lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Manuscript 2 - I LV EU

Research Writing (Our Lady of Fatima University)

Scan to open on Studocu

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])
 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

ANNATTO SEED AS AN ALTERNATIVE INK FOR

HIGHLIGHTER

Research Paper

Presented to the Faculty of High School Department

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

Antipolo City

In

Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for

Practical Research 2 &

Research project

Elnor Selwyn V. Salada

Ma. Pamela Joy O. Borromeo
Crystel Joyce Ong
Robert JR. Antoque Opo
Romeo P. Jerusalem

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE i
APPRPOVAL SHEET iv
ACKNOWLEGDMENT v
DEDICATION vi
ABSTRACT vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter
I. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
INTRODUCTION 1
BACK GROUND OF THE STUDY 3
THEORETICAL FRAME WORK 4
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 6
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 7
HYPOTHESIS 8
SCOPE AND DELIMINATION 9
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 10
DEFINITION OF TERMS 11

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITRETURES

Local 12
Foreign 17
III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Methodology 21
Research design 22
Subject of the study 23
Setting of the study 24
Sources of the Study 25
Procedure of the Study 25-26
Statistical treatment of the data 27
IV. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
TABLE 2 28
TABLE3 29
TABLE4 29-30
TABLE5 30
TABLE6 31
TABLE7 32
TABLE8 33
V. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary of findings 34-36
Conclusion 37

ii

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

Recommendation 37
VI. BIBLIOGRAPHY 38
VII. APPENDICES
Appendix A 40
Appendix B 45
Appendix C 47
Appendix D 49
Appendix E 50
Appendix F 51
CURRICULUM VITAE 53

iii

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

APROVAL SHEET

This research entitled “Acceptability of annatto seed as an alternative ink

for highlighter”, prepared and submitted by Elnor Selwyn V. Salada, Pamela Joy

O. Borromeo, Crystel Joyce Ong, Robert JR Antoque Opo, and Romeo P.

Jerusalem in fulfillment of the requirements for Practical Research 2 & Research

Project, has been examined and is hereby recommendation for oral examination.

____________________ ____________________

Date Adviser

iv

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

To Jesus Christ, our Lord and Savior, for giving us the knowledge, insight,

courage, and wisdom to investigate things, for providing the direction that helped us

overcome all the difficulties we faced, for inspiring our desire to continue our study,

and for making our study possible.

The researcher would like to express their profound love to everyone who

contributed in any way, who volunteered their time and expertise to make this

research possible.

There is a tremendous source of all work, striving, direction, and gracious

favors without whom this mission would not have been possible. Whatever has been

completed and whatever has been the result of every effort can be traced back to

this source.

We would like to sincerely thank Ma’am Julie Tagala, the adviser of our

research, for her ongoing support of our study and research, as well as for her

patience, drive, passion, and vast knowledge. Her advice was helpful to us

throughout the whole research process. We couldn't have asked for a finer mentor

and advisor for our research.

We would like to give our deepest gratitude to our panelist, Content validators,

and to our statistician. The researchers truly salute to their expertise surmount what

seem to be an uphill task. Thank you for their time, suggestion and encouragement.

Allowing us to get the necessary information we need to make this research

possible.

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

To the researcher ’s loving parents, for their moral encouragement, financial

assistance as well as their spiritual support in every path the researchers take.

DEDICATION

This little effort is devoted to the researcher's parents, who act as they served

as our motivation, as well as that of our friends and all of our classmates, who

consistently cheer us on and motivate us.

ALMIGHTY GOD who is the source of wisdom, understanding, and direction

because without him, all else is in vain.

vi

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

ABSTRACT

Marker pens with a specific ink made to be seen through when writing over already-

existing text are known as highlighter pens. This will enable you to draw attention to text

sections that are important or interesting. However, the ink for highlighters is composed of a

variety of chemicals, including glycol solvent, which is a hazardous chemical. The aim of our

study is to find an alternative using annatto seed to lessen the harmful chemicals. Utilizing

experimental research, the researcher surveyed 50 random students using a Likert scale

model questionnaire. Results indicated that there is a significant difference between the

annatto ink and commercial ink.

vii

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter presents an introduction, background of the study, theoretical

framework, conceptual framework, statement of the problem, scope and limitations,

significance of the study and definition and terms.

INTRODUCTION

"Even the slightest innovation has the power to alter the course of history". In

fact, thanks to technology, our lives are very different from those of people who lived

a century or even ten years ago.

Today's civilization has made pointed things like ballpoint pens, markers, and

highlighters a necessary part of daily life, particularly in schools. Both students and

those in the workforce depend on highlighters. Using bright, transparent colors,

highlighters are a type of felt-tip marker pen that can be used to attract attention to

specific passages, words, or sentences in papers or books. In school, both students

and teachers used highlighters to underline vocabulary words they did not

understand, facts to learn, concepts to explore, subject areas of particular interest,

and items they believed would be on the test. The ink used in a highlighter pen or

any other pen is crucial in determining the reading experience, understanding, and

visual impact of the written information on the reader.

However, the drying agent use in highlighter is Ethelyn Glycol which is highly

toxic according to Center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Ethylene glycol

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

breaks down into toxic compounds in the body. Ethylene glycol and its toxic

byproducts first affect the central nervous system (CNS), then the heart, and finally

the kidneys. Ingesting enough can cause death.

The red seed of the annatto tree, also known as the spice's source material

(Bixa orellana), is used to make annatto (Bixa orellana). Because it quickly hardens

into a brown capsule when it dries, this plant is most known for the natural pigment

found in its fruit, annatto.

The researchers in this work chose to create a marker from annatto for

marking reasons. The goal of the research study work offered is to create an

alternative from annatto seed highlighter.

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

There are numerous types of highlighters that are offered by numerous

retailers, and despite the fact that they reasonably have chemicals in them, one of

which is glycol, the researchers believed there must be a way to find an alternative

drying agent for highlighters.

The researchers were intrigued by the suggested concept, which inspired

them to consider making a replacement highlighter ink. Because of this, they looked

for information on compounds that may be used in place of ink in highlighter on the

internet. They discovered via their investigation that annatto extract can be used in

place of traditional highlighter ink. They learned that the annatto plant is accessible

in the neighborhood as well. They believed it would be highly feasible to do a study

on the annatto plant because it is widely distributed in the neighborhood.

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

When you look into its components of a highlighter the drying agent, they use

there is Glycol which is highly toxic according to Center of Disease Control and

Prevention (CDC), Ethylene glycol breaks down into toxic compounds in the body.

Ethylene glycol and its toxic byproducts first affect the central nervous system

(CNS), then the heart, and finally the kidneys. Ingesting enough can cause death.

