Lecture 14: Parallel Operation of Transformers a “—— ~ a “Parallel operation of transformers+ Transformers are said to be connected in parallel w1 are connected to a common voltage supply & their secondary windings are connected to a common load . For large loads, it may be impractical or uneconomical to construct a single large transformer. If there is a breakdown of a transformer in a system of transformers connected in parallel, there is no interruption of power for essential services. 3. Transformers can be turned ON or OFF depending upon power demand. So, losses decreases & efficiency increases. Cost of stand by unit is reduced when 2 or more transformers are installed. » N -eK (1) Transformers must have sane voltage ratio. $v + When primaries are exciled by a common source then by having same voltage ratio we get same secondary voltage. + Otherwise due to different secondary voltages a large circulating current may flow in secondary. (2) Polarities of two transformer must be same*en (ensured, by Polarity Test) + Equal secondary voltages bat of opposite polarities may give rise to circulating currents.By nodal analysis, V~10 , V-9 59-9 01 01 te Or soa 20 V = 140 .1+0. v=7V =10-V _ 30a 01 9-V a"oa A se Tc causes Pi=26'xO1x D> 125W R.zaorxot +20KO1 — over heating ‘ecw = 180) — unequal current sharing ~> power loss t(1) Transformers must have same voltage ratio. (2) Transformers must have same phase sequence. (3) Transformers must belong to same phasor group. (same phase shift 0°/180° : Dd, Yy, Dz bho primary \ +30°/180°30° : Yd, Dy, Yz secondary)70k Desirable Conditions (1) Load sharing « (KVA) rating > equivalent leakage Z of both transformer in pu on their own base must be equal. (2) X/R ratio of both transformer must be same CR&eX are sexes branch Parameters) > power factor of both transformer becomes same as load pf.B-Vre, r= tan (4) = some pf of *- = Ga) Vv £6, om We fie Ye Zz 6-8+ Primary but due to different voltage ratio secondary voltages are different. Z, + equivalent Z of 1% transformer referred to secondary. Zs : equivalent Z of 2-4 transformer referred to secondary. KCL: =h+h —I,Z, +1,Z,Equal voltage ratios“ ip Secondary aa Ifa, =a, - : Then there is no circulating current Sa i 'Z = I, = B (zz) t-(2_\t 5-5 ( Zs } -(774-}h NZ AZo Same as current division s zy between 2 parallel impedances. Wh = (2) p (Za Sa} _|Za. 1 (1) Load sharing <7 5o7 (2) Both impedances must be used as complex values in expression of load sharing. Zy=RatjXq Zu = Rp + jXp (3) In expression of Sy and Sg Both Z, and Z, must be in ohms or in pu but on a common base. we need to use change of base. a Z,,(new) = Z (ok, Soon }{e) old Generally, we transform Z on a lower MVA base to a higher MVA base. Usually, voltage base is same for both transformer and it need not be changed.Desirable condition ZySq(ral d) Load sharing « KVA rating S, (rated) S, (rated) S Z Ley = LA "vf = 28 < Only magnitude Vi(rated)“*'V"(rated) : 2? S, (rated) ae = a ta, —ZAMelee? Z. yy wewant" 78, ~ §,(rated) sea) A. Z, _ S (rated) Z,(pu)=Z, (pu) Z, Sa(rated) + For load sharing « (KVA) rating Generally. Veg = same for both transformer > magnitude of pu Z of both transformer on their individual base must be same.* Due to unequal voltage ratios, secondary voltage of both transformer unequal. E,=Vi/a Ey=Vi/a2 that, Me Z.— Maximum load KVA that can be connected to paral transformer gets overload. + Transformer with lower pu leakage Z on its own base gets overloaded first. Step-1: Compute magnitude of pu Z of both transformer on their own which one is lower. Step-2: Assume Z,(pu) < Z,(pu) [own base] K transformer gets overloaded first assume Sy= $y Crated)Step-3: Convert Z, and Z, in Q or in pu ona S_(Z.), 5,-(2Y¥. ; a-(2}; 5 (BY seeasove Step-4: Maximum loading S, =5, +S, Comparison for max. loading Own base oad shoring « takin, Load KVA Zpu on own bare most be equal. Shoxini TN Common base: S, and S; expression or ohmsS= WL, = Aoox: Question-01 = 12teKy Two I—¢) transformer in parallel supply a load of 500 Amp equivalent impedance refer to secondary side are Z, = (2 + j3) Z, =(2.5+j Calculate the Spa te | Zi | 2 Seo} 2443 (i) Current supplied by each transformer Zi +Z2 last]? (ii) KVA supplied by each transformer = 196-48 GA (i) 1, = 304.53A, I, = 196.44 (ii) S, = 121.8 KVA, S, = 78.56 