥) is a constant and 𝑞(𝑥) is 1st degree
Example 1:
𝑥−2
Graph 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥−3
First, identify the domain and range of the function:
domain: 𝑥 = {𝑥|𝑥 ≠ 3}
range: 𝑦 = {𝑦|𝑦 ≠ 1}
These will determine our asymptotes. The domain will
determine the vertical asymptote, while the range for the
horizontal asymptote.
Thus,
the vertical asymptote will be the line x = 3
the horizontal asymptote will be the line y = 1
𝒙−𝟐
Graph 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙−𝟑

vertical asymptote
x=3
horizontal asymptote
y=1
Next, identify some points on the graph. Better draft the
table of values:
𝑥−2
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥−3
Tip: On deciding values for x, choose values to the left of the
vertical asymptote and to the right as well. In this case, the vertical
asymptote is x = 3 thus to the left are {1,2} and to the right are {4,5}.

x 1 2 4 5 …
y 1/2 0 2 3/2 …

And plot these points on the x-y plane. Extend the points
with curves approaching but not touching the
asymptotes.
𝒙−𝟐
Graph 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙−𝟑

vertical asymptote
x=3
horizontal asymptote
y=1
x 1 2 4 5 …
y 1/2 0 2 3/2 …

After plotting these points on the x-y plane.


Extend the points with curves approaching but not
touching the asymptotes.
Remember that these curves mirror each other
diagonally.
𝒙−𝟐
Graph 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙−𝟑

vertical asymptote
x=3
horizontal asymptote
y=1
Example 2:
2𝑥−1
Graph 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥+3
First, identify the domain and range of the function:
domain: 𝑥 = {𝑥|𝑥 ≠ −3}
range: 𝑦 = {𝑦|𝑦 ≠ 2}
These will determine our asymptotes. The domain will
determine the vertical asymptote, while the range for the
horizontal asymptote.
Thus,
the vertical asymptote will be the line x = -3
the horizontal asymptote will be the line y = 2
2𝑥−1
Graph 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥+3

vertical asymptote
x = -3
horizontal asymptote
y=2
Next, identify some points on the graph. Better draft the
table of values:
2𝑥 − 1
𝑔 𝑥 =
𝑥+3
Tip: On deciding values for x, choose values to the left of the
vertical asymptote and to the right as well. In this case, the vertical
asymptote is x = -3 thus to the left are {-5,-4} and
to the right are {-2,-1}.
x -5 -4 -2 -1 …
y 11/2 9 -5 -3/2 …

And plot these points on the x-y plane. Extend the points
with curves approaching but not touching the
asymptotes.
2𝑥−1
Graph 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥+3

c
vertical asymptote
x = -3
horizontal asymptote
y=2
x -5 -4 -2 -1 …
y 11/2 9 -5 -3/2 …

After plotting these points on the x-y plane.


Extend the points with curves approaching but not
touching the asymptotes.
Remember that these curves mirror each other
diagonally.
2𝑥−1
Graph 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥+3

c
vertical asymptote
x = -3
horizontal asymptote
y=2
Graph the following
𝑥−2 2−3𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑥 =
𝑥+5 𝑥−3

1−𝑥 2𝑥+1
𝑔 𝑥 = 𝐺 𝑥 =
𝑥+4 𝑥−5

3𝑥 −3𝑥+1
𝑔 𝑥 = 𝐺 𝑥 =
𝑥−3 5−𝑥
FIND OUT:
how to graph
𝑝(𝑥)
rational functions 𝑟 𝑥 =
𝑞(𝑥)

if 𝑝(𝑥) is a constant and 𝑞(𝑥) is 2nd degree


if 𝑝(𝑥) is a 1st degree and 𝑞(𝑥) is 2nd degree
if 𝑝(𝑥) is a 2nd degree and 𝑞(𝑥) is 1st degree

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