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Methodssystems of Raising

Methods

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25 views

Methodssystems of Raising

Methods

Uploaded by

bernicemensahgud1
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© © All Rights Reserved
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7/8/2024 METHODS/SYSTEMS OF RAISING SEEDLINGS + There are two major ways rang seedlings ina rursery. These are + The container jstem (x poted system) and + Tmebare-ooted system Potted/Conaier Sytem + Inthe tropics, mest plantations are ‘stabished rom poted seedlings. This beause most tropical soils are lw in Fertiy. ‘Methods of Seedlings Production + yising the potted method, ete ois ae Imported forthe itl tages to offset Nah ‘moray rte of seedings that might esut from nutient defences Methods of Seedlings Production + Tne posed methods wed for propagation by sea ae walla by vegetative propagation Factors to Conse in Selecting 2 Container + Drainage he consiner sould have ood otter hols 2 Metal Cans Recyled 7/8/2024 Methods of Seedlings Production 3. Rg Past Pte + Highy vesaie + Reusable + Relataly expensive * Often unavailable 4 Wooden Fats 60340 10 emis} 8x15 emsde boats {e Methods of Seedlings Production Non-duable Containers 1 olyethene Bags Black polyethylene are most prefered Prevents fungal erowth They maybe re-wed once ater date 2 asters + iisinexpensive, good erinage ‘Methods of Seedlings Production 2. Bombo las “adem secton of bamboo arecateboreand bow two KO nodes pit an wie bound Sail characteris + Sai sno be Sandy an alsand mire, ogc Sed mires tight good tere mater Belding capociy en etentoy Methods of Seedlings Produ Arai of 13:1 sl er sand decayed mana) Slevesof stones, cos, seeds and other esr Serie by ‘zing’ oF dying under sn oF ‘maton th mety eromse Filing the containers, + Filcontainer with sl. The container Should not bee to he be. Methods of Seedlings Production + Thisis to allow ireatin water to stand ono and sinksonly (Le. prevent runo of ination water fom pot, + Compact slaty + advantages of he poted/container method ofralsing seedings + Seeding are not easy damaged eurng transportation Methods of Seedlings Production + Winial startup ine forthe new nursery = Nabed consrction, + Fresh lin ever container reduces chances ‘of bull-up of pathogens or soi pest. + Diseased seedlings re easly outed and Siar + Seedings make more fen use of water andterlaes, RC RAITT ure rete 7/8/2024 Methods of Seedlings Production + currence of faster growthinttion ater planting duet lesser panting shook, Disadvantages ofthe potted/container method * Container eetings are heavy and bul to transport ths, the transportation oss ‘eh + Operations arena easily mechanized ‘Methods of Seedlings Production + Much bouris needed for container ENE, See soning and container emorla planing + Weed contol and seeding extraction rm arsey fo anspor ae teus + isasociates wth ahigher nit cost per seeding + Create rio root binding after trang, Methods of Seedlings Production BareRooted System + Thisinvobves ang sedings in beds Factors to consider in selecting ste for uray bed construction ‘Thebes ste for nursery ed constructions one thats + se towntersouree + Paral exposedto sun ‘Methods of Seedlings Production + Gen loping te acta rainage and prevent wate odin) + Hasreltialy wel rained, bts + Shetered oy winbreak or topography) rom cal ad yg winds. Methods of Seedlings Production seed bad Preparation seed bd the folowing factors + Layout shuld be lng the contour + Thee shouldbe iin on east west Secon for optimum exposure te sutght «Tere shou be at east 15m spacing betweon the beds Methods of Seedlings Production + Satin root (60-200 em igh) fas thatch ‘ould be ase to protec sedings rom an ‘rd provide shade + eds shouldbe ried with approximately 2 emit sige bods oho sa in place + hasium nthe bed should ther be + wel dine so (preferably amend with ‘rnc ateral er 7/8/2024 ‘Methods of Seedlings Production + layered rom top to bottom 2 flows; + sol med with weltoted manure 0 compost + sand + ere or + tap sl should be pulverize toa fine tith (for ‘seed germination Methods of Seedlings Production + Sowing of sed propagaton of veestatve ropagulesin beds + Sowing of seeds in beds could be ether manus or utomated (mechanized). + cuttings can however be propagated ony smanualy in bees + Advantages the barerooted system + Seeding: tees bulky Methods of Seedlings Production + vansgartaton cos of