Chapter 1: Science: History, Development, Milestones in Technology

Lesson1: Definition of Science, Technology and Society

Lesson2: History and Development of Science

Lesson3: Milestones of Technology in the Philippines

Lesson4: Filipino Inventions/Inventors

Starting Accurately (Introduction)

Science, technology and society are essential elements in a man’s life. These three components are interrelated to one another bringing an effect may it be positive
or negative. Science, technology and society are not separated entities, they are interrelated with each other and thus are inseparable.

This chapter will introduce you to what Science, Technology and Society (STS) subject is all about. As an interdisciplinary course, this will find way in exploring the importance
and highlight the impact of science, technology and society in our everyday living. One would discover the different activities from the groups of people in a society cause the
production, distribution and utilization of scientific knowledge and thus developing technological systems.

At the end of an independent study, you must be able to:

1. define Science, Technology and Society (STS);

2. trace the history and development of science from Pre- historic to Modern Age;

3. identify the scientific and technological developments in the Philippines; and

4. recognize the Filipino Inventors and their inventions.

Stimulating Learning (Motivation)

Give a word or phrase that best describes your understanding of the terms: a.) Science;

b.) Technology; and Society.

Inculcating Concepts (Input/Lesson Proper)

Basic Concepts about Science

LESSON I

 comes from the Latin word “scio” meaning “I know”, “scire” meaning to know and “scientia” meaning knowledge.

 A body of knowledge based on scientific inquiry and creative process based on observation & experimentation.

 A body of facts that has been systematically classified.

 http://tech21stworld.blogspot.com/2014/08/science-technology-and-society.html

Importance of Science
 Gives idea on the nature of life and things that occur around us.

a) Man observed things around them and saw a connection between certain events.

b) Man tries to understand nature so that they may be able to control it for the enrichment of human lives.

 Tries to explain the different phenomena and eventually leads to the discovery of general truth.
 Seeks relationships among things and processes. Scientific knowldege enables us to do and make all kinds of things.
 Part of our everyday living.
 Source of intellectual enjoyment by understanding scientific processes, one can develop and sharpen their problem solving and critical thinking ability.
 Liberates the mind and supplants superstitious beliefs and prejudices.

Types of Science
Main Division of Science

Branches of Science
Basic Concepts about Technology
Basic Concepts about Society

“A society is a relatively independent, self perpetuating human group which

occupies a territory, shares a culture and has ,ost of its associations within group”. -
Horton and Hunt

https://books.google.com.ph/books/about/Sociology.html?
id=eiEEAgAACAAJ&source=kp_cover&redir_esc=y

“A society is a system of usages and procedures, authority and mutual aid,of many
groupings and divisions, of human behavior and of liberties.” - Maclver and Page

https://www.azquotes.com/author/25919-Robert_Morrison_MacIver

“Society is the union itself, the organization, the sum of formal relations in which
associating individuals are bound together. - Franklin Henry Giddings

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:GIDDINGS-FRANKLIN-
HENRY-2.JPG
 Nature of Society

Types of Society

1. Pre-Industrial Society
 Sub-types of Pre-industrial Society

. Hunting and Gathering Societies

https://www.google.com/search?q=hunting+and+gathering+societies

-the simplest kind of society

-the use of simple tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation is the feature of this society

. Horticultural and Pastoral Societies

 https://www.google.com/search?q=horticultural+societies&tbm

-the use of hand tools to cultivate crops was discovered

-people turned to domestication of animals

. Agrarian Society

-the discovery of agriculture in which large scale cultivation using plows harnessed to animals or more powerful energy sources.

2. Industrial Society
 https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=

-A social system in which the mode of production focuses primarily on finished goods manufactured with the aid of machinery

-Society driven by the use of technology to enable mass production, supporting to large population with a high capacity for division of labor

● Occupation specialization has become more pronounced.

● Industrialization draws people away from home to factories.

● Leads to the rise of very large cities and surrounding sub-urban areas with a high rate of economic activity.

● Division of labor becomes over exhibited.

● Rapid change and movement from place to place also generate anonymity, cultural diversity and numerous subculture and counter cultures.

History and Development of Science and Technology

LESSON II
Historical pieces of evidences in development of science and technology can be traced back only with written records from about 5000 years ago. However, archaeological
excavations of fossil remains of a “Peking man” were confirmed to be dated about 500 million years ago through modern instruments and techniques. These fossils were
accompanied by stones of various shapes which were used as tools for survival (Borbon, 2000).

