at Pat grt 10, Evaluate fy xet yz? dx dy dz where v denotes the region in the first octant bounse4 by the surface x” + y? +2? GUE & 1 1 3) 48 535 6 gh Tee 8. og 2.3 Applications of Multiple Integrals 2.3.1 Areas by Double Integral Cartesian Coordinates: Let y = f(x) and y = f;(x) be two curves. We are interested in finding the area enclosed by these two curves and the vertical lines x = x), x = X2, as shown as in Fig. 2.15. To do this, we divide this area into vertical strips. Taking P(x, y) and Q(x + Ax, y + Ay) be two neighboring points, with Ax being the width of the strip. The area of small rectangle PQ is Ax Ay. ‘Area of the strip is then given by y= f(x) i= lim ~ Ayo Since width Ax is the same for all rectangles in these strips and y varies from y = fi(x) to y = f (x), the area of the strip KL can be defined as 9 © Ax dy. a lim ey (0) = Ax Ay= Ax dy, Ay>0 £00) f(x) provided the limit exist. Summing up all such strips from x = x; to x = x2, we get the area ABCD as lim %2 h(x) 2 pfa(x) x0 4% Je oy dy =f lee dy dx. xX Figure 2.15 Area of the region bounded by y = fil Y= h(x). x= xn andx =x. q The required area is defined as 2 (fs) i meas t (ies oy) Similarly, the region is bounded by the curves x = fi(Y) and x= f(y), then we can also find the area enclosed ey e ese curves from y = y, to y = y2, as shown in Fig. 2.16- igure 216 Avea ofthe region bounced by Thus, the area of the region A'B'MN is defined as EPLOVX LOY =u ym yy ME 76| A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics-II at a.fly) area =P" (122) dx) dy. Polar Coordinates: Let r = f(0) be the equation of an enclosed curve and P(r, 0), Q(r + Ar, @ + {40) be two neighboring points. Consider the circular sector with of radii r and r + Ar that intersect 0Q in R and OP in S, respectively, such that arc PR = r AQ and the radial segment PS = Ar, as illustrated in Fig. 2.17. Therefore, the area of the curvilinear rectangle PRQS is approximately given by Area of PQRS = r [email protected]. ‘The sum of these curvilinear rectangles, © Dr A@ Ar, approximated the total area A. In the limit, this sum becomes exact area: lim A= 4600 DE Ae Ar =JJ_ rd0dr, A680 provided the limit exist. Thus, the arca A is given by x °o B (2 Figure 2.17 Area in polar coordinates. AJ, V1 ae) a9, where the limits of integration are chosen such that 0 ranges from a. to @ = B and rranges from Tr, tor, to cover the entire region. 2.3.2 Volume by Double Integral Let z= f(x, y) represent a surface, where the projection of the portion of the surface S onto the xy- plane forms the area S. By dividing S into elementary rectangles of area Ax Ay through the lines parallel to the x- and y- axes, we create prisms with theses rectangles as bases, align parallel to z~ axis, as illustrated in Fig. 2.18. Consequently, the volume of each prism between S and the given surface z= f(x, y) is given by z Ax Ay. 2 The volume of the solid of cylinder bounded by the surface S as its base, with generator parallel to the z-axis, is expressed as lim Ay30 Provided the limit exist. lim Volume = ‘Ay 50 Ay-s9 222 4x Ay= fz dx dy, cial i) lx, y) dx dy, where the limits of integration is to be taken over the area S. Figure 2.8 Volume in Cartesian coordinates. In polar coordinates, volume of the region is obtained by replacing dx dy by r dr d0 as. volume = Jf 2 rdrd0. Note: Multiple integrals |772.3.3 Volume by Triple Integral \ If the solid planes parallel to the coordinate planes divide the region into rectangular parallelepiped with volume as shown in Fig, 2.19, then the volume of an elementary portion is Ax Ay Az- The total volume of the bounded region is given by tim tim tim Ax Ay Az volume = x59 Ay0 A270 ELE uy = [ff ax ay dz, ion i region. “where the limits of integration is to be taken for bounded regio Volume of solids of revolution Figure 2.19Volume in rectangular paralllepipet i Sider an i i let P(x, y) be a point on the curve. Consi a the equation of curve in the plane, and Cons aa Ax ay MP as shown in Fig, 2.20. If this elementary area revolves about x-axis, it forms ‘thin cylindrical shell (or ring ) with volume f(y + Ay)? =? ] Ax = 2ny Ax Ay Thus, the total volume of solid obtained by revolving the area A about x-axis is Volume = SJ JA 2ny dx dy. In polar co-ordinates, let x=r cos ®, y=r sin ®, ¥ and dx dy =r dr d0. Then, the volume becomes Volume ={Jq 2nrsin Or d0 dr =I, 2nr*sin@ dO dr. Similarly, the volume of solid obtained by revolving the area A about y-axis is Figure 2.20 Volume of solid revolving the J area about x-axis, Volume= JJ rx. dx dy. In polar co-ordinates, let x=r'cos 0, y=rsin O, and dx dy dr dO. Then, the volume becomes Volume =[Jq 2x rcos0rdodr =Jf, 2m: cos 0 dO ar, Worked out Example ud, by double Integration, that the aren of a plate in the form of a quadrant of the ellipse arty Solutio : Here, the region is the first quadrant of the ell divide the urea in the vertical steips of width dh (bya7=5? ), and x varies trom x= 010 x= a, ie. To find the area of this quadrant, We ‘ov each strip, y varies trom y = 0 to y = shown in the figure. 