Atoms, Molecules and Ions

Chapter 2

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 Atomic Structure

Dalton’s Atomic Theory (1808):

1. Elements are composed of extremely

small particles called atoms.

2. All atoms of a given element are

identical, having the same size, mass
and chemical properties.

3. Compounds are composed of atoms

of more than one element. In any
compound, the ratio of the numbers of
atoms of any two of the elements
present is either an integer or a simple
fraction.

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mass p ≈ mass n ≈ 1840 x mass e-

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 Atomic number, Mass number and Isotopes
Atomic number (Z) = number of protons in nucleus
Mass number (A) = number of protons + number of neutrons
= atomic number (Z) + number of neutrons
Isotopes are atoms of the same element (X) with different
numbers of neutrons in their nuclei
Mass Number A
ZX
Element Symbol
Atomic Number

1 2 3
1H 1H (D) 1H (T)
H isotopes names: hydrogen deuterium tritium

235 238
92 U 92 U
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Atomic number, Mass number and Isotopes

The Isotopes of Hydrogen

hydrogen deuterium tritium

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 Atomic number, Mass number and Isotopes

Atoms are electrically neutral; the number of

electrons is equal to the number of protons.

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How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in 6 C ?
6 protons, 8 (14 - 6) neutrons, 6 electrons

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How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in 6 C ?
6 protons, 5 (11 - 6) neutrons, 6 electrons

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Atomic number, Mass number and Isotopes

Find number of electrons, protons, and neutrons?

63 239 26 17 202 48
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Cu 94
Pu 13
Al O
8 80
Hg 22
Ti
e- 29 94 13 8 80 22
p+ 29 94 13 8 80 22
n 34 145 13 9 122 26

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Atomic number, Mass number and Isotopes

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 The Modern Periodic Table
Alkali Earth Metal
Alkali Metal

Noble Gas
Halogen
Group
Period

½ of elements discovered between (1800-1900)

Only noble gases exists as single atoms called monoatomic
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Group : similar chemical properties Period : increasing Z
Metals Metalloids Nonmetals

- good conductors of heat and electricity

Metals - occupy most of the table

- not good conductors of heat and electricity

Nonmetals - only 17 elements

Metalloids - Intermediate between metals and nonmetals

- only 8 elements

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 Molecules and Ions
A molecule is an aggregate of two or more atoms in a definite
arrangement held together by chemical forces

H2 H2O NH3 CH4

A diatomic molecule contains only two atoms

H2, N2, O2, Br2, HCl, CO

diatomic elements
A polyatomic molecule contains more than two atoms
O3, H2O, NH3, CH4
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An ion is an atom, or group of atoms, that has a net
positive or negative charge.
cation – ion with a positive charge
If a neutral atom loses one or more electrons
it becomes a cation.

11 protons 11 protons
Na 11 electrons
Na+ 10 electrons

anion – ion with a negative charge

If a neutral atom gains one or more electrons
it becomes an anion.

17 protons 17 protons
Cl 17 electrons
Cl- 18 electrons

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A monatomic ion contains only one atom
Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, O2-, Al3+, N3-

A polyatomic ion contains more than one atom

OH-, CN-, NH4+, NO3-

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 27 3+
How many protons and electrons are in 13 Al ?

13 protons, 10 (13 – 3) electrons

78 2-
How many protons and electrons are in 34 Se ?

34 protons, 36 (34 + 2) electrons

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 Chemical Formulas
A molecular formula shows the exact number of
atoms of each element in the smallest unit of a
substance

An empirical formula shows the simplest

whole-number ratio of the atoms in a substance

molecular empirical
H2O H2O
C6H12O6 CH2O
O3 O
N2H4 NH2
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ionic compounds consist of a combination of cations
and an anions
• The formula is usually the same as the empirical formula
• The sum of the charges on the cation(s) and anion(s) in
each formula unit must equal zero

The ionic compound NaCl

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 Reactive Elements

The most reactive metals (green)

and the most reactive nonmetals (blue)
combine to form ionic compounds.

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 Formula of Ionic Compounds
If the charges on the cation and anion are numerically
different, we apply the following rule to make the formula
electrically neutral.

The subscript of the cation is numerically equal to the charge

on the anion, and the subscript of the anion is numerically
equal to the charge on the cation.

Aluminum Oxide. The cation is Al3+ and the oxygen anion is O2-

The sum of the charges is 2(+3) + 3(-2) = 0

Thus, the formula for aluminum oxide is Al2O3.

