Index

‘Note: Page numbers followed by “f ” indicate figures, “t” indicate tables and “b” indicate boxes.’

A D
Absolute open flow (AOF), 66e68 Darcy velocity, 222
Absolute permeability, 38 Darcy’s law, 56e58, 222, 228, 234
Acidizing, 11 DarcyeWiesbach friction factor, 96e99, 105,
American Petroleum Institute (API), 8, 94 114
performance properties of API tubing, diagram, 96f
208te211t Deliverability
Analytical model, 185 of fractured wells, 142e144
Annular flow, 100, 136 of horizontal wells, 145e153
AOF. See Absolute open flow (AOF) of vertical wells, 124e141
API. See American Petroleum Institute (API) Density, 33
Atmospheric pressure, 109 Deviation factor. See Gas compressibilitydfactor
Average compressibility factor, 115 Discharge coefficient, 150
Average temperature, 114e115 Dissolved-gas drive reservoir, 5, 7f
Dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2), 36
B Down-hole chokes, 9
Blast fracturing, 197e198, 198f Dynamic viscosity, 26
Bottom-water drive reservoirs, 4e5
Bubble flow, 100 E
Edge-water drive reservoirs, 4e5
C Effective permeability, 38e43
Calcite (CaCO3), 36 determination, 41e43
Carbonate rocks, 36 flow regimes, 40e41
Casing Entrained droplet movement model, 136
hanger, 8 Explosive blast fractures, 197e198
head, 8
Cemented sleeves, 12 F
Chalk, 36 Fanning friction factor, 95e99, 105, 110
Chen’s correlation, 95e96, 99 Fetkovich’s method, 86e88
“Christmas Tree”, 8, 10f Fetkovich’s equation, 70
Churn flow, 100 Film movement model, 136
ColebrookeWhite equation, 95e96 First Law of Thermodynamics, 94e95, 113
Composite IPR of stratified reservoirs, Fishbone type for multilateral wells, 11e12
79e83 Fishbone wells, 165e171, 166f
applications, 82e83 gas wells, 170e171
partial two-phase flow, 81e82 oil wells, 167e169
single-phase liquid flow, 80e81 Flow regimes, 40e41, 100, 165
two-phase flow, 81 horizontal linear flow, 40
Compressibility factor, 113 horizontal pseudo-linear flow, 41
method, 114e115 horizontal pseudo-radial flow, 41
Compression coefficient, 220 horizontal radial flow, 40
Constant-bottom-hole pressure solution, 56 laminar, 95
Constant-rate solution, 54e55 turbulent, 95
Conventional well completions, 11 vertical radial flow, 40e41
Correction factor, 152e153 Fluid injection, 93
Crude oil, 18 Fluid interfacial tension, 34e36, 35t
Cullender and Smith method, 116e118, 118t Fluid-productive sandstones, 37

