APPROACHER AND PRACTICES IN PEST MANAGEMNET

Exercise 1

PREDOMINANT WEEDS ASSOCIATED WITH VARIOUS CROPS

INTRODUCTION:

Weeds are commonly defined as troublesome plants, undesirable and growing in places
where they are not wanted. They compete with crops for nutrients, light, water, and space
requirements needed for their growth and development. Because of their being the greater
competitor than crops for the abovementioned factors, reductions in crop yield are expected. The
extent of damage caused by weeds on crop yield is influenced by factors like weed species and
density, cropping season and crop species.

The knowledge of the predominant weed species associated with various crops is
extremely necessary in the formulation of an effective control strategy. For instance, in chemical
weed control, the kind of herbicide to be used will depend on the weed species one wished to
manage.

OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this exercise, the students should be able to:

1. have conducted a survey of weed species associated with various crops;

2. identify the predominant weeds growing with the different species of crops; and
3. compute for different parameters to determine the dominant weed species.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

1. Each student will work individually. In your locality, look for a farm of your assigned crop
(cereals, rootcrops, vegetables), and conduct a weed survey.

2. With the use of 50cm x 50cm quadrat, conduct a random sampling of weed species for each
assigned field. Throw the quadrat 3x for each field. Each quadrat represents a replication.
Instruction: Make a makeshift quadrat.

3. Collect all weeds within the quadrat by cutting the base of the plant. Classify them based on
its gross morphology such as grass, sedge and broadleaf weeds.

4. Count and identify the various weeds up to species level collected within each quadrat. Use
available references to identify the weed species.
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5. Compute for the relative density (RD) of each weed species using the formula:

No. of individual weed species

%/RD = ----------------------------------------------- x 100
Total no. of all weed species

Dry weight of individual weed species

6. Prepare and submit a report in a scientific format with introduction (citing at least 2 works
related to the activity), materials and methods, results and discussion, conclusion, and
references.

Answer the following questions:

1. What type of weeds dominated the field? Is it of the same gross morphology of the
crop it is associated with? Explain your answer.
- The type of weeds dominated the field is the broadleaf, Yes it is the same gross
morphology of the crop, broadleaf are most dominated weeds in the dragon fruit crop
because they can be easy to spot growing among grasses.

2. How do you determine the predominant weeds associated with your crop? Name the
top three weed species that dominated the field.
- To determine the predominant weeds associated the crop is where and when the
weeds is growing and what group the weeds belongs to. The top three weed species
that dominated the field are broadleaf, grasses, and sedges.

3. What is the importance of having at least three random weed samplings in the field?
-It is important because some weeds provide habitat for beneficial oraganisms and
thereby contribute significantly to natural and biological control of some insect pests.

Plant Families Containing Weedy Species

Family Aizoacea
Trianthema portulacastrum

Family Amaranthaceae
Amaranthus spinosus
Amaranthus virides
Celosia argentea

Family Araceae
 Pistia stratiotes

Family Asteraceae
Ageratum conyzoides
Bidens pilosa
Chromolaena odorata
Eclipta alba
Emilia sonchifolia
Galensoga parviflora
Mikania cordata
Synedrella nodiflora
Tridax procumbens
Vernonia cinerea
Wedelia prostrata

Family Boraginaceae
Heliotropium indicum

Family Capparidaceae
Cleome rutidosperma
Cleome viscosa

Family Commelinaceae
Commelina benghalensis
Commelina diffusa
Murdannia nodiflora

Family Convolvulaceae
Ipomoea triloba
Merremia tridentata
Ipomoea aquatica

Family Cyperaceae
Cyperus brevifolius
Cyperus compressus
Cyperus difformis
Cyperus iria
Cyperus kyllingia
Cyperus rotundus
Fimbristylis dichotoma
Fimbristylis miliacea
Scirpus maritimus
 Scirpus supinus

Family Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia hirta
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbia prostrata
Phyllantus neruri

Family Lamiaceae
Hyptis capitata
Hyptis suaveolens

Family Leguminosae (Mimosaceae)