bate ooted seedings thuslomer than the cost of ranspocirg pated seedings. + Operations could be igh mechaies + eistherefore es nour intensive than the patted system. + Lower cst per seeding ‘Methods of Seedlings Production + Disadvantages ofthe barevooted system + Higher kof damage tosedings during transportation nt packages careful + Rese of smell may lead to bul of pathogens nd so pst. + Requires more equetirigation. Factors Affecting Seed Germination water + Waters requzed to hydra the complex food stores inthe endosperm ofthe seento simple, seorbable compounés + imbintin of water alo softens the eect Sed makes tens forthe adie ad ‘lumule to penetnte during germination Factors Affecting Seed Germination + tert aids inentng out germination Inhbingcnemels that might be presen tho tees + Genera, seeds donot germinate when the fa watrftlbelow 40-60% el poet. + Wigner temperate inereases ate of water ae + Mos seds germinate equal between sil {ei capeaty and permanent wing pot E 7/8/2024 Factors Affecting Seed Germination + Germination of seeds an be aceerted by Soaking for one to several days eg. Cupressus usta, Senna some) + Seeds should however nt be Soaked fr oo long + They may suf attack rom microorganisms, aswell anaerobiosis whieh ean rest the Toso seed viabiy Factors Affecting Seed Germination Temperature + Sore amount of heat is requred to cata the hydro of complex corpoundsn the tendorperm of he seed + Insome cases, high temperature iin breaking seed dormarey (eg Tea) + Tootigh temperatures could, however est Inthe death of seeds by denaturing the protein tre embry Factors Affecting Seed Germination + Sees, usually orton, especially when ery can lerate a wie range oftemperatures (Greeting tore, + Warm and ld season cope germination of {ald season rps crops above 25" + High emperaturesinduce termodormancy ltemperatire-depencetdoenany}insuch sede. Factors Affecting Seed Germination + orm season cape germinate est betwen 26 and 30°C 2rd by low temperatures eg. ts + In genera for optimum sed germiation Acuatingtemperetures are often preferable tocontat temperatures which are often edi seed esig labs Factors Affecting Seed Germination et + Seed germination peneraly promoted by lige + Some spcies have an absolute lght Tequrement (eg, lee rasa, ucla (ier, Fes urea, a ep). + igh seratve seeds ar ote srl. *Thisiean adaptation wich ensures that hey ‘ont germinate toe deeply nthe sl. Factors Affecting Seed Germination + Germination ofthe seed of me species is inhib eh. + Themechaism thought tobe controled by shyodhome ight senstve plgment found Insome seeds Aliumsp, Amaronthas 5. Sade lean specs. + Lg sera ten csppear with age. 7/8/2024 Sowing ‘Methods fr sowing medium to large seed ‘Seeds are dthled by hand int furrows of ‘roodcas evenly over the entire bed ‘Methods for sowing ine seeds + Seeds ae mad with and to fcitate easy broadcasting o placement in furows. + Ti. xtremel fn seeds eg eucalyptus) an ‘be picked up by dipping wet sve of wood Into pl of seeds. Sowing + They ae then deposited by jabbing tek at an angle into the germination medi. Usually Sou decty pots. + General, knowledge of germination percertage determines how many seeds 10 Sou per cotaines| + 35-50% 3 seeds per container + 51-00%2 seeds pereontaner + Aaove 80% {Seed pr container ‘Nursery Tending Operations +3) Cover sed ith mediante approximately twice the seed diameter + {o) Mulch neni: Ul, no adtional shade twilbe eguired nt germination + [2 Me germination, prove shade ane pretesten rm rain (eroio) + (8) Watering ier: Use watering conser ‘when anna serd ater methods of ‘rig Nursery Tending Operations ) Weed conral~ mara or weed ore ough, pecoving, re-emergence, Post: ference ‘Seeding nstiion~Fertaers applied ether lore song, when te bods prepaed + Pong mixmade is made up or sometimes sir germination when he seedings past ts mow ender sage + Oe fries done at bth tines. Nursery Tending Operations Fertue ape bel sowing usin (Darul or poner form but oce seeing ar {owing ape by fa say xy tring th aver lute oon, + ere apallston rma ation usd {owas the asad woternersochng + th rnin ase egal dseaes~ Damp dene ting of tue near the root nar (Fosatum,Pecelun) moves flag ene Dumping off and Mould Diseases 7" ~» Pea 7/8/2028 Nursery Tending Operations + Nursery cleanliness + Quarantine measures + Sol strization + Carel control of mosturelevels~Avidonce of ever watering wl reduce the nadance af ‘Sseae + Spading venation irgaton,and so pri condons, notably