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Networking (PERT & CPM) in Quantitative Techniques

TERMINOLOGIES PERT CPM DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PERT AND CPM

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10 views

Networking (PERT & CPM) in Quantitative Techniques

TERMINOLOGIES PERT CPM DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PERT AND CPM

Uploaded by

DIYA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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UNIT IV

Networking
Networking refers to the study and optimization of interconnected systems, like supply
chains, transportation routes, or communication networks. It involves analyzing how
different parts of a system are connected and finding the most efficient ways to manage
resources, move goods, or share information across these connections.

Terminologies:
1. Event: An event is a specific point in time that marks the start or end of a task or
activity. It represents a milestone, like when a task begins or finishes, and helps in
tracking the progress of a project.

Types (based on starting and ending):


In a network diagram:
• Tail Event: This is the starting point of an activity, where the task begins.
• Head Event: This is the ending point of an activity, where the task is completed.
The tail event comes before the head event, showing the direction of progress in a
project.

Types (based on branching):


• Burst Event: This is an event from which multiple activities start or branch out. It’s
like a point where several tasks begin after a certain event occurs.
• Merge Event: This is an event where multiple activities come together or end. It’s
like a point where several tasks are completed and converge at the same moment.
2. Activity: An activity is a specific task or piece of work that needs to be completed as
part of a project. It takes time, resources, and effort to accomplish and is a key step in
moving the project forward.
3. Node: A node is a point or circle in a diagram or network that represents an event or a
specific stage in a process. It usually marks the start or end of an activity and helps
connect different parts of a project or system.
4. Network Diagram: A network diagram is a visual tool that shows how different tasks
or activities are connected in a project. It uses nodes (points) and arrows (lines) to
represent events and the sequence of tasks, helping to plan and track the progress of
the project.
5. Network Paths: Network Paths are the routes you can take through a network
diagram from the start to the finish of a project. They show the sequence of tasks and
their connections.
6. Network Paths are the routes you can take through a network diagram from the start
to the finish of a project. They show the sequence of tasks and their connections.
Example Diagram: A → B → D
↘︎ ↗︎
C
• Path 1: A → B → D

• Path 2: A → C → D
7. Project completion time: is the total amount of time needed to finish all tasks in a
project from start to finish. It includes the time required to complete each task and
depends on the longest path of tasks that need to be done.
8. Critical Path: To find the critical path, calculate the earliest and latest start and finish
times for each task. The critical path is the longest path through the network with
maximum sum of activity times on that path.
8. Forward Pass: The forward pass is a method used in project management to calculate
the earliest start and finish times for each task in a project. It involves moving from the
beginning to the end of the project to find out the soonest each task can start and finish,
based on the sequence and duration of previous tasks. This helps in scheduling and
planning the project effectively.
9. Backward Pass: The backward pass is a method used in project management to
determine the latest start and finish times for each task. It involves working from the
end of the project backward to figure out the latest each task can start and finish
without delaying the overall project. This helps in finding the critical path and ensuring
that tasks are completed on time.
Rules Of Networking:
1. Resource Usage: Every task uses some resources, like time or materials.
2. Arrow Size Doesn't Matter: The size or thickness of the arrows in the diagram
doesn’t affect their meaning.
3. Two Events per Activity: Each task has a start point (tail) and an end point (head).
4. Single Representation: Each task is shown only once in the network.
5. Numbering Events: The first event has the lowest number, and the last event has
the highest number.
6. Activity Order: A task can only begin after the tasks before it have started.
7. Unique Event Numbers: Each event is given a unique number with no duplicates.
8. Dummy Activities: Sometimes, fake tasks are added to show the order of activities
without using real resources.
9. Straight Arrows: Arrows must be straight and cannot have any bends.

Difference between PERT and CPM:


PERT CPM
Program Evaluation and Review Critical Path Method
Technique
Focuses on project scheduling and Focuses on project scheduling and
uncertainty cost control
Probabilistic (accounts for uncertainty Deterministic (uses fixed time
in time estimates) estimates)
Uses optimistic, pessimistic, and most Uses a single, fixed time estimate for
likely time estimates each task
U.S. Navy in the 1950s DuPont in the 1950s
Not typically used for repetitive Often used for repetitive, routine
projects projects
CPM:
Advantages:
• Clear Scheduling: Provides a straightforward way to schedule and manage tasks.
• Cost Control: Helps in tracking and controlling project costs effectively.
Limitations:
• Fixed Time Estimates: Assumes fixed durations for tasks, which may not account
for uncertainties.
• Less Flexibility: Not as effective in handling project changes and uncertainties
compared to PERT.
PERT:
Advantages:
• Handles Uncertainty: PERT accounts for variability in task durations.
• Visual Planning: Provides a clear visual representation of project tasks and their
dependencies.
Limitations:
• Complexity: Can be complex to set up and manage for large projects.
• Time Estimates: Requires multiple time estimates, which can be challenging to
determine accurately.

Resource planning: is the process of determining what resources (like people,


equipment, and materials) are needed for a project and how to allocate them effectively.
It ensures that the right resources are available at the right time to complete tasks
efficiently.
Resource leveling: is the process of adjusting a project schedule to ensure that resources
are used evenly and not overloaded. It involves shifting tasks and balancing workloads so
that resources are used more efficiently and workloads are manageable throughout the
project.
Queuing theory is the study of waiting lines or queues. It analyzes how to manage and
improve systems where people or items wait in line for services, like at a bank or a call
center, to minimize waiting times and improve efficiency.

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