Ethylene glycol is odorless.

Objective: To remove Ethylene glycol, find alternative drying agent that is less

harmful and put a good smell

Annatto is a type of food coloring made from the seeds of the achiote tree

(Bixa orellana). In addition to its culinary uses, annatto has long been used in many

parts of South and Central America for art, as a cosmetic, and to treat various

medical conditions. And Its color comes from compounds called carotenoids, which

are pigments that are found in the seed’s outer layer and many other fruits and

vegetables, such as carrots and tomatoes. Annatto contains numerous plant-based

compounds with antioxidant properties, including carotenoids, terpenoids,

flavonoids, and tocotrienols. Antioxidants are compounds that can neutralize

potentially harmful molecules known as free radicals, which can damage your cells if

their levels rise too high. Annatto is high in carotenoids, which may benefit eye

health. And a good source of vitamin E compounds called tocotrienols, which may

protect against age-related heart issues.

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

Annatto has been linked to several potential health benefits, such as healthy

eyes, better heart health, and reduced inflammation. It may also have antioxidant,

anticancer, and antimicrobial properties.

Question: How can I improve the Highlighter in order to be used safely?

The concept of “Lessen the chemicals of the ink to be less harmful” is clearly the

central to this study.

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Acceptability of annatto seeds as an alternative (ink) for highlighter.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Profile of Senior
high school
students in terms
of:

 Age
The level of
 Sex
acceptability of
 Administering of annatto seed as an
What is the level of
acceptability of a questionnaire alternative ink for
ANNATTO SEEDS highlighter.
AS AN
ALTERNATIVE INK
FOR HIGHLIGHTER
in terms of:

 Smell
 Consistency
 Color intensity
 Application

FIGURE 1: Conceptual framework

The conceptual framework represents the flow of the research study that will be

conducted.

In the first frame (input) displays the participant’s profile. Including gender and sex,

as well as the research variables.

In the second frame (process) displays the collection method that must be use in

order to produce conclusion and recommendations.

In the third frame (output) is the presentation or final result of the study.

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The Study Generally aimed to evaluate and determine the Acceptability of

annatto seed as an alternative highlighter ink.

Specifically, it seeks the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Age

1.2 Sex

2. What is the level of Acceptability of annatto seed as an alternative ink for

Highlighter in terms of:

2.1 Smell

2.2 Consistency

2.3 Color

2.4 Application

3. Is there a significant difference between the annatto seeds as an

alternative ink and commercial highlighter inks?

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

HYPOTHESES

The annatto seed has a significant effect base in quality, odor, and appeal.

Annatto is used as a commercial dye and paint. Its vibrant yellow-to-red color

makes it a popular natural dye for textiles, and it is also used as a colorant in

cosmetics and soaps. Annatto is used as a natural pigment in paint, particularly in

South and Central America where it has been used for centuries to paint homes and

buildings.

Annatto seeds could be used as an alternative ink for highlighters. The setup

with 800% concentration was the most effective in terms of the characteristics of the

ink compared to the other setups.

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

The usefulness of annatto seed extract as a substitute marker ink in terms of

color consistency smell and application is the main emphasis of this study. This study

just looks at the annatto seed extract; it doesn't look at the annatto plant's stem,

leaves, or other elements. The experiment will be carried out inside the sumulong

college of art and sciences campus. The researcher will provide the materials that

the students will need for the research equipment during the experiment. Given that

they have a limited amount of time to complete their research, the researchers hope

that the experiment will be completed within a week. Since the dependent variables

are regarded as qualitative data, the researchers will conduct a survey following the

experiment as far as data gathering is concerned. fifty students from SCAS, SCAS

Campus, will be the respondents; fifty random students will be picked at random. To

allow a better understanding of the study, the following terms are defined: Annatto,

also known as atsuete or achuete, is a shrub or small tree that is typically found in

the Philippines. Its scientific name is Bixa Orellana L. The natural color achiote in its

fruit is its most famous feature.

This dye is what motivates the researcher to look into the idea of using it as a

substitute for highlighter ink.

Pigment is a natural substance that gives animals and plants their colors. Ink

is a colored liquid that is used for writing and printing.

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

In this research, creating

ink for highlighters using
coffee as an alternative
will
benefit the following
In this research, creating
ink for highlighters using
coffee as an alternative
will
benefit the following
In this research, creating
ink for highlighters using
coffee as an alternative
will
benefit the following
10

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

hIn this research,

creating ink for
highlighters using coffee
as an alternative will
benefit the following
In this research, creating
ink for highlighters using
coffee as an alternative
will
benefit the following
vIn this research,
creating ink for
highlighters using coffee
as an alternative will
benefit the following

11

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

In this research, creating

ink for highlighters using
coffee as an alternative
will
benefit the following
vIn this research,
creating ink for
highlighters using coffee
as an alternative will
benefit the following
In this research, creating
ink for highlighters using
coffee as an alternative
will
benefit the following

12

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

In this research, creating

ink for highlighters using
coffee as an alternative
will
benefit the following
In this research, creating
ink for highlighters using
coffee as an alternative
will
benefit the following
In this research, creating
ink for highlighters using
coffee as an alternative
will
benefit the following

13

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

In this research, creating

ink for highlighters using
coffee as an alternative
will
benefit the following
In this research, creating
ink for highlighters using
coffee as an alternative
will
benefit the following
In this research, creating
ink for highlighters using
coffee as an alternative
will
benefit the following

14

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

In this research, creating

ink for highlighters using
coffee as an alternative
will
benefit the following
In this research, creating for highlighter using annatto seed as an alternative
will benefit the following:

○ This study is important for anyone who often uses highlighter

○ This study will help improve our highlighter.

○ Towards the parents. This study will be very helpful for parents who

highlight essential items on their to-do lists because it is easy to make

alternative ink at home.

○ To researchers of the future. Future researchers will benefit from this

study by being able to refine their research techniques, approaches,

and tools.

○ It can provide those who intend to do this study in the future with the

fundamental concepts, background information, and pertinent literature

and studies.

15

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Annatto Seed: Use in food color, aroma, and pigments for painting.

Carotenoids: Responsible for releasing color from light yellow to red. It

makes harmful molecules harmless.

Flavonoids: Plants that has antioxidant

Institution: School

Intrigued: Having one’s interest

Terpenoids: It makes the harmful molecules turn into harmless

Tocotrienols: contain vitamin e helps to prevent heart problems

16

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies relative

to the research problem.

To get more insight into and a better comprehension of the topic

Several sources that are directly relevant to the current study are currently under

investigation and were investigated and thoroughly studied. Here are the studies and

literature that were discussed.