237
238 Index

Four-phase flow model, 189 Griffith correlation, 107

Fracture(s), 197 Guo and Schechter’s model, 186
penetration, 199e200, 200b GuoeGhalambor method, 106, 170e171
spacing, 190e191 four-phase flow model, 189
Fractured wells, 59e63, 142e144 Guo’s method, 138e141
Argawal et al. (1979), 59e61 Guo’s mist-flow model, 145, 174
Cinco-Ley and Samaniego (1981), 59e63
fracture conductivity, 62e63 H
single-fractured gas wells, 144 HagedorneBrown correlation, 107, 111,
single-fractured oil wells, 142 168e169, 174, 187e188
Valko et al. (1997), 62e63 Hemispherical flow regime, 41e42
Fully penetrated box-shaped reservoir, 213e217 High-energy gas fracturing (HEGF), 197
Homogeneous-flow models, 101e106
G spreadsheet program Poettmann-CarpenterBHP.
Garbage-in, garbage-out (GIGO), 14 xls, 104t, 106te107t
Gas Horizontal linear flow, 40
condensate, 3 Horizontal pseudo-linear flow, 41
coning reservoirs, 11, 11f Horizontal pseudo-radial flow, 41
density, 30e31 Horizontal radial flow, 40
expansion factor, 32 Horizontal wellbore length, 11
formation volume factor, 32 Horizontal wells, 11, 12f, 63e64, 145e153, 183,
phase, 100 185. See also Modern multifractured
pseudocritical pressure and temperature, horizontal wells; Multifractured horizontal
24e25 wells; Vertical wells
rate correction factor (Fg), 215e216 Economides et al. (1991), 63e64, 149
viscosity, 26e27 gas wells in volumetric reservoirs, 152e153
Carr, Kobayashi, and Burrows, 27 Guo et al. (2007), 63e64, 150
Dean-Stiel (1958), 27 ICDs, 149
Dempsey (1965), 26e27 Joshi (1988), 63e64, 147
dynamic viscosity, 26 multifractured, 12
kinematic viscosity, 26 oil wells
Lee-Gonzalez-Eakin (1966), 27 in volumetric reservoirs, 145e147
wells, 3e9, 11 in water-/gas-coning reservoirs, 147e150
liquid loading in, 136e141 volume-fractured, 190e193, 192b
mist flow in, 119 gas wells, 192e193
in volumetric reservoirs, 132e135, oil wells, 191e192
152e153 Hydraulic fracturing, 11, 197
Gas compressibility, 33 Hydraulic refracturing, 197e198
factor, 28e33 Hydrocarbon phase diagram, 3e4, 5f
Brill and Beggs’s correlation, 29e30
Gas-cap drive reservoirs, 5, 6f I
Gas-injection wells, 114 ICDs. See Inflow control devices (ICDs)
Gas-saturated crude oil, 21e22 IFT. See Interfacial tension (IFT)
Gas-specific gravity, 23e24 Igneous rocks, 36e37
Gaseliquid two-phase flow, 100 Impermeable formations, 38
Gaseoil ratio (GOR), 3, 19, 79 In-situ volume fraction, 100
Gaseoilewater three-phase system, 100e101 Inflow control devices (ICDs), 149, 151f, 152t
Gaseoilewateresand four-phase system, Inflow model, 213e216
100e101 Inflow performance relationship (IPR), 1, 14, 32,
GIGO. See Garbage-in, garbage-out (GIGO) 54, 65e73, 124, 126f, 128f, 130f, 134f,
GOR. See Gaseoil ratio (GOR) 168
 Index 239

composite IPR of stratified reservoirs, M

79e83 Magma, 36e37
future, 84e88 Mathematical models, 63e64, 94
Fetkovich’s method, 86e88 Metamorphic rocks, 37
Vogel’s method, 85e86 mHB correlation. See Modified HagedorneBrown
for partial two-phase oil reservoirs, 72e73 correlation (mHB correlation)
partial two-phase reservoir, 74 Microcracks, 190e191
productivity index, 65e68, 74, 82 Mist flow, 100
reservoir inflow models, 65 in gas wells, 119
single phase reservoir, 65e68 model, 138
test points, 65, 74e78 Mixing rule, 26
two-phase reservoirs, 69e71 Modern multifractured horizontal wells. See also
Bandakhlia and Aziz (1989), 69e70 Horizontal wells; Multifractured
Chang (1992), 69e70 horizontal wells
Fetkovich (1973), 69e70 assumptions, 219
Retnanto and Economides (1998), 69e70 boundary conditions, 223
Standing (1971), 69e70 governing equations, 220e223
Vogel (1968), 69e70 solution, 223e225
Vogel’s IPR model, 72, 85e86 unit conversion, 225e226
Infloweoutflow analysis, 173 Modern well type productivities, 163
Interfacial tension (IFT), 34e35 Modified HagedorneBrown correlation (mHB
Iteration procedure, 14 correlation), 107, 110, 125
Moody friction factor, 96e99
J Multifractured horizontal wells, 12, 13f, 185e189.
Joshi’s equation, 63e64 See also Horizontal wells; Modern
multifractured horizontal wells
K drainage area shape, 186
Kinematic viscosity, 26 Furui (2003) model, 186
gas wells, 189
L Guo and Schechter’s model (1997), 186
Laminar flow regimes, 95 Guo and Yu (2008), 185, 189
Lava, 36e37 Li et al. (1996), 185
Linear flow, 183, 185 oil wells, 185e188
Linear IPR model, 69 Raghavan and Joshi (1993), 183
Linear-radial flow model, 186 Multilateral wells, 11e12, 165
Liquid fishbone wells, 165e171, 166f
droplets, 139 Furui et al. (2003), 167
holdup, 100 mixed properties of fluids, 174
loading, 136e141 pseudolinear-radial-combined model,
analysis, 119 167
annular flow, 136 root wells, 165, 166f, 171e178
entrained droplet movement model, symbols in, 173f
137e138 Multiphase flow
Guo’s method, 138e141 Brown (1977), 100e101
slug flow, 136 Guo and Ghalambor (2005), 103
solutions, 140e141 liquid holdup, 100
transport velocity, 139 in oil wells, 99e111
Turner’s method, 136e138 flow regimes, 100
phase, 101 Poettmann and Carpenter (1952), 101
viscosity, 101 single-phase gas flow, 113e118
volume fraction, 139 single-phase liquid flow, 94e99
Lithology, 18 TPR models, 100e111
240 Index

