Chapter - 3 Metals And

Non-Metals
Elements can be classified as metals and non-metals on the basis of their
properties.
" Example of some metals are:
Iron (Fe), Aluminium (AI), Silver (Ag), Copper (Cu)
" Examples of some non-metals are :
Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N), Sulphur (S), Oxygen (0)
I. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

PROPERTY METALS NON-METALS

1. Lustre Metals have shining surface. They do not have
shining surface.
"Except Iodine.
2. Hardness They are generally hard. Generally soft.
Except Sodium, Lithium and Except Diamond, a
Potassium which are soft and can form of carbon which
be cut with knife. is the hardest natural
substance.
3. State Exist as solids. Exist as solids or
" Except Mercury. gaseous.
Except Bromine.
4. Malleability Metals can be beaten into thin sheets. Non-metals are non
" Gold and Silver are the most malleable.
malleable metals.

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5. Ductility Metals can be drawn into thin wires. They are non-ductile.

6. Conductor Metals are good conductors of heat Non-metals are poor

of heat & elec and electricity. conductor of heat and
tricity " Silver (Ag) and Copper (Cu):Best clectricity.
conductors of heat. "Except Graphite.
" Lead (Pb), Mercury (Hg) poor
conductor of heat.

7. Density Generally have high density and high Have low density and
melting point. low melting point.
"Except Sodium and Potassium.
8. Sonorous Metals produce a sound on striking a They are not sonorous.
hard surface.
9. Oxides Metallic oxides are basic in nature. Non-metallic oxides
are acidic in nature.

II. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS

(A) Reaction with Air:
Metals combine with oxygen to form metal oxide.
Metal + 0,’ Metal oxide
Examples :
() 2Cu +0,’2CuO
Copper oxide (black)
(i) 4Al +30,’ 2Al,0,
Aluminium oxide
(iii) 2Mg + O, ’ 2MgO
Different metals show different reactivities towards 0,.
Na and K react so vigorously that they catch fire if kept in open so
they are kept immersed in kerosene.
" Surfaces of Mg, Al, Zn, Pb are covered with a thin layer of oxide
which prevent them from further oxidation.
Fe does not burn on heating but iron fillings burn vigorously.
Cu does not burn but is coated with black copper oxide.
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 " Au and Ag does not react with oxygen.
AmphotericOxides: Metaxides whichreactwith bothacidsas wellasbasesto
produce salts and water are called amphoteric oxides.
Examples :ALO, + 6HCI ’ 2AICl, + H0
A1 ,0, + 2NaOH’ 2NaAIO, + H,0
Sodium Aluminate
(B) Reaction of Metals with Water :
Metal + Water -’ Metal oxide + Hydrogen
Metal oxide + Water ’ Metal hydroxide
React with cold H,0
Na, K, Ca
React with steam React with hot H,0
Al, Fe, Zn Mg
Metals

No reaction with H,0 Ca and Mg float as

Pb, Cu, Au, Ag bubbles of H,
stick to their surface
Examples :
(i) 2Na + 2H,0’ 2NaOH +H + Heat
(i) Ca+ 2H0’ Ca(OH), +H,
(iiü)Mg + 2H,0 ’ Mg(OH), + H,
(iv)2Al +3H,0 ’ Al0,+ 3H,
(v) 3Fe + 4H,0’ Fe,0, + 4H,
(C)Reaction of Metals with Acids (Dilute) :
Metal + Dilute acid’ Salt + H,
Cu, Ag, Hg do not react with dil. acids.
Examples
(i) 2Fe + 6HCI ’2FeC1,+3H,
(ü) Mg + 2HCI ’ MgC, + H,
(üi)Zn + 2HCI-’ ZnCl, + H,
(iv)2Al + 6HCI’ 2AICI, + 3H,

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(D) Reactionof Metals with Solutions of other Metal Salts:
Metal A+ Salt solution B ’Salt solution A+ Metal B
" Reactive metals can displace less reactive metals from their compounds in
solution form.
Fe+ CuSO, ’ FeSO, + Cu
REACTIVITY SERIES
The reactivity series is a list of metals arranged in the order of their decreasing
activities.
K Most reactive
Na
Ca