kVA “en (b) (i) 1, = 295A, 1, = 196A (ii) S, = 304.53 kVA, S, = 196.39 kVA (c) (i) 1, = 304.53A, I, = 196.4A (ii) S, = 121.8 KVA, S, = 210.79 kVA (d) (i) 1, = 295A, 1, = 205.5A (ii) S, = 251.5 kVA, S) = 78.56 kVA REG) 8 [asus Z +22, 24 jRt2stys §- 2 |= = BoAsiA Z+Z!Two transformers of different kVA ratings working in proportional to their ratings when their (a) per unit leakage impedances on the same kVA base are the same. GF per unit leakage impedances on their respective ratings are equal (c) ohmic values of the leakage impedance are inversely proportional to their ratings. (d) ohmic values of the leakage magnetizing reactances are the same.[tuestion-03] Two transformers with leakage impedance Z, = (0.1 + j0. Z, = (0.05 + j0.2)Q are connected in parallel. The ratio of load s! (a) Equal f 2 Sg Gey (23 = O0S-JO2. ooegez 2 (nee)Question-04 Two transformers are to be operated in parallel such that their kVA ratings. The rating of the first transformer is 500 kVA pu impedance is 0.05 pu. If the rating of second transformer is 250 kVA, its pu esas impedance is (a) 0.20 dood. shacreng « KYA rating erate Zpe on own bare most be equal (d) 0.025Question-05 Two single-phase transformer T, and T; each rated at 500 k Percentage impedances of T, and T, are (1 + j6) and (0.8 + j4.8), load of 1000 kVA at 0.8 lagging power factor, the contribution of T, (in kVA) is = Oo fo age Z= puz xloofo So= bee? = a Zpus= O-014Jo06 = SSPsskuA Zpuz = 0-008 + foods ae So S a « (eee ee erore joos J = foe 0-01 (1446) qe O18 +4 O- =) bet Gi)Giestionoe) OS BE) coshro-8 Cos 5 Two single-phase 100 kVA transformers, each having diffe v connected in parallel. When a load of 150 kVA at 0.8 power facto (a) both transformers will operate at power factor more than 0.8 lagging (b) both transformers will operate at power factor less than 0.8 lagging Fone of the transformers will operate at power factor more than 0.8 lagging and other will operate at power factor less than 0.8 lagging (d) both transformers will operate at identical power factors uf LA Tokio = Same oe #Some each WF pf = toed ef Pf of one 2 Oe = 0-8 toy Pf of otha < 0-8Two single phase transformers with equal turns have imped (0.6 + j 1) ohms with respect to the secondary, If they operate in share a load of 100 kW at 0.8 p.f. lagging? (a) 50 kW, S0kW B= f, = loy = \2skva (b) 62 kW, 38 kW 2 sn ent 70x 4 78.2 KW, 21.8 kW ae (d) 855kW.145kW Si s.) i Cs = 128 23686 Ge +g . $9864 439-64 Pi = 5-8 6KW Pr= loo - P= 2et4 kwTwo 10 kV/440 V, 1 — @ transformer of ratings 600 kVA parallel to share a load of 800 kVA. The reactances of the transfor secondary side are 0.0198 © and 0.0304 Q respectively (resistances negligible). The load shared by the two transformers will be, respectively 484.5 kVA and 315.5 kVA Six & —-) (b) 315.5 KVA and 484.5 kVA Zi +: (c) 533 KVA and 267 kVA = Bo0[/go0204 (d) 267 kVA and 533 kVA Cor 0188 FyoOBO4 =a = ¥84-S KVAIf the percentage impedances of the two transformers wot then (a) Transformers will be overheated (b) Power factors of both the transformers will be same (c) parallel operation will not be possible \F parallel operation will still be possiblesupply a load of 1000 kVA at 0.8 pf lagging. One transformer is rated 4 (0.01 + j0.06) pu impedance and other is rated at 600 kVA and has an impedance (0.04 + j0.05) pu, determine load kVA on each transformer respectively. (a) S, = 337.54 kVA, S, = 662.46 kVA S, = [ooo] 0°04 +4005. . 428-63 (b) $, = 358.5 kVA, S) = 641.46 kVA possty OM Kua (c) S, = 758.6 kVA, S, = 241.4 kVA - ‘ (d) S, = 611.24 kVA, S, = 362.46 kVA S2= loo | 2s +4005 | 606-59 KY assume Common base 6bookvA Ooss +{ow Zou (new) = Zpu Cold) x Snew Soid = (0:01 +40-06)x 609%, =Q-ols +009)* Any periodic non-sinusoidal function can be expr harmonically related sinusoidal by means of Fourier Series. x(t)=a, + (a, cosno,t+b, sinnoyt) < Trigonometwte mt Fourier Sevieg nag, de term @,: fundamental angular frequency Term of frequency nq): nth harmonic n=1: fundamental ov 1 harmonte+ Asn or order of harmonic 7 a, and b,, -. lower order harmonic are more dominatin; + For half wave symmetric waveform, only odd harmonic exist a,=b,=0 n=even 1, T2 7. Yo TR mirror image graph from 1% to T cs weflection of 4 woug tonne, graph from © to T% about t-axiy Symmetry+ In an ideal transformer, magnetization curve