Local

As a tropical country (Philippines), it is important to find natural resources,

such as plants. Which could have a different impact on the community and the

government. This paper determined the level of awareness of households on the

utilization and socio-economic benefits of achuete. Also, this paper described the

economic impact and social benefits on the commercialization of achuete. Urban

sustainability has been linked to the preservation of Balance and cohesive retail

systems established in a wide variety of facilities, shopping environments and

locations (Cachinho,2014). Bixa orellana seeds, commonly called achuete, are used

in the Philippines for food coloring. Achuete is used as an astringent regarded as a

good remedy for dysentery and kidney disease treatment (De Vera et al., 2016).

17

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

When taken internally or orally plants offers itself as an antidote prussic acid,

antimicrobial, purgative, and antidiarrheal effect (Valdez & Canapi, 2015). The

study above utilizes the effects of annatto seed in the Philippines and the impact to

the community and the government. Urban sustainability has been linked to

preservation of balance. (SYNTHESIS)

One study which could be interestingly noted was that of D. R. CO, I. A. DE

FIESTA, AND I. ODIVILAS (2013). Their study entitled SUBSTITUTE INDELIBLE

INK USING Bixa orellana L. (ANNATTO) AND Corcus sativus L. (KASUBHA)

EXTRACTS V. This study was conducted to find out the Feasibility of natural plant

dyes from the market and Cartridge ink as an alternative indelible ink. In order to

meet a satisfactory solution, different ratios were studied and tested. Tests for the

feasibility of the mixture used were Conducted in terms of qualities of a good

indelible Ink. The above study may play a significant effect on the present study as

they are somehow related. Their study conducted a different type of extracts to

investigate what is indelible to use as an ink. And the focus of their study is also

knowing the feasibility of extracts that can be used as indelible ink that is available at

the markets. (SYNTHESIS)

(Alarcon,Fampula&Gatdula) (2017).This study aims to produce highlighter ink

out of Annatto seeds and determine the physical properties of the produced

highlighter ink in terms of resistance of fading, odor, the intensity of color, and its

comparison to a synthetic highlighter. Seven hundred fifty grams (750g) of Annatto

seeds were crushed and blended. Three different set-ups with different

concentrations of ethanol and Annatto Seed were made, the first set-up containing

18

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

50mLethanol and 1.5 g Annatto powder, the second set-up containing 50mLethanol

and 2.5 g Annatto powder, and the third set-up containing 50mLethanol and 4 g

Annatto powder. The concentrations were filtered with cheesecloth to get the crude

extract which are placed into three different highlighter containers that are injected

using 10mL injector syringes. One-way ANOVA was used to analyze the data

collected. The data gathered from tallied responses of color intensity test showed

that set-up 1 containing 800% concentration was the brightest highlighter ink among

the three setups but, compared to the synthetic highlighter, it was duller. Data from

the fading resistance test revealed that the 800% concentration has the most

resistance to fading among the three setups, same as the synthetic highlighter. On

the odor of the three setups, it was found that setup 3 was the most pleasant among

the setups and the synthetic ink. One-way ANOVA revealed that there is a significant

difference between the characteristics of the three setups containing 300%, 500%,

and 800%, respectively. Furthermore, it was also found that there is a significant

difference between the characteristics of set up three containing 800%concentration

and the synthetic highlighter ink. The results showed that Annatto seeds could be

used as an alternative ink for highlighters. The setup with 800% concentration was

the most effective in terms of the characteristics of the ink compared to the other

setups. The commercially-sold highlighter pen’s characteristics are more improved

than the organic one, but is similarly effective. Therefore, the highlighter ink from

Annatto seeds could help produce a natural dye which is more cost-efficient. The

study is related to the current study however their study focuses on the different

concentration of inks characteristics if they use Annatto seeds as their main

ingredient. While the current study also focuses on improving the quality of the ink.

(SYNTHESIS)

19

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

Prudente and Associates (2022) looked into whether annatto seeds (Bixa

orellana) could be used as an alternative to marker ink for whiteboards. 50

volunteers were asked to evaluate the quality of annatto seed ink in comparison to

that of commercial whiteboard markers as part of the experimental design of the

study. According to the findings, participants considered the color, consistency, and

erasability of annatto seed ink to be adequate. The quality of commercial whiteboard

markers and annatto seed ink was found to be identical, according to the study.

Teachers and office workers looking for long-lasting and cost-effective alternatives to

standard whiteboard markers can benefit from the study's insights. Utilizing annatto

seeds as an alternative to ink for whiteboard markers can contribute to sustainable

practices in classrooms and businesses in light of growing environmental concerns

and the need to reduce waste. In addition, the fact that annatto seeds are readily

available in the Philippines makes them a cost-effective alternative for people looking

to switch to alternatives that are better for the environment. Lastly, the study

demonstrates that whiteboard marker ink could be substituted with annatto seeds.

The variety, consistency, and erasability of annatto seed ink demonstrate that it very

well may be a doable choice for people searching for an eco-accommodating and

financially savvy option in contrast to business whiteboard markers. The work opens

20

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

the door to more research into other plant-based materials that could be used as an

alternative to ink for whiteboard markers. This could help make classroom and office

practices more environmentally friendly.

Regondola et al. (2022) conducted a study to determine the feasibility

of annatto seeds (Bixa Orellana) as an ink for whiteboard markers. The color

properties, drying time, and erasability of annatto seed ink on a whiteboard surface

were evaluated using an experimental design. Annatto seed ink produced a bright

yellow color that was easily visible on the whiteboard surface, according to the

findings. Furthermore, the ink's drying time was comparable to that of commercial

inks, and the erasability was satisfactory. The study is useful for educators and

students looking for eco-friendly and cost-effective alternatives to traditional

whiteboard markers. The use of annatto seed ink in the classroom can help to

promote sustainable practices and reduce the environmental impact of commercial

whiteboard markers. Furthermore, annatto seeds are widely available in many parts

of the Philippines, making it a cost-effective option for those looking to switch to

environmentally friendly markers. As a whole, the study shows that annatto seeds

have the potential to be used as an alternative ink for whiteboard markers, providing

an eco-friendly and cost-effective option for educational institutions and businesses

in the Philippines. While maintaining quality and affordability, the use of annatto seed

ink can help contribute to sustainable practices and reduce waste in the industry.

Future research may look into the potential of annatto seeds as an alternative ink for

other writing materials, as well as its application in a variety of industries.