Multiphase flow (Continued) Permeable formations, 38

homogeneous-flow models, 101e106 Petroleum fluids, 18
separated-flow models, 107e111 composition, 18t
Multiphase fluid, 94 Petroleum production, 93
Multiphase gas wells, 119 wells, 1
Petroleum reservoir properties
N reservoir fluid properties, 18e36
Natural gas, 18 reservoir rock properties, 36e47
properties, 23e27 PI. See Productivity index (PI)
gas compressibility factor, 28e33 “Plug and perf ” method, 12
gas pseudocritical pressure and temperature, PoettmanneCarpenter’s model, 101
24e25 Porosity, 18
gas viscosity, 26e27 Pressureeflow rate relationship, 124
gas-specific gravity, 23e24 Produced water, 18
sample problem, 24be25b properties, 33e34
Naturally flowing well, 3, 4f density, 33
NewtoneRaphson’s iterative method, 30, salinity, 33
140e141 specific gravity, 33
No-flow boundary condition, 57e58, 232 water compressibility, 34
NODAL analysis, 14, 123e124 water formation volume factor, 34
principle in well productivity forecast, 2 water viscosity, 33
Non-Darcy flow coefficient (D), 186 Production casing, 8
Production liner, 8
O Production tubing, 8
Oil, 3e9 Productivity index (PI), 65e68, 74, 82
compressibility, 22 Pseudolinear-radial-combined model, 167
density, 19e20 Pseudoradial flow, 165
formation volume factor, 20e21 Pseudosteady productivity of radial-fractured
and natural gas, 93 wells, 231. See also Steady productivity of
properties, 19e22 radial-fractured wells
rate correction factor (Fo), 213e214 assumptions, 231
reservoirs, 4 boundary conditions, 234
sample problem, 22b governing equation, 231e234
solution GOR, 19 solution, 235
viscosity, 21e22 unit conversion, 236
Oil wells, 6, 7f, 11 Pseudoesteady-state flow, 57e58
multiphase flow in, 99e111 Pseudoesteady-state production, 127, 128t,
in volumetric reservoirs, 125e129, 145e147 134e135, 144, 146be147b
in water-/gas-coning reservoirs, 130e131, of radial-fractured wells, 201e203
147e150
Open-hole logs, 36 R
Outflow performance relationship (OPR), 124 Radial flow, 183
Radial fractured wells, 12, 13f
P Radial fractures, 197e198
Packers, 8 Radial-fractured wells
Partial two-phase flow, composite IPR, 81e82 productivity
Partial two-phase oil reservoirs, IPR for, HEGF vertical oil well, 202be203b
72e73 pseudoesteady-state production, 201e203
Pay zone thickness, 11 steady-state production, 199e200
Pay zones, 165 pseudosteady productivity of, 231
Perforation cluster, 190 assumptions, 231
Permeability, 18 boundary conditions, 234
 Index 241