texture ane ‘riage al lay 390 Nursery Tending Operations + Direc conalof dea posse wih ‘unde. + Numerous proses exist which ae most copper base, + Examale are Bordeaux mitre copper sulphate, uprx (copper onchlrde, berms suena Berate(benomyl and are wsell or cooling lage diseases. ‘Nursery Tending Operations (a rotecton against insect pest Contr of insect pests in nurs tough 08 Serato ane recy ung insects (0) control damage fom aial and bids - als, aps + Hank ae used a Kena, and sometimes prthonsin Papa Hew Guns, Other Post-germination Activities Pring (Fest Transplant) + Translat seedings fam sed bed to ‘vanspan bed or containers soon asthey arelarge enough thande. + Grasp gent ead eaves credo) seed cot butot by stem snceManding the tender lant he stem can cause checking ero ane dese. Other Post-germination Activities + Wseaings have been eft foto login the ‘seed bed, aproots mut be panel dug the transplan operation, + Ths canbe ative by roving a blade aong, thebottom ofthe sed bed. Other Post-germination Activities care forSeestngson Tansplan Bed * ulshage must be provided for seesings forthe fet 23 weak, folowed by ged resi! she to increase the amount bighinidet on he be. + Mahogany an teak are exception, + Wen beds re wo etablohe, weed and flat a er intel aasen 0 rd bai compton 7/8/2024 Other Post-germination Activities Other Post-germination Activities * Muh beds ter removal hate, th Grading of Seedtings straw, leaves, ee, toretan mosture + Nursety seedings should ey be niform in + Prune root reg ter apromate2 Mielgeansces sel nthe months ater pricking Teaistol ck oes, + Fortree seedlings, roots are wsualy prone a pare ee oe + Inthe container sytem ths can be one by + Harden seating o prepare them for filé ouping the seedlings according to years and — Other Post germination Actes other Pst germination Activites Se eee, ae Senses eee aaa = pees tales ees ++ Raisin ‘on blocks or wire screens fos ‘— me +The pracy dlassfetion of nursery stock Paling leet tiny 1. Optima height for toe seedings ready for sting 50 ror below 2. Avo planting sinh, verses seedings Other Post-germination Activities ‘TREE PLANTING 2, Plant out as early 35 posse during the rainy ey processes sear0n + Themain processes ioledin ree plating 3. Aealy planting ou shoul be done on ee lousy day orate afternoon 1. Stesetection 4. Atthe planting ste keep barevooted 2. Prepenting survey seedings shaded to v0 drying 3. Ste preparation 4. Plnting operations 5. Tending operations 7/8/2024 SITE SELECTION + Plantations ace established in sites onthe basis of management objectives, + Where the objectives to provide immediate «over in order to bring back the productivity ‘ofthe land, the choice ofthe site Kite to ‘marginal grasslands and over logged areas Site Selection + Inthe establshment ofthe industrial plantaions where certain standards of rotabity must be met, te folowing most be given consideration 2) feonomies + The site selected must have the east costin terms establishment a wil gve 2 high return of vestment Site Selection + Te actors which wl influence the cast of the piantton development nce: Teroin characteristics + Moderately lng eran of eatiey Fat Should be tear 20% plantable + Rugged terrain wil ental high cst in terms of road construction and maintenance of the read and plantation. Site Selection ‘Accesiity + The ste must be accesible through a ‘weather motorble ads ort least allow the fanstructon of roads at least cost + ops the market forthe wood products must be arocmalto the it swell ax sarah ‘rote wood uses Site Selection cite + Chmate has bearing onthe growth and evelopment of tres. So the area must have 8 ‘aicent rafal which evenly dstibued ebour «The ste shouldbe close o where heres sbundant and cheap about Site Selection Soeiat + One must be sre that and tenure is cceupancy alesse holding, + fering mtb ocoentain em of tron where Row mach hw lang ‘have the land. ee 7/8/2024 PRE-PLANTING SURVEY + This ifr from general site evaluation survey to assess the potential of the sit in that itis more detailed study of particular aea tobe planted + Tis wotkis usualy done by a special survey team. The information generated cover: + Theplantable area ofthe ste + Nursery or seedling depot location Pre-planting Survey + Alan of internal avout of 09d, paths ee + Species and numberof seedlings tobe planted bysites + Ground preparation method tobe employed + Sub divs on of plantation into compartment fr blocks SITE PREPARATION + Se preparations an integral par of Plantation establishment smes st proving 3 {favourable conditon fe the estabishmentel heathy ep eter by panting a rect owing. 