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Formula of Ionic Compounds
2 x +3 = +6 3 x -2 = -6

3+
Al2O3 2-
Al O

1 x +2 = +2 2 x -1 = -2

2+
CaBr2 -
Ca Br

2 x +1= +2 1 x -2 = -2

+
Na2CO3 2-
Na CO3
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Common Ions Shown on the Periodic Table

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 Naming Compounds

Ionic Compounds
– Often a metal + nonmetal
– Anion (nonmetal), add “-ide” to element name

BaCl2 barium chloride

K2O potassium oxide

Mg(OH)2 magnesium hydroxide

KNO3 potassium nitrate

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 Transition metal ionic compounds
• Indicate charge on metal with Roman numerals (I, II, III, ..)

FeCl2 2 Cl- -2, so Fe is +2 Iron (II) chloride

FeCl3 3 Cl- -3, so Fe is +3 Iron (III) chloride

Cr2S3 3 S-2 -6, so Cr is +3 (6/2) Chromium (III) sulfide

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If transition metals can form more than one type of
cations we use (–ic ) for higher charge and (-ous )
for lower charge .

FeCl2 iron(II) chloride becomes ferrous chloride

FeCl3 iron(III) chloride becomes ferric chloride

CuCl cupper(I) chloride becomes cupperous chloride

CuCl2 cupper(II) chloride becomes cupperic chloride

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 Molecular Compounds
− They are usually composed of nonmetallic elements.
− Many molecular compounds are binary compounds.
− Naming binary molecular compounds is similar to
naming binary ionic compounds.
− We place the name of the first element in the
formula first, and the second element is named by
adding -ide to the root of the element name.

HCl hydrogen chloride

HBr hydrogen bromide
SiC silicon carbide

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If a pair of elements form more than
one compound, use prefixes to
indicate number of each kind of atom
Notes in naming compounds with
prefixes:

The prefix “mono-” may be omitted for

the first element.
For example, PCl3 is named
phosphorus trichloride, not
monophosphorus trichloride.

For oxides, the ending “a” in the prefix is

sometimes omitted.
For example, N2O4 may be called
dinitrogen tetroxide rather than
dinitrogen tetraoxide.
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Name the following compounds:

HI hydrogen iodide

NF3 nitrogen trifluoride

SO2 sulfur dioxide

N2Cl4 dinitrogen tetrachloride

NO2 nitrogen dioxide

N2O dinitrogen monoxide

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 Acids
An acid can be defined as a substance that yields
hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water.

For example: HCl gas and HCl in water

Pure substance, hydrogen chloride

Dissolved in water (H3O+ and Cl−),

hydrochloric acid

Anions whose names end in “-ide” form acids with a “hydro-”

prefix and an “-ic” ending.
HCl hydrogen chloride
HCl hydrochloric acid
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Some Examples of Acids

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 Naming Oxoacids and Oxoanions
An oxoacid is an acid that contains hydrogen, oxygen, and
another element.
nitric acid carbonic acid phosphoric acid

The formulas of oxoacids are usually written with the H first,

followed by the central element and then O.
H2CO3 (carbonic acid), HClO3 (chloric acid),
HNO3 (nitric acid), H3PO4 (phosphoric acid),
H2SO4 (sulfuric acid)
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Two or more oxoacids have the same central atom but a
different number of O atoms; the following rules to name these
compounds.
1. Addition of one O atom to the “-ic” acid: The acid is
called “per . . -ic” acid. ( --ate)
HClO3 chloric acid
HClO4 perchloric acid

2. Removal of one O atom from the “-ic” acid: The acid is

called “-ous” acid. ( --ite)
HNO3 nitric acid
HNO2 nitrous acid

3. Removal of two O atoms from the “-ic” acid: The acid is

called “hypo . . . -ous” acid.
HBrO3 Bromic acid
HBrO hypobromous acid.
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The rules for naming oxoanions, anions of oxoacids, are
as follows:
1. When all the H ions are removed from the “-ic” acid,
the anion’s name ends with “-ate.”
2. When all the H ions are removed from the “-ous” acid,
the anion’s name ends with “-ite.”
3. The names of anions in which one or more but not all the
hydrogen ions have been removed must indicate the
number of H ions present.
For example:
– H3PO4 phosphoric acid
– H2PO4- dihydrogen phosphate
– HPO4 2- hydrogen phosphate
– PO43- phosphate
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parent acid for all halogenic acids is:
HXO3 Halogenic acid

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 Bases

A base can be defined as a substance that yields hydroxide

ions (OH-) when dissolved in water.

NaOH sodium hydroxide

KOH potassium hydroxide

Ba(OH)2 barium hydroxide

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 Hydrated Compounds
Hydrates are compounds that have a specific number
of water molecules attached to them.
BaCl2•2H2O barium chloride dihydrate
LiCl•H2O lithium chloride monohydrate
MgSO4•7H2O magnesium sulfate heptahydrate
Sr(NO3)2•4H2O strontium nitrate tetrahydrate

CuSO4•5H2O CuSO4

Name?
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