21

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

Foreign

Sarkar et al., (2022) delved into the use of annatto (Bixa orellana L.) seed as

a jotting ink that was both environmentally friendly and affordable. The results of the

study revealed that annatto seed had good color parcels and was similar to

marketable inks in terms of stability, density, and ph. Also, the study discovered that

annatto seed as an alternative white board marker was less precious than

marketable inks, making it an affordable option for writing. The experimenters used

an experimental design to compare the parcels of annatto seed inks to those of

marketable inks in terms of color, stability, density, and ph. In addition, diligence and

businesses looking for environmentally friendly and cost-effective druthers to

standard jotting inks will profit from the study's perceptivity. With a developing

solicitude for the climate and the need to drop squander, the application of annatto

seed inks can help add to the business' manageable practices. In addition, the lower

price of annatto seed inks makes it a popular choice for businesses that want to save

plutocrat without immolating quality. Also, the study demonstrates that annatto seed

inks have the implicit to be a cost-effective and environmentally friendly volition to

writing inks. The study's findings on the color, stability, density, and pH of annatto

seed inks punctuate its eventuality as a sustainable volition to marketable inks. The

22

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

study emphasizes the lower cost of annatto seed inks, making it a charming volition

for businesses seeking to save plutocrat while maintaining quality.

Okafor et al. (2021) investigated the feasibility of using annatto seeds as an

alternative ink for whiteboard markers in their study. The researchers compared the

color properties, drying time, and erasability of annatto seed ink to commercial inks

on a whiteboard surface. The results showed that the annatto seed ink produced a

bright yellow color that was comparable to commercial inks, with a satisfactory drying

time and erasability. The use of annatto seeds as an alternative ink for whiteboard

markers has the potential to address the industry's sustainability concerns.

Commercial whiteboard markers frequently contain harmful chemicals that can

endanger users' health and harm the environment. Natural dyes derived from

annatto seeds provide a safer and more environmentally friendly alternative to these

commercial inks. Okafor et al.'s study (2021) adds to the growing body of research

on the use of natural dyes as alternative inks. The use of natural dyes such as

annatto seeds has the potential to revolutionize the writing instrument industry as the

demand for eco-friendly and sustainable products grows. Further research can look

into the possibility of using natural dyes derived from other sources as alternative

23

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

inks for various writing materials, potentially expanding its application in a variety of

industries.

In order to demonstrate that annatto seeds could be used in place of

commercial inks for whiteboard markers because they are less expensive and better

for the environment, the four reviews of related literature were combined. The

examinations took a gander at annatto seed ink's quality, variety properties, drying

time, consistency, and erasable. According to the findings, annatto seed ink is

capable of producing a vivid yellow color that is comparable to that of commercial

inks, has a quick drying time, is simple to erase, and is consistent.

Additionally, the utilization of annatto seed ink may contribute to sustainable

practices in schools and businesses, particularly in the Philippines, where annatto

seeds are readily available. Natural dyes made from annatto seeds, according to the

studies, are safer and better for the environment than commercial inks, which

frequently contain harmful chemicals. The reviewed studies indicate that the market

for eco-friendly and long-lasting goods is expanding, so annatto seeds have the

potential to transform the writing instrument industry. Also, annatto seed inks are a

good choice for businesses that want to save money without sacrificing quality.

The inspected writing reveals insight into the chance of using regular colors

got from different sources as substitute inks for an assortment of composing

materials and gives experiences to future examination. Future research may also

examine the long-term effects of using annatto seed ink in the classroom or office to

see if it can be used as a sustainable alternative to commercial inks.

24

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

In conclusion, the four reviews of relevant literature suggest that annatto

seed ink can be used in place of commercial inks for whiteboard markers. Using

annatto seed ink is not only more cost-effective but also better for the environment

than commercial inks that contain harmful chemicals because it is a natural and

safer alternative. Annatto seed ink can possibly change the composing instrument

industry due to the developing interest for feasible and eco-accommodating items.

Further investigation can research the possibility involving other ordinary tones as

substitute inks for various making materials, and long stretch effects of using annatto

seed ink can similarly be analyzed. In general, annatto seed ink appears to be a

viable option for individuals and businesses seeking cost-effective, long-term

solutions. (SYNTHESIS)

(CONCLUSION OR GRAND SYNTHESIS)

In general, these review of literature and studies was focused in utilizing

Annatto in different way for its benefits like (Cachinho,2014) which he states that

annatto can use for a sustainable retail system for a wide variety. For (De Vera et al.,

2016, Valdez & Canapi, 2015) they focus in its benefits for our body. (Sarkar et

al, Okafor et al, Prudente Associates, and Regondola et al) These four studies

examine whether utilizing annatto seed ink, which is a natural and safer alternative to

commercial inks that include hazardous chemicals, is not only more economical but

also healthier for the environment. Their studies focus on white board markers, while

our study focuses on its acceptability as an alternative ink for highlighters. D. R. CO,

25

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

I. A. DE FIESTA, AND I. ODIVILAS was utilizing annatto as cartridge ink. Lastly

(Alarcon,Fampula&Gatdula) which their study focuses on annatto as an highlighter in

different concentrations for better quality ink, while our study focuses on the level of

satisfaction with annatto as an alternative ink for highlighter, and we also use tooth

paste that has mint flavor to achieve the same viscosity as commercial ink, and mint

is capable of being a drying agent.

CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter explains various methodologies that were used in gathering data

and analysis which are relevant to the research. The methodologies will include

areas such as the location of the study, research design, sampling and sample size,

types of data, data collection method and its management.

Research Design

This study utilized the experimental research method since this was the most

appropriate research design for determining the acceptability of annatto seed as an

alternative ink for highlighter. The gathered data was compared to see if there was a

significant difference between the commercial highlighter and alternative highlighter

Experimental research employs the most methodological design and a

scientific method for doing research. It is known as the gold standard since it

involves conducting experiments to establish conclusions and can be carried out

using some of the data from prior forms of research. (resources.pollfish)

26

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

Material

Annatto seed DIY marker

Ethanol Container

Methodologies

1. First, you need to prepare the things that will be needed: annatto, toothpaste,

ethyl alcohol, an empty marker, and two containers for anything that can be

put in annatto.

2. Second, when you find it, put the annatto in the container you found, put

alcohol on it, and stir it.

3. Third, when it's ready, mix and prepare another container. Put toothpaste on

it; it depends on you how much.

4. Fourth, when you finish putting the toothpaste in another container, mix the

one you mixed first with alcohol and mix it again until the toothpaste that

forms disappears.