Science and technology continued to progress with the intention to improve the society’s quality of life. Products of science and technology allow people to do more with a little
effort in a shorter period of time (McNamara, 2012). Discovery and invention governed man’s achievements in science and technology (Borbon, 2000). We will try to look at
the progress of science and technology through the perspective of history by identifying their significant discoveries and inventions and how these affect the societies in their
respective time periods.

Time Period Significant Discoveries and Inventions

1. Pre-Historic Times ● Fire (man’s first invention)

● Tools and weapons made of stones a bronze

 https://historiamolim6000.wordpress.com

2. Ancient Times (3500 B.C. ● Cuneiform (world’s first writing system)

– A.D. 1200) ● Sexagesimal system of measurement which uses the number 60 as base system (e.g. an hour is divided into 60

minutes of 60 seconds)

2.1 Sumerian Civilization ● Ziggurats

● Wheeled vehicle

2.2 Babylonian Civilization

Cuneiform
2.3 Egyptian Civilization
https://www.britannica.com/place/Sumer
2.4 Greek Civilization
● Hanging Gardens of Babylon (One of Seven Wonders of the World)

2.5 Roman Civilization ● Ishar Gate

2.6 Arabic/Islamic Civilization

Hanging Gardens of Babylon

https://www.ancient.eu/babylon/

● Hieroglyphics (Egyptian system of writing)

● Egyptian calendar (composed of 365 days)

2.7 Chinese Civilization
● Water clock to calculate time (divided the day into 24 hours)

● Pyramids (e.g. Step Pyramid of Sakkara and Great Pyramid of Khufu or Cheofs)

● Mummification (a system of embalming their dead to preserve the body)

Pyramid

https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Egypt

● Geocentric theory of the universe (postulated by Claudius Ptolemy) became the first model of the universe for more

than 1,400 years).

2.8 Indus-Hindu Civilization

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sanjac-earthscience/chapter/introduction-to-the-solar-system/

● Public buildings could accommodate as many as 300, 000 people (e.g. Hippodrome, Colosseum, Circus Maximus,

Hagia Sophia)

● Roman roads stretched for thousands of miles

3. Pre-Columbian
Mesoamerican Civilization

Hippodrome for Horse & Chariot Racing

https://www.crystalinks.com/circusmaximus.html

● Canon of Medicine book written and published by Ibn Sina or Avicenna (980-1037 A.D.) was used as the basis for

Arab medicinal research.

● Arabic system of numbers

● Pseudoscience of alchemy in which they mix chemical elements to transform base metals into gold.

● Glass lens (first to use them for magnification)

● Black powder (eventually used as gunpowder and they were the first to create the first gun)

The Arabs Practice Alchemy

https://www.arabbritishcentre.org.uk/alchemy-in-the-middle-east-by-christopher-danieli/

● Silk production

● Chopsticks

● Astronomical records of stars, novae, eclipses, and comets (e.g. Halley comet was first observed in China in 240

B.C.)

● The Great Wall of China and the Great Palace of the First Emperor (two architectural monuments of massive

proportions)

● Chinese medicine (e.g. practice of acupuncture)

● Earthquake weathercock (instrument to detect earthquake occurrence)

● Paper production

● Movable-type printing press

● Black powder used in fireworks displays and was later used in explosive cannonballs.
 The Great Wall of China

https://www.china-roads.com/travel/great-wall-of-china/

● Indian surgeons successfully performed various operations like repair of broken limbs, complicated bone setting,

amputation, plastic surgery, and Caesarean section.

● Hindu-Arabic numerals

● Mathematical concepts (known as the Indian art) such as the negative and positive quantities; square and cube

roots; quadratic equations; mathematical implications of zero and infinity; value of pi up to nine decimal places; important steps in
trigonometry, sine functions, spherical geometry, and calculus.

https://www.basic-mathematics.com/hindu-arabic-numeration-system.html

● Mayan hieroglyphics

● Calendar containing 365 days and divided into 18 months of 20 days each

● Calendar stone (represented the Aztec’s universe)

● Rubber products

● Mathematical system with 20 as the base number instead of 10. They used dots and dashes to represent numbers

and a special symbol that signified zero.