781 A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics«IlArea = dx , bias _? [eee sn! st . a 2, Show, using double integration, the area between the parabolas y"= 4ax, x = day is 16 3 Solution: Here, the region is the area between the parabolas y* = 4ax and x? = day. To find this area, we divide it into the vertical strips. For a given x, y varies from y= x/4a to y = 2\fax, and then x varies from x = 0 to x = 4a as shown in the figure. The area of the region is given by y 4a (Jax a=, aay =f] f° oy | 0 \ Gia 32a? 16a" 3 3 3. Find, using double integration, the area enclosed between the parabola y = 4x - x? and the line y =x Solution: Here, the region is the parabola y = 4x - x7 and the line y = x as shown in the figure. To find the area enclosed by these curves, we divide the region into vertical strips. For each strip, y varies from y = 4x - x2 to y= x, and x ranges from x= 0 tox =3. The area of the region is given by A= JJ, dxay= &(“i*o}« x - x) dx ofp (ax-x)& aes ep-2 9-2 =a 3h = 2-7 ~ 2° 4. Find, by double integration, the smaller o! the line x+y =3 Solution: Here, the region is the smaller x+y =3, as shown in the figure. We divide th {the areas bounded by the curve x+y =9 and + area enclosed by the circle x?+y? =9 and the line J region into Multiple Integrals 79from y = 3-x toy= Oto x =3. The area of vertical strips where y extends f=, and_x varies from x = the region is given by a=ff, way = f ey dx o \3-x = h (o=F-3+8) & 5, Find, using double integration, the area outside the circle r = 2 and inside the cardioid 1=2(1 + c0s0). ‘The area of the region is define A = Sf rarao, where the region is outside the circle r= the figure. The limits of integration are 1=2tor=2 (1 +6050), 0=0100= 2/2. Solution: d by 2 and inside the cardioid r = 2(1 + cos®), as shown in Therefore, ‘2(1 + cos8) ale ( S rs} 2 opt eos) 2 =2 racan da = 4) 9 (1+ 200s @ + cos"@ - 1) dO = ale. (4cos0 + 1 + cos20) 40 =2[ 4 sind+ 0+ 28 ° =2[4+3+0] =8tn. 6: Find the area of a Cardiod r= a(1 + cos 8) using double integration. Solution: The equation of a Cardiod is r=a(1 + cos 8). ‘The figure shows that the area of this curve is defined as = 2 x area( OABO) = 2JJrdr do, where the limits of integration are from r = 0 to r= a(1 + cos 0) and @=0t0 =n. The! refore, 80 | A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics-Ila(1 + cos®) area = 25 sf rérdo 0 aa ee 4 ua a =2 Jo a?(1 +2 080 + c0s7 )d9 = a? Jg (1+2e0s0 + #59820 - 4, sin2op _ 3na” -2 8 : = o[o+2sino+$ + 4 ic 7: 7. Find, using double integration, volume of the sphere xtyte=a Solution: Consider the region OABC in the first octant of the sphere x’+ y° + 2’ = a, which is bounded by the planes 2 = 0, x = 0, and y = 0. The volume of this region is defined by v=8 ff, zdx dy, 7 where R is the region bounded by the first octant of the sphere. Here, z can be expressed as z = Va"-x"-y?. The integration limits are as follows: y varies from y = 0 to y=\ a@-x’, and then x varies from x = 0 to x = a. Therefore, a -x = eh, f Jat=x7-y? dx dy y=0 2. x?) Vax sf WEY , x) 5 | a a 2 2 ye-x] 0 3 apf C222 = one ae 4nat =8h GO 5 ax = anlaPx-Z] 5° 8. Find, by double integration, the volume of the tetrahedron bounded by the coordinate < i 0 planes and the plane 3 + X + Solution: The volume of the region is defined as ve I pn Z ax dy, where R is the region bounded by the planes zx b and the coordinate planes x = 0, y= 0and z=0 as shown in the figure. x z Ry%4 2e1, a c Rewriting the plane equation for z, we get Multiple Integrals |81nL cobb} : The limits of integration as follows: X= 0 tox =a, Therefore, Yvanies from y=0 loy= (bya. xy 1), and x vases f : frm # (d(a-x)Ya * ((b(a-x)) ve LON fracas Sf (FES Dale 9 0 9 0 Hanya a 2 Slo R BT - hE Ba bx bx? bx bab ab] abc EES al nf at 9. Find the volume of the region bounded by and z= 0 using double integration. Solution: The figure shows that the plane y+ z= 4 cuts the cylinder x? + y*= 4. The volume of the region obtained by integrating z=4-- y over the circle x?-+ y¥ =4 in the xy - plane, Fis, We recognize that within the cylinder x? + y* < 4. The limits of x 4-y¥*, and y varies from y the cylinder x? + y’ = 4 and the planes y +7, vary from x = 0 to x= 2to y=2. The volume of the region is given by 2 (Vay = lho [ finaly cy 2 2 2 = 2a G-WVE¥ ay = 8f, VIP - 2) yp yy, Since (yV/4-y") is odd function, the second integral vanishes, v= 16h, Ve-¥ -0 =16[ 22 4 ox] 2 +3 sin 2, ne 10. Find, by triple Integration, the volume of the region bounded by the surface y = x? and x=y’ and the planes z= 0,2=3 Sol in: Here, the region bounded by the parabolas y=x’andx= 3, so that x varies from x = y* to x = vy, Volume of the bounded region is given by v= Jf dx dy az = f t( Fs) dy dz =f [s.05-9 we z=0y=0kn=y =0 ¥ between the planes z = 0,27 y=Otoy =1,and z varies fromz=0 to z=} 82| A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics-Il cn=F in(1), we get r®-27 a P sin’ cosO sinO cosh =0, or P(r - 27 asin? cos 8 sind cos ¢) = 0. \ So r varies from r= 0 to r= 3a (sin”} cos 8 sin® cos 4)", varies from 0 =0 to @=m/2 andt varies from @=0to $= 7/2. So wd (7 (1 3a (sin? 6 cos 0 sind cos 4)" 0 i Volume =4 f P «nea 4 0 w2rl2 3 > 3a (sin 6 cos @ sind cos 6)" = 4 SSL yn ee inc 8 00 w2 S. (sin? 6 cos 0 sin® cos 6] sin § do d0 0 sin’ cos 6 do | cos @ sind dO 0 w g on ons 84| A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics-IIwh ei w2 sin’) = 360" SI a iF cos 0 sind dd = 9? f sind cos 0 do o 0 = on - 2 Exercise - 7 1, Find, using double integration, the area bounded by the parabola y = x” and the line y = 2x +3 2, Find, using double integration, the area enclosed by the curves y= 2~ x, and y? = 2(2 - x) 3. Find, by double integration, the smaller of the areas bounded by the ellipse 4x? + 9y? = 36 and the straight line 2x + 3y = 6 4. Find, by double integration, the area of the region bounded by y* = x° and y 5. Find, by double integration, the area of the region enclosed by curves x? + y?