governing equation, 231e234 Single-fractured oil wells, 142

solution, 235 Single-phase
unit conversion, 236 flow, 3e4
steady productivity of, 227 fluid, 94
assumptions, 227 gas flow, 113e118
boundary condition, 229 average temperature and compressibility factor
governing equation, 228 method, 114e115
solution, 229 Cullender and Smith method, 116e118
unit conversion, 229e230 liquid flow, 94e99
Relative permeability, 38e39 composite IPR, 80e81
Reservoir rock properties, 36e47 Skin factor, 44e47
lithology, 36e37 Slug flow, 100, 136
carbonate rocks, 36 Solution gaseoil ratio (Solution GOR), 19,
igneous rocks, 36e37 102e103
metamorphic rocks, 37 Solution-gas drive reservoir. See Dissolved-gas
sedimentary rocks, 36 drive reservoir
pay zone, 36 Specific gravity, 33
porosity, 37 SRV. See Stimulated reservoir volume (SRV)
reservoir permeability, 38e39 Standard temperature and pressure (STP), 19
effective permeability, 38e43 Steady productivity of radial-fractured wells, 227.
relative permeability, 38e39 See also Pseudosteady productivity of
skin factor, 44e47 radial-fractured wells
total compressibility, 37e38 assumptions, 227
Reservoir(s), 3e9 boundary condition, 229
deliverability, 53, 123e124 governing equation, 228
equation, 187 solution, 229
fractured wells, 59e63 unit conversion, 229e230
horizontal wells, 63e64 Steady-state flow, 56e57
inflow performance relationship, 65e73 Steady-state production, 129, 129te130t
vertical wells, 54e58 of radial-fractured wells, 199e200
fluid properties, 18e36 Stimulated reservoir volume (SRV), 190
fluid interfacial tension, 34e36 Stock tank conditions (STP), 20e21
natural gas properties, 23e27 STP. See Standard temperature and pressure
oil properties, 19e22 (STP); Stock tank conditions (STP)
produced water properties, 33e34 Superficial velocity, 108
influx model, 149 Surface casing, 8
productivity, 14 Surface chokes, 8e9
Reynolds number, 95
Root type for multilateral wells, 11e12 T
Root wells, 165, 166f, 171e178 Total compressibility of reservoir, 232
TPR. See Tubing performance relationship (TPR)
S Transient flow, 54e56
Salinity, 33 Dake (1978), 54e55
Saturated oil, 3e4 Earlougher (1977), 56
Sedimentary rocks, 36 Transient production, 125, 126t, 132e133
Separated-flow models, 107e111 Transport velocity, 139
pressure profile, 113f Trial-and-error method, 14, 172e178
spreadsheet program HagedornBrownCorrela- Tubing head, 8
tion. xls, 111te112t Tubing performance relationship (TPR), 94,
Shape factor, 58, 59fe60f 134e135, 134f, 168e169, 187e188, 188f
Single phase reservoir, IPR for, 65e68 models, 100e111
Single-fractured gas wells, 144 homogeneous-flow models, 101e106
242 Index

Tubing performance relationship (TPR) (Continued) W

separated-flow models, 107e111 Water
Tubing string, 8, 94f, 103, 111 compressibility, 34
interior, 95e96 cone, 130
Tubing/wellbore performance relationship coning reservoirs, 11, 11f
(TPR), 1 drive reservoirs, 4e5, 6f
Tufa, 36 formation volume factor, 34
Turbulent flow viscosity, 33
pattern, 100 water-/gas-coning reservoirs, oil wells in,
regimes, 95 130e131, 147e150
Turner’s method, 136e138 water-free production rate, 148
Two-phase flow, 3e4 water-specific gravity, 33
composite IPR, 81 Well completions, 9e12
Two-phase friction factor, 102e103 conventional, 11
Two-phase reservoirs, IPR for, 69e71 unconventional, 11e12
Well deliverability, 123e124
U Well inflow performance, 123e124
Unconventional well completions, 11e12 Well productivity, 14, 123e124, 165, 190
Undersaturated crude oil, 22 basics, 1
Undersaturated oil, 3e4 deliverability
Unit conversion factors, 205t of fractured wells, 142e144
of horizontal wells, 145e153
V of vertical wells, 124e141
Vertical radial flow, 40e41 gas wells in volumetric reservoirs, 132e135
Vertical wells, 11, 54e58. See also Horizontal oil wells
wells in volumetric reservoirs, 125e129, 145e147
deliverability of, 124e141 in water-/gas-coning reservoirs, 130e131,
gas wells in volumetric reservoirs, 132e135 147e150
liquid loading in gas wells, 136e141 principles, 124
oil wells in volumetric reservoirs, 125e129 transient production, 125, 132e133
oil wells in water-/gas-coning reservoirs, Well strings, 93
130e131 Wellbore, 93, 119, 165
pseudoesteady-state flow, 57e58 flow performance, 123e124
steady-state flow, 56e57 lateral bores, 165
transient flow, 54e56 performance, 93
Vogel’s method, 85e86 WellFlo, 44e47
Vogel’s IPR model, 72 Wellhead, 8, 9f
Volume-fractured horizontal wells, 190e193 pressure, 94e95
Volumetric flow rate, 108
Volumetric reservoirs Z
gas wells in, 152e153 Z-factor. See Gas compressibilitydfactor
oil wells in, 125e129, 145e147