1) Caring * Gearing of existing vegetation to reduce or flimmnate competion with plntesseclngs forligne molture and nun. Site Preparation + Cleming ale eliminates or minima te ik of fre an to provge a favourable or convenient andi for the conduct of tending operations 2)cuttwation * Done to iprave the si physi characters to povde good rooting conditions forthe {wees and mute eal +The degre of preparation depends on Site Preparation The spedes tobe planted 1 Tetopegrphy a) Thesoltyoe i Ein vegetative cover Sing up the area for preserves burning ‘The vegetation type se, dns. + The lating maybe complete o peti Site Preparation +The clearing methods are 10 7/8/2024 Preparation Manual method Tiss wed 1) when the ground cover requires minimum sturbance 2} where labour is plentiful efficent and wages low and 3} where the site does not favour the use of machinery Site Preparation +The proces involves the cutting of the vegetation in strips or patches” spas, slashing and brathing ‘Advorcoes + teeante done a anytime + aw new ie requied to be learnt + Capa costis sal + Temporary employment canbe provided Site Preparation + No pation tothe site + Damage to thesiteis smi Disowventge + iisslow and expensive for cea dense ‘Mechanical method + Is done by ving heavy rae actor. Site Preparation + This method i becoming widely used ‘ipeciaym avon areas Because is relative cheap + iis used in areas where there isan absence ‘rshortge of cheap labour an cst and Iabou eicieny scesred + Te quality ato more superior tothat of anual deo because of eonsiderable treet and power ofthe machine Site Preparation Diodvantoges + Hi inal cose + Difcuty in obtaining sare pots + Problems of maintenance + tackof tiled personnel + lek of serous damage tothe sllby compaction Site Preparation cannot be vied efter instep slopes tndvoly tran + Unstade in swampy eran Operations lingo ees and removal of rota 2 The pling and stacking of al debs 3. Burning an a posal of the debris 4 Sommtimes the ste culated by ploughing 7/8/2024 Site Preparation Site Preparation Prescribed Burning Chemical + Burning under controled conditions The se of crema for clearing the efficent and economic way of Cearing and Vegetation cnbe cheap aod elective when ‘edcing the deo Seplied eovecy ae propery The + Is often used ta clear debris ter manual or Oe e mechan elearng Sor + fsbo wed a precresnent or ies lore mechanical or manual ite preparation, am Improve access fr clearing cae Site Preparation Site Preparation + Strveture of vegetation very expensive + Soi mosture content + Need proper supervision + Weather Clothing are needed + ln gneral he chemicals needa cre + Patustin eet Storege iting and aplication for core “Need sled abour tate of aplation, safety ond efectvnes. + The primary concerns the residual ees The dsadvantages oe: PLANTING OPERATIONS Planting Considerations Penting Considerations 2) Ploring holes They must be deep enough +1 Quolyof lng tock: The succes and slow he tp rot ohare vertesly without Talore of paration extent pends bendegitetp tte quay fe plating matral the + Seeding mute panted in a way that he plating stock. ‘Dotan reach ol layers which ean enough + Selet rom te ney the sesings wt the Imostre dng he dy season, iestchonce of overcoming vansperauon and + The ole abit more than the length ofthe tp ining soci nave 3 fon ot ster Toots ug with he remsning sal under 3nd sbsane op endo. Toosened to alow mortar sorption. 2 7/8/2024 Planting Considerations Planting Considerations 2) Prtetion oft ung tonpotaton syponeng tne Sedna pated when ots espe ae rootedones sold monte lees have retvned fed pbc neverbe exposed th open ig, {ho mm anspotaton + ning must be done on coat ds 49 Plnng depth Seeding nt be planed at he proper depth te oo coat n be © Ie bea theron la spacing Spacing + Teesane betwee ies sachet one tate ot roth Cl the est porn ecbons npn feral grog ees ver span aehmer Imporant creer Sete + Teta owing ne should hve wider ore + Rot owth + Sen shout be mae scart t2 = Te ste condtons Hiichendencriobanch ‘recent of pamaton + Spee ith he tral tendo branch + tt condone SoGbewedey osed spacing Spacing ste contions Obecties fhe plantation eeseanbe spcedwie on goede an + orthepoducon of sow ber, spc rpoor ste bens of bet woh on fod between? Smo 0m oe + Frpulp aod patton where tee 0 + Thecanopy dossier and