Desmodium procumbens
Mimosa invisa
Mimosa pudica

Family Nyctaginaceae
Boerhavia diffusa
Boerhavia erecta

Family Onagraceae
Ludwigia octovalvis spp. sessilflora

Family Oxalidaceae
Biophytum sensitivum

Family Piperaceae
Peperomia pellucida

Family Poaceae
Axonopus compressus
Brachiaria distachya
Brachiaria mutica
Cenchrus echinatus
Chloris barbata
Chrysopagon aciculatus
Cynodon dactylon
Dactyloctenium aegyptium
Digitaria ciliaris
Digitaria longiflora
Digitaria sanguinalis
 Echinochloa colona
Echinochloa crusgalli spp. hispidula
Echinochloa glabrescens
Eleusine indica
Imperata cylindrica
Ischaemum rugosum
Leptochloa chinensis
Panicum repens
Paspalum conjugatum
Paspalum dilatatum
Paspalum distichum
Paspalidium flavidum
Rottboellia cochinchinensis
Sorghum halepense

Family Pontederiaceae
Eichhornia crassipes
Monochoria vaginalis

Family Portulacaceae
Portulaca oleracea

Family Rubiaceae
Borreria laevis
Borreria latifolia
Borreria ocymoides

Family Sphenocleaceae
Sphenochlea zeylanica

Family Verbenaceae
Lantana camara
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis
 SOME COMMON WEEDS OF THE PHILIPPINES

1. WETLAND FIELDS:

Scientific Name English Common Name

Cyperus difformis L. …………………………. Small-flower umbrella plant

Cyperus iria L. ………………………………. Rice flatsedge
Echinochloa glabrescens Munro ex Hook f…. Barnyardgrass
Echinochloa colona (L.) Link ……………….. Junglerice
Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) spp.
Eichornia crassipes (Mart.) Holms…………. Water hyacinth
Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl. ……………… Fimbristylis
Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees ……………… Sprangletop
Ludwigia octovalvis spp. sessilflora ………… Water purslane
Monochoria vaginalis (Burm.) Presl. ……… Monochoria
Paspalum distichum L………………………… Knotgrass
Pistia stratiotes L. ……………………………. Water lettuce
Scirpus grossus L.f.
Scirpus maritimus L. ………………………… Bulrush
Sphenochlea zeylanica Gaertn. ……………… Gooseweed

2. DRYLAND FIELDS:

Scientific Name English Common Name

Ageratum conyzoides L. ………………….. Tropic ageratum

Amaranthus spinosus L. ………………… Spiny amaranth
Bidens pilosa L. …………………………. Beggar's tick
Borreria laevis Lam. Griseb.
Celosia argentea L. ………………………. Celosia
Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King and Devil weed
R. Robinson
Cleome rutidosperma DC. ……………… Spindletop
Commelina benghalensis L. ……………… Dayflower
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. ………………. Bermudagrass
Cyperus rotundus L. ………………………. Purple nutsedge
Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Beauv. ……. Crowfootgrass
Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. …………… Large crabgrass
Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. ………………….. Eclipta
Echinochloa colona (L.) Link ……………… Junglerice
Eleusine indica (L.) Link Gaertn. ………… Goosegrass
Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. ……………. Red tassel flower
Euphorbia hirta L. ………………………… Milk weed
Heliotropium indicum L. ………………… Indian heliotrope
Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. …………… Cogongrass
Ipomoea triloba L. ………………………… Three-lobe morning glory
Lantana camara L. ………………………… Lantana
Mimosa invisa Mart. ………………………. Giant sensitive plant
Mimosa pudica L. ………………………….. Sensitive plant
Paspalidium flavidum (Retz) A. Camus…… Paspalum
Paspalum conjugatum Bergius ……………. Sour paspalum
Portulaca oleracea L. ……………………… Common purslane
Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour)W.D.Clayton..Itchgrass
Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. …………. Synedrella
Trianthema portulacastrum L. ……………. Horse purselane
Vernonia cinerea L. ……………………….. Iron weed
Mikania cordata Burm. (f.) B.L. Robinson… Mile-A- minute weed