= a,x +y=ain first quadrant ; ‘ ipse 27 +4 6. Find, by double integration, the area of the ellipse 32 +72=1 7. Show that by double integration that area lying inside the circle r= a sin @ and outside the cardioid r=a(1-cos 0) is 4 (4-7) 8. Find, by double integration, the area common the cardioids r = a(1 - cos®) and r= a(1 + cos) 9, Find the area of the curve r* = a? cos20 by double integration ? 2 10. Find by double integration, volume of the ellipsoid 27 +47 +2 =1 11, Calculate the volume of the solid bounded by the surface x = 0, y=0,x+y+z=1andz=0 12. Find the volume of the solid bounded by the surface z= 0, x?+y’=1, x+y+z=3 2 2 13. Find, by triple integration, volume of ellipsoid“ + ty +27=1 14, Find, by tiple integration, volume of the sphere x? + y? + 2” =a? a 15. Show that the area in the first quadrant enclosed by the curve ® + gy =1,a>0,B>0, hye “Or® is given by 22. 02 SB ob ¢ _ i) a By 35 2 2 LS ) 3 ae Ss 3 2.35 3. 5 (n-2) 4.70 5. G (m-2) 6. nab 9. a Anabe 1 4 na’ 10.5 IL § 12, 3 13, pmabe 14. Multiple Integrals |85he 2.3.4 Moment of Inertia Using Double and Triple Integrals By Double Integral The moment of inertia (also called the second moment) of a particle with mass m about an axis js defined as mr?, where r is the distance from the particle to the axis. We extend this concept to a lamina with a density function p(x, y) occupying a region R. To do this, we follow a similar process to that used for calculating ordinary moments. We divide R into small rectangles, as illustrated jn the figure. The mass of each small rectangle is approximately p(x, y) AA, where (x, y) isa point within a rectangle. The moment of inertia of this rectangle with respect to the x-axis is the mass multiplied by square of its distance y from the x-axis: = [p@y) AA]. ¥, Summing these moments of inertia approximates the moment of inertia of each sub-rectangle about the x-axis. The total moment of inertia of the lamina with respect to the x-axis is given by Moment of inerti: y = ZZ [py AAa.y?]. Taking the limit of the sum as the number of sub- rectangles becomes large, we obtain the exact moment of inertia of the lamina about the x-axis: k= Iq ¥ olx,y) da. Similarly, the moment of inertia of a rectangle with respect to the y-axis is the mass multiplied by the square~O Of its distance x from the y-axis: Figure 2.21 Subdividing the lamina into tiny Moment of inertia [ p(x,) AA]. rectangles each containing a sample point. Summing these moments gives an approximation of the total moment of inertia of the lamina with Tespect to the y-axis: ZX [pe y) AA. x7], Taking the limit as the number of rectan; igles increases and their area decreases, we obtain the exact moment of the lamina about the y-axis: 1, = a poy) A. The momer i ipin is an, ‘nt of inertia about the origin is the sum of the moments of inertia about the x-axis and y- lo=h+ =p (2? +) p(x y) da. 86 14 Textbook of Engineering Mathematics-IIBy Triple Integral The moment of inertia (also called the nd Moment) Of a particle with mass m about wn axis is defined as mr”, where r is the distance from the particle to the axis, We extend this concept to solid with a density function p(x,y, 2) occupying 1 region V. The moment of inertia 1x about the x-axis is the integral of the mass elements multiplied by the sim pts, y, rly square of their distances from the x-axis, For a volume element dV at (x, y, 2), the distance to the x- axis is Vy7+ 2". Thus, the moment of inertia about the x-axis is: te = Dy 07 +2) plx,y,z) av. Similarly, The moment of inertia 1y about the y-axi integral of the mass elements multiplied by the square of their distances from the y-axis. For a volume element dV at (x, y, 2), the distance to the y- axis is vk 7+". Thus, the moment of inertia about the y-axis is: ce Y is the Figure 2.22 Moment of inertia ofa solid iy = SIly G2 + 2%) pty, 2) av. And, the moment of inertia J, about the z-axis is the integral of the mass elements multiplied by the square of their distances from the z-axis. For a volume element dV at (x, y, 2), the distance to the z- axis is Wx + y- Thus, the moment ,. of inertia about the z-axis is: Figure 2.23 Moment of inertia ofa soi 1 = Sly G2+y) py.) av. bout x-axis, y-axis and axis The moment of inertia about the origin is the sum of the moments of inertia about the x-axis and y- axis: l= Shy (x+y +2?) p(xy,z) dV. worked Out Examples) 1. Determine the moments of inertia about x-axis (1,), the y-axis (1,), and the origin (Io) for a homogeneous disk with constant density p(x, y) = (gm/em’), centered at the orlgin, and with radius a, using double integration. Solution: Let p = k gm/em? represent the uniform