te ween thong ween ucotilaneateste + or enarental prone whee «bathe pers the rer wil ae aoe (Senate onopy des up uty Se ofa ds neh. Suiebielmorteam B 7/8/2024 Spacing Market conditions “+ More widely space plantations are cheaper ‘tw grow than the closer ones + However if theres a ready marke forthe poles from thinning, a loser spacing has some sevantane + This brings about reduction in branching leading to straight bole production Spacing + Generally spacing can be regular square and Fectangult where cost of brushing can Be educes because of wider dtance between tres + tregular {Ne attempt to plant trees i ines — toed or rough tes where planting is done in Fourable mero-stes} and «+ Semieepula in nes but stances adjusted itely case of advance growth, oC) Planting Methods + Themethods vary according to the lane of Dlantng andthe plating stock to be used ‘thehole method (ging with cepth ‘depending on helength and sie of the rot system, sultabe for pated seedlings) | Te dibbing method with 2 ar or dle thrusting tothe ground and pressed back and forth to ferm anole and seeding incre Planting Methods ‘The aris thrustes agin around the plant bse. the sol then pushed towards the piont to ce theRole ‘Te notching or slit method Opening of ‘mcd shaped halen the sl using 2 spade rmattock +The openings enlarges by forward Tmovernen ntl te sz Sarge enough to ean the root system Planting Methods + he stich with theft suitor br ‘ose prtg so ‘TENDING OPERATIONS + These ave malotanance activites cried out tensive the survival and growth of planting Socks unt matunty sage, 1) Beating up er replacement planting 1 There are sounder of fetrs whieh affect inal sural of seedings. + ven itn de most afl planting tecnigue, there wil si be mortality 14 7/8/2024 Beating Up + Toensurean optimum stocking, dead seedings are relaced with new ones, + Replacement planting can also be called re filling and blanking. + Replacement plantings a costy operation, To ‘etermine whether beating up equired oe not, sampling wl have tobe done, Beating Up + with osly spaced trees of about 1000trees/ hectare stocking up 19 20% moray is acceptable + For widely spaced treeshaving a stocking of ‘400600 tree! hectare, replacement planting wl be necessary the overt percentage mortality is more than 10%. ‘Weeding + Tiss done to eiminate undesirable vegetation for reduction of competition fr Tigh, water and ruven and the rik af fee. +The main fetrs that fet the tensity of weedingare 1) The interaction between thee cop andthe wasce, Weeding 2) These factors such 25 the sotto, i presence of weed seeds, ij vigoue of re seeds, Metal, ‘site preparation technique use, planting materi an vi) te of routh of trees. Weeding + Tmemethods are 3} manual, 2) mecha 3) biological (plant = plan rani plant) and 4) hema. + Weng canbe sips Intros ones and stein Fertilization + Inmany countries erzation snow a andar proctero ands Used to corect Specie nutrient dienes especialy on inferiesteso stimulate re growth and ea ‘Tene of pplication + canbe done at hetine of planting + ean also be repeted several times, 15 7/8/2024 Fertilization + The maximum benef is obtained itis done uring the rainy season (tthe on-set or towards end} + Theres also evidence that weed contra ‘combined with fertlzaton gives beter result ‘tan ferzation sone Fertilization Method of etzation + ths usualy done manualiin the tops 1) nthe ist appizatin, ts mine withthe soi atthe bottom ofthe planting hole. ‘This prevents the fertizer from washing away easily during heavy ran. Again sallow ooted weeds cannot gin access tothe feriree Fertilization 2) loth subsequent fertlizations denen ‘the form of top dressing Inthis method, the ferizeris placed ina hole about 10 154m from the base ofthe Seedling This prevents oot bum. Cultivation «Tees evidence that where the land has been cuvate the tres gain eight nd ‘ameter than on uncultivated plat. The Deraticiatefect of cltvation ae: + Weed controls ehieved because the root of the weed are exposedto the sun. + improve the avalabty of moisture and rutrenteta the ceeings Cultivation «+ Therels abo better canal infitatin and + Cuttin cn be donein spots (im radius {and 10am deep) or instr + Wis usualy done 1 2 months after planting tnd simultaneous with weeding Singling + tis an operation done eatin thelife of ‘uee often when 28 m tall where forked or tlle tes ve educed toa single stem to _ lmoreve ee form : 16 Preoing. Se Hm a BATRA 8 40 UR RoR wer Sane ani yosgatnn a oe eee