27

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

5. Fifth, after mixing, prepare the empty marker to transfer it.

This study utilized the

experimental research
method since this was
the most
appropriate research
design for determining
the effectiveness of
coffee as an
alternative ink for
highlighters. The
gathered data was
compared to see if there
was a

28

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

significant difference
between the commercial
highlighter and the
experimental
highlighter.The
researchers attempted
to find solutions to the
aforementioned problem
as well as justify and
satisfy the study's aims.
Experimental research
employs the most
methodical research
design and a
scientific method for
doing research. It is
29

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

known as the gold

standard since it
involves
conducting experiments
to establish conclusions
and can be carried out
using some of
the data from prior
forms of research.
(resources.pollfish
This study utilized the
experimental research
method since this was
the most
appropriate research
design for determining
30

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

the effectiveness of
coffee as an
alternative ink for
highlighters. The
gathered data was
compared to see if there
was a
significant difference
between the commercial
highlighter and the
experimental
highlighter.The
researchers attempted
to find solutions to the
aforementioned problem

31

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

as well as justify and

satisfy the study's aims.
Experimental research
employs the most
methodical research
design and a
scientific method for
doing research. It is
known as the gold
standard since it
involves
conducting experiments
to establish conclusions
and can be carried out
using some of

32

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

the data from prior

forms of research.
(resources.pollfis

Subject of the study

The researchers focused on the selected GRADE 12 Students and used

random sampling to conduct a survey. There are six (6) strands including STEM,

ABM, HUMS, HE, GAS, and ICT.

Setting of the study

The setting of this study is located at Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences,

SCAS Bldg. M.L. Quezon Ext. Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City. The history of SCAS

started from the Sumulong Family of Antipolo. From Dori Juan Sumulong. The

grand old man of the opposition during his time: to Senator Lorenzo Sumulong, the

world-acclaimed newest of the Russia, lawmaker Nikita Kruschev an recently to the

late City Mayor of this pilgrimage city, Hon. Viktor R. Sumulong, who has

distinguished himself for his visionary and excellent leadership style.

Their lives have been so memorable and marked with a vivid display of

nationalism and genuine service of the nation. The tradition of excellence of these

three generations of leaders and statements had been borne out of the importance

33

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

and value they have given to education. It is for this season that the Sumulong

College of Arts and Sciences so named in honor and memory of the late Senator

Lorenzo S. Sumulong had been established.

VICINITY OF MAP

Figure 2.

34

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

The figure shows the vicinity map of Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences.

Sources of Data

The researchers distributed the survey questionnaire to the Random Grade12

Students using Random Sampling and gather all data. After collecting all the data,

the researchers interpreted the collected data to find the final result of the study

The researchers used Likert scale to measure the responses in survey

questionnaire. The researchers offered a choice of five pre-coded responses with

the neutral point being either agree or disagree. The scale shows below.

5- Strongly Agree 4 - Agree 3 - Neutral 2 - Disagree 1 - Strongly Disagree

Procedure of the Study

 The researchers came up to this study entitled “Acceptability of Annatto

Seeds as an alternative ink for highlighter” in selected GRADE 12 Students in

Sumulong College of Arts SY.2022-2023. By using Annatto Seeds as the

medium. Annatto Seeds produces orange-red condiment and food coloring

that is essential in making an ink for highlighters. In order to conduct a

questionnaire, the researchers provide Annatto Seeds as an ink for highlighter

35

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

as the product. The researchers conducted A survey questionnaire to the

respondents of this study entitled “Acceptability of Annatto Seeds as an

alternative ink for highlighter” in selected of GRADE 12 Students of Sumulong

College of Arts and Science this SY. 2022-2023. Upon conducting a survey

questionnaire, the researchers are able to gather data in order to find the final

result of this study.

 The researchers used Random Sampling to recognize the respondents and

using this kind of sampling the researchers are able to know how many

respondents are there in one section. Also, researchers used Likert scale

questionnaire to get the response of the respondents and to collide all the

answers to create an interpretation about the study.

36

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

Statistical Treatment

The researchers used the following statistical tools to treat and gather data in

order to answer the question identified on statement of the problem.

1. Frequency and Percentage

 This was used in treating to gather data regarding the profile of the

respondents.

2. Weighted Mean

 This was used to find the arrange score of the respondents based on

their answers on the survey questionnaire.

3. Standard Deviation

 Is used to know and indicate the extent of deviation for a group as a

whole.

4. Z – Test

o This was used to find the significant difference of product and to test

Whether the study is accepted / effective.

37

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

CHAPTER 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the results, the analysis and interpretation of data

gathered from the answers to the questionnaires distributed to the field. The said

data were presented in tabular form in accordance with the specific questions posted

on the statement of the problem.

Profile of the Respondents in Terms of Age and Sex

Table 2 below presents the frequency, percentage, and rank distribution of the

profile of the respondents in terms of age.

Table 2
Profile of the Respondents in Terms of Age
Age Frequency Percent Rank
18 years old and above 37 74% 1
16-17 13 26% 2
Total 50 100%

As shown in the table 2 above, it was found out that most of the respondents

have ages 18 and above as revealed with number of 37 and 74 percent. Lastly only

having 13 and 26 percent for ages 16-17. This means most of the respondents who

are enrolled in Sumulong College of art and Sciences in grade 12 have ages 18 and

above.

38

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

Table 3 presents the frequency, percentage, and rank distribution of the profile

of the respondents in terms of sex.

Table 3
Profile of the Respondents in Terms of Sex
Sex Frequency Percent Rank
Male 23 46% 2
Female 27 54% 1
Total 50 100%

Table 3 above shows the total number and percentage of male and female

respondents from the Grade 12 senior high school students of Sumulong College of

Art and Sciences. There are 27 female and 23 male respondents, for a total of 46%.

Female respondents had a larger percentage of 54%. This means that the majority

of respondents are female.

Acceptability of Annatto Seed as an Alternative Ink for Highlighter in terms of

Smell, Consistency, Color and Application

Table 4 below presents the computed weighted mean on the acceptability of

Annatto seed as an alternative ink for highlighter in terms of smell.

Table 4

Acceptability of Annatto Seed as an Alternative Ink for Highlighter in terms of

Smell
Indicator Mean Verbal Interpretation Rank
The ink produces pleasant smell. 4.76 Strongly agree 3
The smell of the ink does not cause
4.84 Strongly agree 2
dizziness.
The smell of the ink is not disgusted. 4.92 Strongly agree 1
Grand Mean 4.84 Strongly agree

39

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

Table 4 on the previous page shows the result of the research in terms of

smell. The smell of the ink is not disgusting got the highest weighted mean with

strongly agreeing and 4.92 weighted mean, followed by the smell of the ink does not

cause dizziness with strongly agreeing and 4.84 weighted mean, and lastly, the ink

produces a pleasant smell with strongly agreeing and 4.76 weighted mean with a

grand mean of 4.98 with strongly agreeing. This means that the respondents were

verry satisfied in terms of smell.