Mg
Al
Zn Reactivity decreases
Fe
Pb
H
Cu
Hg
Ag 4
Au Least rcactive
Reaction of Metals with Non-metals
" Reactivity ofelements is the tendency to attain a completely filled valence
shel.
Atoms of the metals lose electrons from their valence shell to form cation.
Atom of the non-metals gain electrons in the valence shell to form anion.
E.g., Formation of NaCl
Na ’ Na + e
2, 8, 1 2, 8
Sodium cation
Cl+e Ct
2, 8, 7 2, 8, 8
Chloride anion
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 Lxx

Ionic Compounds
The compounds formed by the transfer of electrons from a metal to a non
metal are called ionic compounds or electrovalent compounds.
Properties of Ionic Compounds
1. Physical nature: The are solid and hard, generally brittle.
2. Melting and Boiling Point: They have high melting and boiling point.
3. Solubility : Generally soluble in water and insoluble in solvents such as
kerosene, petrol etc.
4. Conduction of electricity Lonic compounds conduct electricity in
molten and solution form but not in solid state.
Occurrence of Metals
Minerals :The elements or compounds which occur naturally in the
earth's crust are called minerals.
Ores: Minerals that contain very high percentage of particular metal and the
metal can be profitably extracted from it, such minerals are called ores.
K

Na Not found in free state

Very reactive metals Ca Extraction by clectrolysis
Mg
LAI
Zn
Fe Occur as sulphides, oxides, cartbonates
Moderately reactive Pb
Cu Reduction by using carbon
LHg
Least reactive Occur in native/free state

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Extraction of Metals from Ores
Step 1. Enrichment of ores.
Step 2. Extraction of metals.
Step 3. Refining of metals.
ORE

Concentration of ore

Metals with high Metals of medium Metals of low

reactivity reactivity reactivity

Electrolysis of molten ore Sulphide ores

Carbonate ore Sulphide ore

e.g, ZnC0, e.g. HgS (cinnabar), ZnS
(in limited air) (excess air)

Pure Metal
Calcination
4 Roasting Roasting

Oxides of metal

Reductiqn to metal Mtal

Purification of metal Refining

Steps Involved in Extraction of Metals from Ores
Some Important Terms
(a) Gangue : Ores are usually contaminated with large amount of impurities such
as soil, sand etc. called gangue.
(b) Roasting : The sulphide ores are converted into oxides by heating strongly in

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 the presence of excess air. This process is called roasting.
2ZnS + 30, Heat’ 2Zn0 + 2S0,
(c) Calcination : Thecarbonate ores are changed into oxides by heating strongly
in limited air. This process is called calcination.
Heat
ZnCO, ZnO + C0,
(d) Reduction :Metal oxides are reduced to corresponding metals by using
reducing agent like carbon.
ZnO +C’Zn +CO
Refining of Metals
The most widely used method for refining impure metal is electrolytic refining.

Anode
Cathode

Acidified copper
sulphate solution

Cu Tank

Impurities
(Anode mud)

"Anode : Impure copper

"Cathode: Strip of pure copper
"Electrolyte : Solution of acidified copper sulphate
(a) On passing the current through clectrolyte, the impure metal from anode
dissolves into the electrolyte.
(b) An equivalent amount of pure metal from the electrolyte is deposited at
the cathode.
(c) The insoluble impurities settle down at the bottom of the anode and is
called anode mud.

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Corrosion
The surface of some metals such as iron is corroded when they are exposed to
moist air for a long period of time. This is called corrosion.
(i) Silver becomes black when exposed to air as it reacts with air to form
a coating of silver sulphide.
(ii) Copper reacts with moist carbon dioxide in the air and gains a green coat
of copper carbonate.
(ii) Iron when exposed to moist air acquires a coating of a brown flaky
substance called rust.
Prevention of Corrosion

The rusting of iron can be prevented by painting, oiling, greasing, galvanizing,

chrome plating, anodizing or making alloys.
Galvanization : It is a method of protecting steel and iron from rusting by
coating them with a thin layer of zinc.
Alloy : An alloy is a homogenous mixture of two or more metals or a metal
and a non-metal.

Iron : Mixed with small amount of carbon becomes hard and strong.
Steel : Iron + Nickel and chromium

Brass : Copper + Zinc

Bronze : Copper + Tin (Sn)
Solder: Lead +tin
Amalgam : If one of the metal is mercury (Hg).
MCQ's Tick the correct one
1. Green colour coating on copper utensils is due to the formation of
a) CuCO, b) Cu (OH),
c) Cu0 d) None
2 Rusting offrom takes place in
a) Ordinary water b) distilled water
c) both a, b d) None

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