em ha SR NNO RH ERNIE ODN one, | Wares oF Renin 1 ene acess na Sa RROD may NG J} rece ua nar waging ma eae Funes of yong sae ee | 7/8/2024 Types of Pruning High pruning + High pruning isthe removal of branches fram thestem usualy about 2~ Sm so that knot — free timbers produced + Itisused to improve the wood quality + High pruning is itferen from the low pruning eventhough thelater aso results in knot ree timber a the base ofthe tree Types of Pruning + The nved for hgh pruning sof two considerations Sircotwe! + ttdependson the extent of natural pruning assisted wih a partie speces +. Terminalia superba does not require hth runing but Eucah pus grands equires. Types of Pruning ‘echnical + iedepends on whether elearnot ~free and ‘consequently high ~ ade timbers required. + For plantations established or fre wood, pulp font require Neh pruning + The processes invlve ae: 1) Removal of branches where they are cut of fom he tunkusing curve sw or pring we. ‘Types of Pruning + Fgh branches ae cut with ong handles pruners or with indder + Heatng of pruning sears trough oelusion + Laying dour of sew wood over scars Pollarding, + Polarsing ithe cuting ofthe op ofa tree ‘stem toinhitapeal growth favour of leer! prow, «Tiss done for plantations established forthe ‘environmental nd socal purposes + In green firebreasestablshment fr instance, the objectives: + to promote lotr! prow, Pollarding + tosupores the growth of weeds under tees imordertereduee fuels, + Tobelp create mast conctons in oder to 18 heat ies a \ 7/8/2024 Pollarding Pollarding, + Pollarding usualy commences once the stem Presciption: eine hi eee hk otars ruse uncealen 3-35 sdameter and the heght over 3m. ameter after sterishave atamed 5~6 meters cating wel abowe reach oleae + Reprise ger mabe vor tal -precceaiieemyan soe Thnk he ard gr et Peart rman Bug oH Dalen bs pollading pollarding «the ct mst a edn rn + neste geld ner Weicescaee sae Se eaeclae Sooo , « Restgregmasnous be develpeao ech Eaters + Pollarding should be carried out when soil species depending onthe intend moisture level and food reserves (in late wet _ ee rattan raadogebexmanedon ret St ated aaaonee Thinning Thinning Se ernment tana batons cone on seater toriueeees oa ori SS: Sent iovene “RS - Timiera rumba of veins sandy Lanta Seema eee Spain oer development of the remaining ons. Beery N Thinning + In genera, thinning has both physiological and rensurational effects, + Under the physiological effects thinning reduces the numberof tees competing for ‘resources and thus reduces natural moray, Braet cepercown fran nd ‘expansion + Themensurationa effects ae enhancement ‘ofboth individual tree and stand growth, Methods of Thinning + Methods of thinning are + Stemati, mechanical olin dinning. This depends onthe objectives and procedures + Selective thing. depends on the subjective judgment + Generally, hnning ea be ight, moderate and hen depending onthe objective. ire Protection + Protection ofthe plantation stand rom fels fone ofthe ey management operations that frsutes normal and maximum growth nd ‘eof the standin fre prone areas. + Inspect terms, exusion offre fom ‘slantaton stand maintains the stocking and ‘wood aust of hein erop and ensures (00d ang of tre op. Fire Protection + Generally he mos elective and cost sane sway pretecing plantations fom fire #20 [hereto the standard layout or desig or plartaons durin the planning and designing bfinesterd + very plantation ite must be surveyed and smappes. + Progress maps must be updated every year. Fire Protection + The detaed cexgn of ayoutf the plantation ‘Should be iterated tate progress ma. + ttean aso be on 2 separate sheet. 1 necrding tothe standards ofthe Forestry ‘Comision, the design must inate: + Coupes or blocks usualy with an aes of 16 hectares. + There should be eight plantation coupes in ‘one compartent ofa forest reserve Fire Protection + coupes must be separated by fve-meter fire fides + Along te external boundary ofthe plantation shte must have Ines 10-m ride aroun the fer site or must 98 determines bythe heghtof the adjacent vegetation. 