density of the lamina enclosed by the circle with radius a, x? + ¥ = a2, as shown in-the figure. The moment of inertia of the lamina about the X-axis, and y-axis are determined as: Multiple Integrals 87me te Wn ots. y) dA = kl ¥ dx dy. y= Wp 2 poe. 9) da = § A . RE dx Using the polar coordinates transformation, x = r cos®, y = r sind, and da " where r varies from r= 0, r=a, and @ = 0 to 6 = 2m, we get 1, = [pq v2 sin’o (r dr d8) } =ile (fF r dr. sn?o a 7 Similarly, for I: 1, =k Iq 170s" (rardoy =a Le (f r dr) cos a8 428 ‘7 GnpeP™ mat a'P* 1 +c0s28 ka’ sin20P" _kra’ : af 2 wo As [ samt te Cin The moment of inertia of the lamina about the origin is ly = nat kool knoat 2 et ly= GO AEE = SEE pmem’, 2. Determine the moments of inertia about x-axis (1,), the y-axis (I,), and the origin (Ip) for the region under the curve y = sin x from x = 0 to x, with constant density p= « gm/em’ wi double integration. Solution: Let p = k gnv/cm’ represents the constant density of the lamina enclosed by y = siat from x = 0 to x, as shown in the figure. The moment of inertia of the lamina about the x -axisis t= Sq ¥ p(s, y) dA “Koy ray) oa [STQ ce k £f sin?x dx = Ef (1 - cos’x) sin x dx. Let cos x = t, then - sin x dx = dt. When x = 0, t= I, and when x = 7, t=-1, sot varies from t = 1, t=-1, we get y a f ys k= fae eas {ya-d a 2k! =F ho -2) a= jo 88 | A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics-Ilat (palit x tye Sy x? pls y) dA “A's hay we ft kf xPsin xx = & [x2 (+ conn) = 2x (+ win x) #2 ( con) Jo wk [re 0-2-2] © k(n? -4) gmon?, ‘The moment of inertia of the lamina about the origin tv ty = te ye sek (at ea) © A (3209) gman " a In (Iy), and the orlyin (19) for the etermine the montents of Inertia about x-uxls (1h), (he yy * ral is bounded by y= x nnd y= x4, with constant density p= & gnvem? using double Integration. Solution: Let p= & gnv/cm? represent the constant donsity of the lumina enclosed by y= x, and y = x’, as shown in the figure, So, y varies from y = x? to y= x, and x = 0 tol, The moment of inertin of the lamina about the x -axis ty Lax he da ¥ pes y) da =f y ty) dx x 1 Rt 1 ak fo[ Sha de Ef, Ox ex?) ax ars x] ok A “Fla TT aggmcm’, 1 =p x2 00%, y) da = Jo (fs k wy) xix 1 1 ak Jy x) x2 dx ok Sy (ex) Ux Oh ‘The moment of inertia ofa lamina about the origin is kok 3k 2 38 35° jg ament, 4. Determine the moments of (rlangular region with verth using double integration, Solution: Let p lamina enclos 0) as shown X=0t02, uxis is ertin about x-axis (1,), the y-wxly (1), and the origin (ly) for the ees (0, 0), (2,2), und (2, 0), with density p(x, y) = xy grivem?, = xy gnvem? represent the density function of the sed by the triangular with (0, 0), (2, 2), and (2, in the figure, So, y varies from y = 010 y= x, and The moment of inertia of the lamina about the x « hell, y ota, das fy (fey ay dy Je Multiple Integrals |89I, wea) aa = (Rea syty a [Ef vo - 2h ot eed], = amen ‘The moment of inertia of a lamina about the origin is yb = +1 5. Determine the moments of inertia about x-axis (I,), the y-axis 1), and the origin (Io) for the triangular region bounded by the parabolas x = y’ and x’ = y with constant density function p(x, y) = 1 gm/cm’, using double integration. Solution: Let p(x, y) = 1 gmv/cm? represent the density function of the lamina enclosed by the Parabolas x= y" and x*= y, as shown in the figure. So, y varies from y = 0 to y = x, and x =0 to 2. The moment of inertia of the lamina about the x -axis is elle Fry an =F 9 gy).t WEST a Lh ooh a PSs] 12.4] Ie oe an =K(S% ay) ee 1 1 = fy (Rx?) exefl gies =f xy lo (VR =x?) ax = fo ~xhyax= [Pe -§]- 3 2 35 sm.cm’, The moment of inertia of a lamina about the origin is 3.3 6. Determine the m, inerti orfein th the sad retin about Ye-plane (I,), zx-plane (I,), xy-plane (1), and the Ir - : fs distance from the center sing trite i i or ae 4 with density is proportional to the Solution: Let Pak Vet yee tee by the sphere x? + ye 2“? gm/cm’ represent the density function of the solid enclosed + 8 shown in the figure. By symmetry, l= ly= 1, and we have 90)4 | Textbook of Engineering Mathematics-i1 lar,1, +1, + l= 2lo, gives 2, 3 lo, and w= IIly o2+ ¥ +2) pe, y,20dv v2 (a ZL = slo le (rR P (ey rta) sing dO do Akt rn (°° sind dbo we v2 A ka® 2kn a’ Therefore, the moment of inertia of a lamina about the origin is 2k a® A Ip= 3 gmucm’, ‘The moment of inertia of the solid about the yz-plane(I,), the 2x- plane(|,) and xy- plane(|x) are 2 2kna’_ 4kna® A hel= b= 3 x3 = 9 mom! 7, Determine the moments of inertia about yz-plane (1,), 2x-plane (I,), xy-plane (1,), and the origin (Io) for the solid region bounded by the rectangular parallelepiped x= 0, x= a, y= 0, and z= 0,z=c with a constant density p(x, y, 2) = & gmv/cem”, using triple integration. Solution: Let p =k gm/cm’ represent the constant density of the solid enclosed rectangular parallelepiped x = 0, x = a, y= 0, y= b and z= 0, z= c, as shown in the figure. So, z varies from z = 0 toz=c, y varies from y = 0 to y=b, and x =0 to a. The moment of inertia of the solid about the yz- plane is i= My 0 +2) p(x yz) dV =Llo((oor+2 tae) aya a hole [re +4] dy dx naff (or +9) ale =k [2+ ft dx = bel 2+ bel) dx Kade (pt +c?) pment. ‘The moment of inertia of the solid about the zx- plane is F 1 =MMy 2+) pa y.2aV =e Uoe2 + eda) dy &x Multiple Integrals |91= hh [F+x%] dy dx = Sy [fo (¢ + xe) dy) ax cabled a abl Pe ee acon. kabe 3 The moment of inertia of the solid about the xy- plane is a b/c Shy @2+y) pox, y,2) av = fee Uoaz=x kde) dy dx mre lh (hee? yay) de =ke fey ¢t dx 7 eeeeeneee wkofg[ bas &] dx =kbe[ T+ 3 | = “57° @?