is assumed to be linear i.e. magnetic circuit is unsaturated but in practical transformer, there is hysteresis and saturation in the magnetization curve. > Non-linearity of core cannot be represented in equivalent circuit. + In linear core 6 « I, .. if one of them is sinusoidal then other is also sinusoidal. * No load current in T/F is also called Exciting current. + Study of exciting current and flux in a transformer core is called Excitation Phenomenon.fa from saga tizakvon cue: pect g red Lu: od © Gs we move towards ron sinusocdak Saturation, small increae hou. woe s haecle im flux causes Aaage increase in fy.Ignore hysteresis in transformer core. Only saturati We are assuming $ = sinusoidal because applied V = sinusoidal and we will trace waveform of I,,. For ¢ at different instants of time determine I, from magnetization curve and plot I, at same instant of time. Waveform of I, is peaky because when 4 enters saturation region large I, is drawn by Transformer. I, waveform is half wave symmetric -. its FS contains only odd harmonics« comme * Since only odd most dominant. + 5% and 7 harmonic are also present but not shown. + Fundamental component of I, lies in same $ as flux but supply V leads $ by 90°. ©. V, leads fundamental component of I, by 90° and only reactive power is absorbed and no real power.bt due 40 hysteresis, when G=0 #0 & when L=0 b¥0- + Magnetization curve does not pass through origin I, can not be 0 together. + Due to hysteresis, magnetizing and demagnetizing curves are different so values of I,, are taken from different curve when 4 is increasing and is de ing. 6 is decreasing. eee + [pis drawn in same way as earlier but 0° > 90° $7: magnetizing curve 90° > 180°: demagnetizing curve + Shape of I, is still peaky but I, leads by an angle B called as Hysteresis Angle.+ Hysteresis loss oc area of hysteresis loop + To include eddy current loss, we make a hypothetical hysteresis loop whose area is higher and it reflects total core loss. ; ‘hypothetical hysteresis loop area « P... actual hysteresis loop area x P,> : flak topped dueving saturation even t fut 6 almost remains constant4 + Ron-sinusoidol but prreesic & hast wove, Syemein Okains only odd harmonig. 3°% hoxmonic is most dominant% * 3° hawménee) $= b simat +4, sindat Ve Ni dy, = WN, h,cowat + 30N, dycos3ut +SWN, be cos Swt 4 - +O, sinSatt -- SUMMARY) xr. (1) Only saturation considered (more practical) 6: sinusoidal V: sinusoidal I: peaky Lags V by 90°, no power loss Dominant 3 harmonic in I,. (2) If hysteresis is also considered I) leads 6 by (hysteresis angle) |: peaky 6) le Peaky I, in phase with V causes power loss (4) ly: sinusoidal $ flat topped “1 Dominant 3" © peaky harmonic5.55.236.89° 6600, impedance to secondary (0.3 + j3)Q for A, (0.2 + j1)Q for B. The | (8 +j6)Q. (a) I, = 185.23 A, I, =401.23A (b) 1, = 162.57 A, 1 (c) 1) = 117.32 A, 1; E (d) I, = 195.73 A, 1, = 422.57A/ Question-14 | Two single-phase transformers operating in parallel hay Transformer A: Z,, = 0.2 + j0.6Q, E, = 208 V Transformer A: Z,,, = 0.25 + j0.55Q, E, = 205 V Load impedance Z = 3 + j2Q The load current and voltage across the load are respectively (a) 28.3 A, 1926 V (b) 25 A, 413 V (c) 53.5A, 192.6V (d) 28.3.A, 413 VQuestion-15 A 1000 KVA, 33/3.3 kV 1 — @ transformer with a resi: reactance voltage drop of 6% is connected in parallel with a phase transformer with a resistance voltage drop 1% and a reactance Find the K VA loading and operating power factor of each transformer when the load is 1200 KVA at power factor 0.8 lagging. (a) S, = 605.1234.44° KVA, S, = 595.9239.34° KVA (b) Sy, = 374.4233.63° KVA, Sp = 826.6238.51° KVA (c) S, = 384.4223.63° KVA, Sp = 816.6236.51° KVA (d) S, = 816.6236.51° KVA, Sp = 384.4223.63° KVA‘Two-single-phase transformers A and B with equal turn j9 Q referred to secondary. When operated in parallel, the | lag between A and B transformers would respectively be (a) 75 kW and 25 kW (b) 60 kW and 40 kW (c) 20 kW and 80 kW (d) 25 kW and 75 kWTwo transformers, with equal voltage ratio an connected in parallel, share load in the ratio of their p-u. impedances (based on their own kVA) are (A) equal (B) in the inverse ratio of their ratings (C) in the direct ratio of their ratings (D) purely reactiveBY PN OVeenE BY PN Ova wNE VoOrOo>no>OnOe 13.0 14 15.4 16.A 17.4