Table 5 below presents the computed weighted mean on the acceptability of

Annatto seed as an alternative ink for highlighter in terms of consistency.

Table 5

Acceptability of Annatto Seed as an Alternative Ink for Highlighter in terms of

Consistency
Indicator Mean Verbal Interpretation Rank
The ink does not produce wet marks. 4.76 Strongly agree 1
The ink has diluted viscosity. 4.42 Strongly agree 3
The ink spreads evenly. 4.62 Strong agree 2
Grand Mean 4.60 Strongly agree

Table 5 above shows the result in terms of consistency. The ink does not

produce wet marks got the highest weighted mean with strongly agreeing and 4.76

weighted mean, followed by the ink spreads evenly with strongly agreeing and 4.62

40

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

weighted mean, and lastly the ink has diluted viscosity with strongly agreeing and

4.42 weighted mean with a grand mean of 4.6 with strongly agreeing. This means

that the respondents were verry satisfied in terms of consistency.

Table 6 below presents the computed weighted mean on the acceptability of

Annatto seed as an alternative ink for highlighter in terms of color.

Table 6

Acceptability of Annatto Seed as an Alternative Ink for Highlighter in terms of

Color
Indicator Mean Verbal Interpretation Rank
The color of the ink is bright orange. 4.70 Strongly agree 1
The color of the ink is still visible
4.1 Agree 2
after drying.
The color of the ink is visible from a
4.0 Agree 3
distance.
Grand Mean 4.27 Agree

Table 6 above shows the result in terms of color. The color of the ink is bright

orange got the highest weighted mean with strongly agreeing and 4.70 weighted

mean, followed by the color of the ink is still visible after drying with agreeing and 4.1

weighted mean, and lastly the color of the ink is visible from a distance with agreeing

and 4.0 weighted mean with a grand mean of 4.2 with agreeing. This means that the

respondents were satisfied in terms of consistency.

41

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

Table 7 below presents the computed weighted mean on the acceptability of

Annatto seed as an alternative ink for highlighter in terms of application.

Table 7 above shows the result in terms of application. The ink dries quickly

got the highest weighted mean with strongly agreeing and 4.96 weighted mean,

followed by the ink creates an appealing bright orange color to the eyes with strongly

agreeing and 4.82 weighted mean, and lastly the highlighted word is still readable

after applying with

Table 7

Acceptability of Annatto Seed as an Alternative Ink for Highlighter in terms of

Application
Indicator Mean Verbal Interpretation Rank
The ink creates an appealing bright
4.82 Strongly agree 2
orange color to the eyes.
The highlighted word is still readable
4.68 Strongly agree 3
after applying.
The ink dries quickly. 4.96 Strongly agree 1
Grand Mean 4.82 Strongly agree

strongly agreeing and 4.68 weighted mean with a grand mean of 4.82 with strongly

agreeing. This means that the respondents were very satisfied in terms of

application.

42

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

Significant Difference Between the Annatto Seed as an Alternative Ink and

Commercial Ink

Table 8 below presents the significant difference between Annatto seed an

alternative highlighter ink and regular or commercial highlighter ink in terms of smell,

consistency, color and application.

It can be seen that there is a significant difference between the Annatto seed

and the commercial highlighter ink since the computer z-value is 18.15 is greater

than 1.96 z-critical value hence, reject the null hypothesis.

Based on the findings, it was concluded that Annatto seed has a significant

difference to the commercial highlighter ink in the market. It implies that the annatto

seed is a natural colorant capable of being an alternative ink for highlighter.

Table 8

Acceptability of Annatto Seed as an Alternative Ink for Highlighter in terms of

Smell, Consistency, Color and Application
Grand Verbal z- z-critical
Indicator/s Decision
Mean Interpretation value value

Smell 4.84 Strongly Agree 18.15 1.96 Reject the Null

Hypothesis
Consistency 4.60 Strongly Agree

Color 4.27 Agree

Application 4.82 Strongly Agree

43

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

Average 4.63 Strongly Agree

CHAPTER 5

This chapter presents the summary of the research work undertaken, the

conclusion and recommendation made as an outgrowth of this study. This study is on

acceptability of annatto seeds as an alternative ink for highlighter.

SUMARRY OF FINDINGS

The salient findings are as follows:

Profile of the respondents in terms of age.

With numbers between 37 and 74 percent, it was shown that most responders

were between the ages of 18 and. The percentages for those aged 16 to 17 are only

13 and 26%. Accordingly, most of the responders who are grade 12 students at

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences are older than 18, on average.

Profile of the respondents in terms of sex.

44

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

The overall response rate and gender distribution among Grade 12 students

at Sumulong College of Art and Sciences. There are 23 male and 27 female

responders, for a total of 46%. 54% of responders were women, which was a higher

percentage. This indicates that women make up the majority of respondents.

Acceptability of Annatto Seed as an Alternative Ink for Highlighter in terms of

Smell.

The smell of the ink is not disgusting got the highest weighted mean with

strongly agreeing and 4.92 weighted mean, followed by the smell of the ink does not

cause dizziness with strongly agreeing and 4.84 weighted mean, and lastly, the ink

produces a pleasant smell with strongly agreeing and 4.76 weighted mean with a

grand mean of 4.98 with strongly agreeing. This means that the respondents were

verry satisfied in terms of smell. This means that the respondents highly agree to the

questions that will be subjected to the smell.

Acceptability of Annatto Seed as an Alternative Ink for Highlighter in terms of

Consistency.

Strongly agreeing and a weighted mean of 4.76 were obtained for the ink that

does not leave wet marks. Next, strongly agreeing and a weighted mean of 4.62

were obtained for the ink that spreads evenly, and finally, strongly agreeing and a

weighted mean of 4.42 were obtained for the ink that has diluted viscosity, for a

45

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

grand mean of 4.60 and a verbal interpretation of strongly agree. This means that

the respondents highly agree to the questions that will be subjected to the

consistency.

Acceptability of Annatto Seed as an Alternative Ink for Highlighter in terms of

Color.

The color of the ink is bright orange received the highest weighted mean with

strongly agreeing and 4.70 weighted mean, followed by the color of the ink is still

visible after drying with agreeing and 4.1 weighted mean, and finally the color of the

ink is visible from a distance with agreeing and 4.0 weighted mean for a grand mean

of 4.2 with verbal interpretation of agree. This means that the respondents agree to

the questions that will be subjected to the color.