+ bY) mem’, (+42) gmom’. The moment of inertia of a solid about the origin is kabe 3 ly = (a? +b? +0?) gmcm’, 8. Determine the moment of inertia about the origin for the solid region bounded by the tetrahedron x + y + z = 1 with a constant density p(x, y, z) = & gm/cm’ using triple integration. Solution: Let p = k gm/om’ represent the constant density of the solid enclosed by the tetrahedron x + y +z =I, as shown in the figure. So, z varies from z = 0 to z =I - x - y, y varies from y= 0 to y= 1 - x, and x= 0 to 1. The moment of inertia of the solid about the origin is 1 x (Ixy w= Illy G2 ++ pouy.nav fle (oe oe+y +2 kde) ay x A plex, =HoSo 1 (lx 7 =e (f5 Oxy) -y' LD) ay ae Edaey? | YU) yo (ex-y! 2 307° 47 12 ] sqlxy 1 ix 3 [server S] yay an= ello [2 crx yey CAD] a Ix 0 dx 1 0 2 ¥(-x? Got (aot ext 2 7 GP EN ss =k [ [ [ 92 14 Textbook of Engineering Mathematics-Il1 | LLM on? oa! 10 '30}° 208en wee a k hus, the moment of inertia about origin is Ty 39 BMeH”, Exercise - 8 1. Find the moments of inertia about x-axis (11), the y-nxis (I), and the origin (Lo) for the triangular region with vertices (0,0), (1, 1) and (1, 0), with density function p(x, y) = xy guvem’, using double integration, ind the moments of inertia about the x-axis (1,), the y-axis (I,), and the origin (Io) for the triangular region bounded by x-axis and the lines x = 1, and y = 2x, with density function p(s, y) = 6x + 6y +6 gnvcm’, using double integration, 2 an onthe oct a: Find the moment of inertia about the x-axis of the region bounded by the ellipse “7+ fa, with density p(x, y) = | gnvem?, using double integration. 4. Find the moment of inertia ofa solid cube, bounded by x= O.x= a y=0,y= 9,and z= 0,2 =a, about the x-axis with constant density p(x, y)= | gnV/cm’, using triple integration, Find the moment of inertia of a solid right circular cylinder, defined by x? + y? = a? and 0S2Sh, about its axis, with constant density p (x, y, z) =k gnvem’, using triple integration. Find the moments of inertia about yz-plane (I,), the zx-plane (Ij), the xy-plane, and the origi (lo) for the cuboid x = 0, x= 1, y= 0, y= I, and =0 and z= Iwith constant density p(x, y. 2)=k g/cm’, using triple integration. 2 2 4 9 99 ;* + 3g emem’, 73 em.om?, 57 gmom? 2. 12 gmem?, 2 gm.em?, = gm.cm? 3, me gm.cm? rath 2k > 2k 2 2k - 7 gment 6. SS gmem’, Semen? S* em.em! pO 4 Sumen, 5. 2.3.5 Mass and Centroid Using Double and Triple Integrals Using Double Integral We used single integrals to find moments and the center of mass for a thin plate with constant density. Now, with double integrals, we can handle plates with variable density. Suppose the plate Occupies a region R in the xy-plane, with the density at point (x, y) given by a continuous function P(x, y), defined as y= tim om POY) = Aa 0 aA? Where Am and aah AA are the mass and area ofa small rectangle containing the point (x, y), and the limit is taken as the dimensions of the rectangle approaches to zero, as shown in Fig. 2.18. The Multiple Integrals |93"ese es density of a lamina at a point is the limit of its mass per area in a small rectangle about the point 2S the area goes to zero. To find the total mass m of the plate, we divide a larger rectangle containing R into sMaller rectangles. The density is considered zero outside R. By choosing a point (x, y) in each smaller rectangle, the mass of the plate in that rectangle is approximately the density at that Point times the area of the rectangle as shown in Fig, 2.19. Summing these masses gives an approximation of the total mass: m= 2 p(x,y) Aa. lo.» Taking the limit as the number of rectangles increases and their area decreases, we obtain the exact total mass as the double integral of p(x,y) over Pt the region R: L] m=IIq p(s) da. We discussed the center of mass of a lamina with constant density; now we consider a lamina with | >] I variable density. Suppose the lamina occupies a region R and has a density function (x,y). The moment of a particle about an axis is defined as the product of its mass and its distance from the axis. Figure 2.24 Subdividing the lamina into tiny rectangles each containing a sample point. We divide R into small rectangles as shown in the figure. The mass of each small rectangle is approximately p(x,y) AA, where (x, y) is a point within a rectangle. The moment of this rectangle with respect to the x-axis is the mass multiplied by its distance y from the x-axis: Moment = [ p(x, y) AA]. y. Summing these moments gives an approximation of the total moment of the the lamina with respect to the x-axis: M.= XY [p(x,y) AA.y]. Taking the limit as the number of rectangles increases and their area decreases, we obtain the exact moment of the lamina about the x-axis, M. = Ip yptx,y) da. Similarly, the moment of a rectangle with respect to the y-axis is the mass multiplied by its distance x from the y-axis: Moment = [ p(x, y) AA]. x. Suincning these moments gives an approximation of the total moments of this rectangle with respect to the y-axis: My= XE [p(x y) 4A.y]. 