7/8/2024 Fire Protection + The ides must be tree from vegetative material and stumps and motorable + Green frebreaks of 20m in-between coupes and 40m along the external boundary (25m foc priate plantations), PLANTATION PLAN DEVELOPMENT + plantation development costly, abour intensive, feu and long-term att + Asa result in order to carry out systematic, ‘rdely and cost effective operatons it faportor hat every pactation establishment Should be guided bya comprehensive plan. Plantation Plan Development ‘Tis plan ensures the continuity ofthe plantation development process ivespectve bf any anges that might occur particularly ‘among te sta + Planning of plantation project involves two rain phones 1) Planning survey 2) Preperation of plantation plon Planning Survey «Tis phase involve the election of data Information onthe proposed project ite with the am of determining the conditions ‘elvan for assessment ofthe needs +The étaincude the amount, species: {physical and soco-ecanomic conditions. + Oxhers are the methods of establishment and the estiated ests Planning Survey + These form the basis othe pan. 1 The survey maybe done through the following procedures + Reconntsance af the te casing the site at ‘ver! iferent pisces about 100m apart {Sling adventage of roads opoths, views om nigh poms. «= Mapping ofthe aren with GPS (ete apeire vaabie at he Surveyor Forestey (ie tharenould be eovatag). Planning Survey + Colecton of infomation on biophysical fendions, vegesvon types or species and (erent efor, arma and Breen Stes. ‘Others emanc data (often avalable at Moteorlopcal fies). + callection of physiographic information; tlevaton, cponaphy, crane 7/8/2024 Planning Survey * Collection of information on sol properties (0 profile maps may be useful, + Colleton of socioeconomic conditions landuses, elnoodactites, demographics, ‘altura norms, labour conditions, aca) amenities Plantation Plan + mths process, ll mportatinformation iuthered from the planing survey ae State end anaes fr ncorporetin into the plan «The main objective ofthe pln isto acertin The stematc are implementation of the Slankiton actives both inte and space ‘Retudngvound and ease busetig, prudent nord, personnel manogement. Plantation Plan +The plantation pan consist ofthe folowing 2) Tie of projet 2) abl of coments 3) Background information 4) se description Plantation Plan 5) implementation strategies tecnica and ‘supportive cmeonants) 15) Monitoring and evaluation plans 7) Resoure plans and budget a) Appendices Plantation Plan Tile of project + Thisshoul be simple and ver informative about the plantation + Readers shoud beable to understand what the projects about within aspecifed period +The name of the company ar ad the name of the author ond date mustbe present inthe ‘epee. Plantation Plan Table of contents 1 The vrious headings and subheadings are Isto wth her page numbers + Ustofapaendces, figures and tables must be ncuded + Background information ‘This covers he ret stony ofthe projet or sate rect ude ese atory Plantation Plan + The ational and significance ofthe project Purposes, aims and objectives, + Species selection process. + expected benefits; soca, economic and ervionmental Site description + Ths involves general description ofthe project ste. Plantation Plan + tnthis section the data collected during the planning survey must be processed and incorporate. Implementation strategies (Teehnicatand ‘supportive compenents) + Description of how the project willbe implemented reading developmental bjctivesand phases if possible Plantation Plan + Through what process lhe plantation Be tstabished and maintained oungya syste ‘ith consultations or contract payment or permanent recratment fst + ong stock requement. nursery ‘peratins, ite preparation ad planting Sets ning sched) must be ‘ecerbed Plantation Plan + trast utural plans (roads uldings ete) and protection plans + Description of organizational set up ncuding ttarzationl ang francial management. «The ey players or stakeholders must be identi ana les assign. + implementation schedule mest be attached st the appendix Plantation Plan Monitoring and evaluation plan (ME) + Mecharisms for inten projet nantorng $e evaluation to rack progresin ration ecives mut be spelt out in thi section, «These must be done on the basi of the baseline infomation. Plantation Plan ezoure plans and budget + Tisinoves oil arrangement of the nous actos the project impiementsuon ona ident bestion of resources needed snd ost mvoled + Forsome donors, procurement plans and ‘Sommary of budget maybe requred + Contingency of 10% of he total cost must he factored nthe busget 7/8/2024 2B Plantation Pian ‘Appendices + Implementation schedule + Nursery design + Prantation design + Infrastructural design + Planing schedule + Detalles budget + Alrlevant maps 7/8/2024

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