Acceptability of Annatto Seed as an Alternative Ink for Highlighter in terms of

Application.

Strongly agreeing and 4.96 weighted mean gave the ink dries quickly the

highest weighted mean; strongly agreeing and 4.82 weighted mean gave the ink

creates an appealing bright orange color to the eyes.; and finally, strongly agreeing

and 4.68 weighted mean gave the highlighted word is still readable after applying,

giving the ink a grand mean of 4.82 with strongly agreeing. This means that the

respondents highly agree to the questions that will be subjected to the application.

46

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

Significant Difference Between the Annatto Seed as an Alternative Ink and

Commercial Ink.

There is a significant difference between the Annatto seed and the

commercial highlighter ink since the computer z-value is 18.15 is greater than 1.96 z-

critical value hence, reject the null hypothesis.

CONCLUSION

4. The researcher concludes that innovative ink made from annatto is capable of

being an alternative ink for highlighters.

2. The researcher concludes that the ink has a good smell, some

respondents say its smells Colgate or bubble gum.

3. The researcher concludes that there is significant difference between

Annatto seed ink and commercialize ink.

Recommendation

3. The researcher recommends to find a pigment that has vivid color.

4. The researcher recommends to add another colorant for experiment.

5. The researcher recommends to find an agent capable to make the pigment

vivid.

47

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Cachinho, H. (2014). Consumerscapes and the resilience assessment of urban retail systems. Cities,

36, 131-144.

De Vera, J. S., De Castro, M. E. G., & Dulay, R. M. R. (2016). Phytochemical Constituents

and Teratogenic Effect of Lyophilized Extracts of Bixa orellana L.(Achuete) and Piper

betle L.(Ikmo) Leaves in Danio rerio Embryos.

Iscariot, E. (2019). SUBSTITUTE INDELIBLE INK USING Bixa orellana L. (ANNATTO)

AND Corcus sativus L. (KASUBHA) EXTRACTS.pdf. www.academia.edu.

https://www.academia.edu/38125745/SUBSTITUTE_INDELIBLE_INK_USING_Bixa

_orellana_L._ANNATTO_AND_Corcus_sativus_L._KASUBHA_EXTRACTS.pdf

Okafor, U. S., Ugwu, E. C., & Orji, E. O. (2021). Feasibility study of annatto seed as

alternative ink for whiteboard markers. International Journal of Chemical

Engineering and Applications, 12(5), 338-342.

Prudente and Asociates. (2022). Evaluation of Annatto Seeds (Bixa Orellana) as an

Alternative to Marker Ink for Whiteboards. Philippine Journal of Science, 151(1), 33-
40.

Regondola, M. S., Alcala, L. M. C., & Conlu, A. R. (2022). Annatto (Bixa Orellana) Seed as
an Ink for Whiteboard Markers. International Journal of Applied Science and
Technology, 12(3), 82-88.

48

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

Riman, M. V. (2019, January 18). Bixa orellana (Annatto Seeds) as an Alternative

Highlighter Ink.

https://ojs.aaresearchindex.com/index.php/AAJMRA/article/view/4392

Sarkar, S., Chakraborty, A., & Das, S. (2022). Annatto (Bixa orellana L.) seed as an

alternative ink: An environmentally friendly and cost-effective option. Journal of

Cleaner Production, 324, 128787.

Valdez, A. V., & Canapi, S. (2015). Healing Beliefs and Practices among Subanen and

Mansaka. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 5(1), 100–102.

https://doi.org/10.7763/ijssh.2015.v5.431

49

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

APPENDICES

50

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

Appendix A.

LETTER OF REQUEST

April __, 2023

Dear respondents,

Greetings in the name of quality education!

We, the researchers, are presently conducting a study entitled

“ACCEPTABILITY OF ANNATTO SEED AS AN ALTERNATIVE INK FOR
HIGHLIGHTER” in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Practical
research 2 and Research capstone.

In view of this, we would like to ask your consent to be part of our study
and your help in answering the survey questionnaire we prepared as
honestly and sincerely as possible. Participation in the survey is entirely
voluntary and there are no known or anticipated risks to participation in
this study. All information provided will be kept in utmost confidentiality and
would be used only for academic purposes only.

Your approval in the conduct of this study will be greatly appreciated. Thank
you in advance for your interest and assistance with this research.

51

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

Yours respectfully,

Elnor Selwyn V. Salada

Ma. Pamela Joy O. Borromeo

Crystel Joyce Ong

Robert JR. Antoque Opo

Romeo P. Jerusalem

Researchers

Noted by:

JULIE ANNE TAGALA, LPT

Research Adviser

52

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

April __, 2023

Dear Sir/Ma’am

Greetings in the name of quality education!

We would like to ask your permission to allow us to conduct a survey among the
students of Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences. This is in view of our research
entitled, “Acceptability of annatto seed as an alternative ink for highlighter”.
We are conducting the survey among (your respondents). Attached herewith is the
survey questionnaire for this study.

The survey would last only about 10-15 minutes and would be arranged at a time
convenient to your schedule. Participation in the survey is entirely voluntary and
there are no known or anticipated risks to participation in this study. All information
provided will be kept in utmost confidentiality and would be used only for academic
purposes only.

If you agree, kindly sign below acknowledging your consent and permission for us to
conduct this survey. Your approval to conduct this study will be greatly appreciated.
Thank you in advance for your interest and assistance with this research.

53

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

Yours respectfully,

Elnor Selwyn V. Salada

Ma. Pamela Joy O. Borromeo

Crystel Joyce Ong

Robert JR. Antoque Opo

Romeo P. Jerusalem

Researchers

Noted by:
JULIE ANNE C. TAGALA, LPT
Research Adviser
Approved by:
____________________________
Printed name and signature

54

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

May 27, 2023

Dear. Ms. Evadne R. Calacday

Greetings in the name of quality education!

The undersigned are Grade 12 STEM Students of Sumulong College of Arts and
Sciences undertaking research entitled “Acceptability of annatto seed as an
alternative ink for highlighter”.

With your knowledge and profession, we are humbly asking your permission to be
our Statistician for us to be guided and help to accomplish our research study. We
are hoping that our request would be granted with positive response. Thank you!