94 A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics-I!‘Taking the limit as the number of rectangles increases and their area decreases, we obtain the exact moment of the lamina about the y-axis: M, = Iq xpGsy) dA. ‘The center of mass (X, 9) is defined by the equations Mx = my and My =m X, where m is the total mass of the lamina, This means the lamina behaves as if all its mass is concentrated at this point. Consequently, the lamina will balance horizontally when supported at its center of mass, as shown in Fig. 2.20. The coordinates of centroid, denoted as C = (x, ¥) are given by eo Saxocey da Myx pla, y) de dy EME) Till (6 ne ee aera. © SI ots y) da x SI p(x, y) dx ay . _M, Tey pcs y) dA STy p(s y) dx dy y= = : m™ fig po ydd — SSp psy) dxay Figure 2.25 Centroid of lamina ‘Therefore, the center of mass of the plate (or the centroid of the region) is located at the point (X, 9), where x 1 1 ai Se x p(x, y) dx dy, salle y p(x, y) dx dy. Using Triple Integral We used double integrals to find moments and the center of mass for a thin plate with variable density. Now, with triple integrals, we can handle three-dimensionaal objects with variable density. Suppose the object occupies a region V in three-dimensional space, with the density at point (x, y, 2) given by a continuous function p(x, y, 2), defined as lim Am PO Y= avz0 av? where Am and AV are the mass and volume of a small rectangular prism containing the point (x, y, 2), and the limit is taken as the dimensions of the prism approach zero. The density of the object at a point is the limit of its mass per volume in a small prism about the point as the volume goes to zero. To find the total mass m of the object, we divide a larger rectangular prism containing V into smaller prisms, The density is considered zero outside V. By choosing a point (x, y, z) in each smaller prism, the mass of the object in that prism is approximately the density at that point times the volume of the prism. Summing these masses gives an approximation of the total mass: m= pi y,z)AV. Taking the limit as the number of prisms increases and their volume decreases, we obtain the exact ‘otal mass as the triple integral of p(x, y, 2) over the region V: m= flv pt, y,z) av. Multiple Integrals |95function p(x,y, z ). The mor its distance from the axis. We divide V into small prism, The m: ivi to small prism, ss of each small prism is approximately P(%> (sy, 2) is a Point within a prism. The moment of il tant Wath cape! to the 2 - plone (ay is the mass multiplied by its distance x fiom the ys. plane Moment = [ p(x, y,z) AV]. x. Summing these moments gives an approximation of the total moment of the object with Tespect the yz-plane: My= XX [p@y,.z) AV. x]. Taking the limit as the number of prisms increases and their volume decreases, we obtain the eg moment of the object about the yz-plane: My = Illy x ptx,y,2) av. Similarly, the moment of a prism with respect to the xz- plane (y-axis) is the mass multiplied byic distance y from the xz-plane: Moment = [ p(x, y,z) AV]. y. Summing these moments gives an approximation of the total moments of the object with respects the xz-plane: My=X XE [el y,z)aV-y]. Taking the limit as the number of prisms increases and their volume decreases, we obtain the ext moment of the object about the xz-plane: M, =JIIv ypcuy.2) av. | ‘The moment of a prism with respect to the xy- plane (z-axis) is the mass multiplied by its distant: from the xz-plane: Moment = [ p(x, y,z) AV] .z. Summing these moments gives an approximation of the total moment of the object with respect” the xy-plane: M.= XX E [p(x,y,z) AV.y]. Taking the limit as the number of prisms increases and their volume decreases, we obtain the moment of the object about the xy-plane: 96 | A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics-IIMy = Wly zpcy,z) av. ‘The center of mass (Error! is defined by the equations Mx = m Error! , My = m Error!, and M, = is the total mass of the object. Thi _ amare mi, where m is the tc the object. This means the object beh: s Concentrated at this point. The coordinates of centroid, denoted as c= irr! me Scr . SIIy x poy, 2) dv ct Shy x o(x, y, 2) dx dy dz Ss = m~ Jil) poyzav Sy ptx,y, 2) dx dy de’ . Ivy eey.2) av Sy etx, y.2) dx dy de My pox y.2av Ty pt ys 2) ax ay de M, I= ._ yzn.y2ev _ My200ey.2 dye Sihy poy. zdV— SIy plxy,z)dxdydz © a|z ‘Therefore, the center of mass of the object (or the centroid of the region) is located at the point (%, J, 2), where 1 2-4 JIK, x ple, y,2) dx dy ee, g=Llllyy ptsy,2) dx dye, 1Iy zp(%, ¥.2) dx dy dz, Ween Mele elu edicks moment about the x-axis and y-axis, and the 1, Using double integration, determine the mass, centroid of a triangular lamina with vertices (0, 0), (0, 3), (3, 0) and with density p(y) = xy kg/m’, Solution: Let p(x, y) = xy kg /m? represent the density function of th triangular lamina with vertices (0, 0), (0, 3); (3,0) as shown in the fi y plate formed by the line a igure. The mass of the plate is determined by 3 3-x ) m = fro. y) dA= Jo OY xydy) dx 3 =x 3 _f [xy? 3 =x) ah [SF an =f [22a 3 _f [9 3 oe =f [ants SJox-[7- 81 -[B-a a). Dig M 818 0 "ent about x -axis is determined as Multiple Integrals \974715, The moment about y- axis is determined as 3 3-x My= Spx p(s. y) dA = Io (te =) dx h [PS Zuc bE - [St 22, 248]. Bt 1 a+ a61= 20ke™ The x-coordinate of the plate’s center of mass is found by My_ (81/20) kgm _ 6 m7 (27/8)kg 5™ Similarly, the y-coordinate of the plate’s center of mass is My _ (81/20) kg.m_ 6 m~ (27/8)kg 5 Therefore, the centroid of mass at (%, 7 ) = & 4 : Pp 3 dx = fy [ox- 9x? + 3x" oo tyoaeee ol ~[$ 51 +22- Using double integration, determine the mass, moment about the x-axis and y-axis, and! centroid of a lamina with density funetion p(x y) =x + y (kg/m?) occupying the reg) bounded by the parabola y = x" from x= 0, x=1. Solution: Let p(x, y) = x + y (kg/m?) represent density function formed by the parabola y* from x = 0, x =1 as shown in the figure. The mass of the plate is determined by lex m = SJ p(s y)dA= iC, wend) dx : 1 2 1 x* U [erst anise a ae tied =La* 10h“ L4* 10]> 20 “8 Moment about x -axis is determined as 98| A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics-II a>. Ya 1 A as 1 x Mx= SIpy p(s) dA = AC een a) ax= Jy [Se | dx 0) Teche «seal ee!) a of.) fb til e b(§ = 5) ax [i * mon lata g kam. Moment about y-axis is determined as 2 s 641 (2.4) -f1, 5). ax -5 * 7 EE i wile 60 Kem. ‘The x-coordinate of the plate’s center of mass is found by My_ (17/60) kgm _ 17 ="m~ (7/20)kg ~ 21™ Similarly, the y-coordinate of the plate’s center of mass is _ Ms _ (/8)kgm_ 5 m (7/20)kg. 14™ Bit a? 1 A n= lx naa fo fy xesy4y) c= fy [ey EY 7 Therefore, the centroid of mass at (x, ¥ ) = G 14 3. Using double integration, determine the mass, moment about the x-axis and y-axis, and the centroid of a lamina enclosed by the curve y = 0, y = cos x, from x = -m/2 to x = w/2 with density function p(x, y) = y gm/em’. Solution: Let p(x, y) = y gm/cm? as the continuous density function of the lamina enclosed by the curve y = cos x from x = -7/2, x = 7/2 as shown in the figure. The mass of the plate is determined by n/2 (_cosx pce yy aa~ fol 0 a 2 7 apo -n/2 [ al * ax = 5) a2 cos" dx nd =] cos’ dx = -, + HT? Bam Tattoo 74 em Moment about x -axis is determined as wid ( osx ) wi? Mu Bayete y d= Sea So Xa ee=Lan Multiple Integrals |991 ( Nx 1 My= Sax pty) da =$ ACs x sa-h [2 -i pe s]-1f2 43 2L7 ° 5lo° 2177 5|= Syemem. The x-coordinate of the plate’s center of mass is found by My_(3/70)kg.cm _ 4 m~ (3/40)kg 7o™- Similarly, the y-coordinate of the plate’s center of mass is _ My _ (1/24) kgcm_ 5 =m (3/40)kg 7 9° Therefore, the centroid of mass at (x, 7) = @ 3) 5. The density at any point on a semicircular lamina is proportional to the distance from the center of the circle. Find the center of mass of the lamina, using double integration. Solution: Consider the lamina to be the upper half of the circle x? + y*= a? as shown in the figure. The distance from a point ( x, y) to the center of the circle (the origin) is kx’ +y . Therefore the density function is : (oa) px, =k FY, where k is some constant. The region is described by r varies from 0 to a, and @ varies from 0 to 1. The: mass of the lamina is determined by Es m = SIpoGeaa= Mpenxteyan =[y fp krceatany mop eral ka’ (* kna =fo[ 5], -*plowo= “5° om Both the lamina and the density function are symmetric with respect to the y-axis, so the center of mass must lie on the y-axis. Therefore, the x-coordinate of center of mass is zero. The y- coordinate is given by 1 iJ 5-4 Tay ct yda- Tag Ueky VEY aa ae eT : =e lo he esino r(eded0) -Zalo[“F, sino ee ka 233 3a oso] 38 nF apo sino de=T |" a lp “25 x Multiple Integrals [101Qn, et here Moments, and the centroid of a portion of the sper in first octant with density p(x, y, 2) = 1 (gm/cm"), using triple integr: by the first octant o Solution: Let p(x, y, 2) = | gnvom® represent the constant density bounde the sphere x74 y?4 2? = 9? as in the figure, The mass of the solid of sphere in the first octant is determined by m = Ih oc y,2yave Jily ax ay az a NOR aap ) =hfo WV geet, ay ax. 1, y=r sind ee = ind, =r sinO sin ‘We convert to spherical coordinates for easier integration, where x = rcos0 s ‘ i do. 21 Cos. The volume element dx dy dz in spherical coordinates is 1? sind dr d0 do. The bounds for r are from 0 to a for 0 are fro 7/2. Therefore, Therefore, the centroid of mass at (8, §) = 6 #) ; 6. Determine the mass, ytotsg 1m. 0 to w/2(since its in the first octant), and for @ are from os 2 £7(? sas a) m-flo (Re dr) si aa =* Jo sing 46) a0 a2 yl wid 4 =a Pat 09 =F) do = 2S gm, By symmetry, M, = My = +: The moment about the xy-plane ( M, is given by Me= Ml y20(x, y.2) av =I, zax dy az, Using spherical coordinates, we get Mm foly (po ee) sing cost dé dd /2( nt2 i Jy sinag a) a9 4 m2 /2 4 nd. 4 S aa cos2 a “FS [=f 0-55 40 = 45 emom, ‘The moment about the yz-plane (M,) and ox. plane (M,) are ‘ ‘ nal af My ~"T6 sm.cm., M, = ream cm. The coordinates of centroid (3, 5,3 ) are given by aM. walig _ dan =Mu_ malig an M, _ wet/l6 _3an m na my mo onal6 8° 2 mo wale 8troid of mass at (x, 3a 3am ‘Therefore, the cent (, SeeE a 7, Determine the mass, moments and the centroid of a below the paraboloid