Respectfully Yours,

MA. PAMELA JOY O. BORROMEO ROBERT JR. A. OPO

ROMEO P. JERUSALEM ELNOR SELWYN V. SALADA

CRYSTEL JOYCE ONG

RESEARCHERS

Ms. Julie Anne Tagala

Research adviser

Noted by:

Ms. Julie Anne Tagala Ms. Julie Anne Tagala

Practical Research 2 / Teacher Research Project / Teacher

55

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

Appendix B Questionnaire

ACCEPTABILITY OF ANNATTO SEEDS AS AN ALTERNATIVE INK

FOR HIGHLIGHTER
PROFILE
Name (optional): ___________________________________________ Age: _____________
Sex:
Male Female
Section:
1A 1B 1C 1D 2A 2B 2C 2D 2E

ACCEPTABILITY OF ANNATTO SEEDS AS AN ALTERNATIVE INK FOR

HIGHLIGHTER
DIRECTIONS: Using the space below put a check (✔) mark on the cell that corresponds to
your answer.
5 – Strongly Agree 4 – Agree 3 – Neutral 2 – Disagree 1 – Strongly Disagree

SMELL 5 4 3 2 1
1. The ink produces pleasant smell.
2. The smell of the ink does not cause dizziness.
3. The smell of the ink is not disgusted.

CONSISTENCY

1. The ink does not produce wet marks.

2. The ink has diluted viscosity.
3. The ink spreads evenly.
COLOR
1. The color of the ink is bright orange.
2. The color of the ink is still visible after drying.
3. The color of the ink is visible from a distance.
APPLICATION
1. The ink creates an appealing bright orange color
to the eyes.
2. The highlighted word is still readable after
applying.
3. The ink dries quickly.

56

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

Comments and Suggestions:

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_______________

57

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

Appendix C

Computation for item and Questionnaire

Table 2
Profile of the Respondents in Terms of Age
Age Frequency Percent
18 years old and above 37 74%
16-17 13 26%
Total 50 100%

Table 3
Profile of the Respondents in Terms of Sex
Sex Frequency Percent
Male 23 46%
Female 27 54%
Total 50 100%

Table 4

Acceptability of Annatto Seed as an Alternative Ink for Highlighter in terms of

Smell
Indicator Mean Verbal Interpretation
The ink produces pleasant smell. 4.76 Strongly agree
The smell of the ink does not cause
4.84 Strongly agree
dizziness.
The smell of the ink is not disgusted. 4.92 Strongly agree
Grand Mean 4.84 Strongly agree

Table 5

Acceptability of Annatto Seed as an Alternative Ink for Highlighter in terms of

Consistency
Indicator Mean Verbal Interpretation
The ink does not produce wet marks. 4.76 Strongly agree
The ink has diluted viscosity. 4.42 Strongly agree
The ink spreads evenly. 4.62 Strong agree
Grand Mean 4.60 Strongly agree

58

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

Table 6

Acceptability of Annatto Seed as an Alternative Ink for Highlighter in terms of

Color
Indicator Mean Verbal Interpretation
The color of the ink is bright orange. 4.70 Strongly agree
The color of the ink is still visible after
4.1 Agree
drying.
The color of the ink is visible from a
4.0 Agree
distance.
Grand Mean 4.27 Agree

Table 7

Acceptability of Annatto Seed as an Alternative Ink for Highlighter in terms of

Application
Indicator Mean Verbal Interpretation Rank
The ink creates an appealing bright
4.82 Strongly agree 2
orange color to the eyes.
The highlighted word is still readable
4.68 Strongly agree 3
after applying.
The ink dries quickly. 4.96 Strongly agree 1
Grand Mean 4.82 Strongly agree

Table 8

Acceptability of Annatto Seed as an Alternative Ink for Highlighter in terms of

Smell, Consistency, Color and Application
Grand Verbal z- z-critical
Indicator/s Decision
Mean Interpretation value value

Smell 4.84 Strongly Agree

Consistency 4.60 Strongly Agree

Reject the Null
Color 4.27 Agree 18.15 1.96
Hypothesis
Application 4.82 Strongly Agree

Average 4.63 Strongly Agree

59

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

Appendix D

STATISTICIAN’S CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the undersigned has computed and analyzed the result
of the study entitled “Acceptability of annatto as an alternative ink for highlighter”
From Sumulong College of Art and Sciences prepared by Elnor Selwyn V. Salada,
Ma. Pamela Joy O. Borromeo, Crystel Joyce Ong, Robert JR. Antoque Opo, Romeo
P. Jerusalem

Signed this 9th day of June, 2023

Signed

Ms. Evadne R. Calacday

Statistician

60

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

Appendix E

RELIABILITY INDEX

61

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

CURRICULUM
VITAE

62

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

BORROMEO, MA.
PAMELA JOY OROLFO.

[email protected]

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Citizenship: Filipino
Sex: Female
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL: 2022- Present Sumulong College of Arts

and Sciences

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL: 2017-2021 San Roque National High

School

ELEMENTARY: 2011-2017 Juan Sumulong Elementary

School

TALENT AND SKILLS : PASSIONATE

63

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

OPO, ROBERT JR. ANTOQUE

SITIO JUNCTION TAGABAC
BRGY SAN JOSE, ANTIPOLO CITY
+63970928353
[email protected]

NATIONALITY: FILIPINO
AGE: 18

MOTHER’S NAME AND FATHER’S NAME:

MERLY ANTOQUE OPO
ROBERT SR. R OPO

RELIGION: ROMAN CATHOLIC

DATE OF BIRTH: AUGUST 14, 2004
MARTIAL STATUS: SINGLE

64

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

ONG, CRYSTEL JOYCE

SITIO HACIENDA BRGY.
STA CRUZ ANTIPOLO CITY
09566671723
[email protected]

NATIONALITY: Filipino
AGE: 19

MOTHER’S NAME AND FATHER’S NAME:

CHINA L. ONG
JONATHAN JAVIER

RELIGION: CATHOLIC
DATE OF BIRTH: APRIL 23, 2004
MARTIAL STATUS: SINGLE

65

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

JERUSALEM, ROMEO P.
AVIDA COMMUNITY, ANTIPOLO CITY
09288636751
[email protected]

NATIONALITY: Filipino
AGE: 18

MOTHER’S NAME AND FATHER’ NAME:

Russell May Patilona
Robert Jerusalem

RELIGION: Christian
DATE OF BIRTH: May 9, 2005
MARTIAL STATUS: Single

66

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

SALADA, ELNOR SELWYN V.

SITIO HINAPAO, BRGY SAN JOSE. ANTIPOLO CITY
09052318449
[email protected]

NATIONALITY: Filipino
AGE: 18

MOTHER’S NAME AND FATHER’S NAME

Ma. Leonora V. Salada
Joel J. Salada

RELIGION: Roman catholic

DATE OF BIRTH: November 17, 2004
MARTIAL STATUS: Single

67

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|37106143

Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences

M.L. Quezon Extension, Brgy. Dalig, Antipolo City

68

Downloaded by Kryzanne Rabang Toledo ([email protected])