z= 1-x’-y* with constant de integration. Prism bounded above the xy-plane and nsity p(x, y, z) = k (gm/cm’) using triple 7 A solution: Let p(x, ¥, 2) = k gnvem* represent the constant density bounded above the xy-plane and below the paraboloid z= 1- x°- y* as shown in the figure. “The mass of the plate is determined by 1 NI-« Doxa m = My poay2)av= My eax dyde=Kl Lyre (1) de) ay a We convert to cylindrical coordinates for easier integration, where x= reos®, y = r sin®, z= z ‘The volume element dx dy dz in cylindrical coordinates is r dr d@ dz. The bounds for r are from 0 to | for @ are from 0 to 2x, and for z are from 0 to 1 - 1°, Therefore, mals (Pos) 6 wale (Ioce-2 yar Ja =i [5-8 ky kx -!f 0 = Sem. Since the region is symmetric about the z-axis, My =My = 0.The moment about the xy-plane ( M,) is given by M= W[lyzpc yz) av =SIfy kz ax dy az. Using cylindrical coordinates, we get 2 ih (fe de) se eile rdrd0 =Afa(loc-2)? ra )ao= $f [4] ep ken = ER dO = 6 emcm. M, The coordinates of centroid (%, J, 2) are given by M, , oMee M _(kx/6)gmcm_ 1 xaMbeo, 5-0 0. m~ (kn/2)gm 3°" m 7 *eteore the centroid of mass at (8, 9,2) = (0 [ Multiple Integrals |103tion PM y, t Determine the mass, moments and the centroid of a prism with @ cent ae ia the fy are vies Jgmien'y using triple integration. ‘The prism Is # Ey ‘and 2= 1 . led by th i =O,x=Ly=Oyohe= y the coordinate planes x= 0, x= 1, y=, = 1 ction bounded Th, Soh ry fun Let p(x, y,z) = x+y +z+ 1 ( grvem?) represent the density MIT y= 1, y=) Prism is a solid cube in the first octant, bounded by the coordinate planes =1,2=0, andz=1as_in the figure. The mass of the plate is determined by m = My pcy.zav = My wry +2+ tax dye eral =Io lo (hespicsiya dare Ad 2 1 z =hobol x2 tyztGr2] dy dx 1 1 5 @ 1 =h(oery+d+n sy) = ol xy SE] a 1 2 ios =f qr2yae=[F+2x] = Jem. By symmetry, M, = My = Mz. The moment about the xy-plane ( M,) is given by M.= My z (x, y, 2) av =I (xty+z+ 1)z dx dy dz 1p 1 =JoLo (fyccety+ne+24) de) ay cx 1d 2 1 =lolol ory +5 + 5] dy dx 1 1 1 (loory+n$+ $) apace 32 4-2] ax =f [eB -[E+ Bay -4 7 40.2 La Yass = see The coordinates of centroid (i, 7, %) are given by & 1 5 8 8 8 Therefore, the centroid of mass at (%, 9, 2) = & ie 4) : 8. Determine the mass, moments, and centroid of a prism with a densi ‘ pt 2x (gm/em’) using triple integration. The region is defined by a votciea pee the coordinate axes at the points (2, 0, 0), (0, 2, 0), and (0, 0, 2), eo aater: 104 | A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics-Il —_ ~~= 2 Solution: Let p(% Ys z) = 2x ( gnvcm’ ) represent the density function bounded. The prism is a tetrahedron meeting at the points (2, 0,0), (0, 2,0), and (0, 0,2). So the equation of the plane ig xy +2=2as shown in the figure, ‘The mass of the plate is determined by w -fly se Uy snaaee es (PY a) ay a2h(Lo @-x-y) ay) ax = 2h 2-0y LP cae oO = 2h [2-0 OT) on = Jo (2-x)?x dx 3 2 = «Ax? + x3) dx =| 2527-4 EP _P 32 4 = fo cae 4x2 + x3) dx [x zi +]- [5-24 4] - 4m ‘The moment about the xy-plane ( M,) is given by M.= Illy zp,y,2) av = My 22x dx dy az -fi. Ge cae) 2x dy dx= R(Pe e-x-y? dy)xex 0 = [PEP a a i (2x) x dx 1 = Zlo Bx- 12x? +6 x?- x) dx ‘The moment about the yz-plane (M,) is given by M= Illy xpe.y.2yav = [fly 2%? dx dy de “fle (= a) 2x’ dy d=2h (fo @-x-¥) ayatex = abl c2-x? ~ 29) 2 =f, a-witax : : B canta axa [2 ate The moment about the zx-plane ( My) is given by M= Il yptxy,zyav = [My 2x y dx dy de Multiple Integrals {105 beeld ———_——S “hie ce we) 2xydy dxe2(Le any) yay 2 2 342. = ah (2-9 ¥% : SY) xa -1f (2-x)' x dx 2 1 3 4 = Io @x- 1x? 6x0 x4 de =F [area BE The coordinates of centroid (3, 7, 2) are given by —My_I6/15_ 4 My: 8/5 “in 473 > 59M Vee Tag Therefore, the centroid of mass at (&, j, 2) = & 2 Exercise - 9 '. Find, using double integration, the mass, moments, and centroid of a triangular lamina with vertices (0, 0), (1, 0), and (0, 1) with the density function is p (x, y) =x + y kg/m? Find, using double integration, the mass, moments, and centroid of a triangular lamina that occupies the region y”= x, y= 0, x= 1 with density function is p( x, y) = x kg/m? 3. Using double integration, find the mass, moment about x-axis and y-axis, and centroid of a triangular lamina that occupies the region y = sin x, from x = 0, x = x with density function P(x, y) = y kg/m? 4. Using double integration, find the mass, moment about x-axis and y-axis, and centroid of a triangular lamina that enclosed by the lines y = 0, y = 2x, and 2x + y =4 with density function P(X, y) = x kg/m’. 5. Using triple integration, find the mass, moment about x-axis and y-axis, and centroid of a solid Parabolic cylinder z = 4 - x?, and the planes x = 0, y = 0, y = 6, and z = 0 with density function P(x, y, 2) =k gm/em?, 6. Find the mass, moment about z-axis for a solid enclosed by the cylinder x? + y? = 4 bounded above by the paraboloid z = x? + y* with constant density p (x, y, z) = 1 gm/cm’, using triple N integration. Line 4, 1 a 3 QL 2 ‘S 1. 3kg, gem, gkem, g@ 2) 2. keg kgm, kgm, 6. 4 eC 16 4 3 ‘3 2 3. Eke, 5 ken, kam, (§, 4) 4. 2g, Fkem, 2 kam, G 5) 8 256 5. 32k gmem, 96k gm.em , 24kgm.cm, =k amem, 7 ) 6.8n, Be 6. 0, 9 ee 106 | A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics-I!