● Farming techniques such as slash-and-burn farming, terraces to prevent erosion, chinampas (artificial islands which

serve as their cropland)

● Chocolates made out of cacao beans

● Tacos and tortilla chips made from corn

Chinampas or Artificial Islands

https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/157414949449830116/

4. The Middle Ages (400- ● Known as the Medieval Times in the Western World between Ancient Times and Modern Times
1300 A.D. in the Western World) ● Time devoted by the scholars to the study of theology which somehow left little interest for scientific pursuits.

● However, as the original works were translated and copied by hand, errors were inadvertently committed and

multiplied.

5. Modern Times Renaissance Period is known as the period of rebirth or revival in Europe.

5.1 Renaissance Period

● Movable-type printing press invented in the 1440’s by Johann Gutenberg in Germany.
(1300-1600 A.D.)
● Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), one of the greatest artists of his time, left behind the plans that anticipated such

inventions as the helicopter, the submarine, the machine gun, and the motor car.
 Gutenberg’s Printing press
5.2 Scientific Revolution
(1600-1700 A.D.)
http://davincid.weebly.com/gutenberg-printing-press.html

The rebirth of science in Europe known as Scientific Revolution began in 1543 with the publication of two books:

5.3 Industrialization in the ⮚ On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres written by Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543), challenged the

Modern World (1703-1930 A.D.) centuries-old geocentric universe of Claudius Ptolemy; and

⮚ On the Fabric of the Human Body written by Andreas Vesalius (1514-1640), who presented the first scientifically

accurate description of human anatomy which eventually replaced those earlier written by Galen (100’s A.D. Greek physician)
and Avicenna (early 1000’s A.D. Arab physician).

Significant inventions during this period include:

● Telescope which was devised by Galileo Galilei (1564-1662) to study the heavens. It was also invented in Holland

by Hans Lippershey (1570-1619).

● Optics. Isaac Newton discovered that visible light is composed of different colors when separated by prism which

was written in his book, The Optiks, that was published in 1704. Newton also transformed the underlying principles in physical
science with his three laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation.

● Cell. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) studied the appearance of protozoa and bacteria while he looked at

them under the optical instrument he made. Robert Hooke (1635-1703) discovered in 1665 the “cell,” the term he used to
describe what he saw while looking at the very thin layers of cork under his microscope.

● Barometer. Evangelista Torricelli (1608-1647) invented the barometer while Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)

demonstrated how air pressure diminished with altitude by using the barometer.

Galileo’s Telescope

https://history.amazingspace.org/resources/explorations/groundup/lesson/scopes/galileo/index.php)

Until the nineteenth century, all physical labor was accomplished either directly by human hands or with the aid of tools.
Gradually, the power for production was reinforced by simple machines, coal, petroleum, and was soon replaced by electricity.
The phenomenal transforming process ushered by the transfer of work from human hands to machines was aptly called “The
Industrial Revolution.”

Significant discoveries and inventions during this period include:

● Steam engine – James Watt invented the first satisfactory efficient condensing steam engine in 1765 with his friend,

Joseph Black who discovered latent heat.

● Electricity - Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) proved that lightning is electricity. It led him to invent the lightning rod

to prevent houses from getting burned when struck by lightning.

 Benjamin Franklin’s Wired Kite Flying in a Thunderstorm

http://www.benjamin-franklin-history.org/experiments-with-electricity/

● Electric battery - Alessandro Volta (1745-1827) invented electric battery in 1800. In his honor, a unit of

electromotive force which drives current was called the volt.

● Electromagnetism - Michael Faraday (1791-1867) carried out several experiments which greatly enlightened our

understanding of electromagnetism.

● Electric motor - Hans Oersted (1777-1851) invented electric motor, a device for converting electricity to mechanical

motion.

● Electric current - Andre Ampere (1775-1836) explained the observed magnetic effects in terms of electric currents

flowing in small loops.

● Telegraph - Samuel F.B. Morse (1791-1872) produced the first practical telegraph known as the Morse Code, a

system of signals composed of dots and dashes combined to represent letters of the alphabet.

● Telephone – invented by Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) who carried out the world’s first successful telephone

conversation in 1876.

● Electric bulb – invented by Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931) which brought electrical illumination into the world in

the 1880’s. Among his other outstanding inventions are the phonograph and the motion picture equipment.

Thomas Alva Edison

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Edison

Thomas Alva Edison was deaf, claiming that his deafness enabled him to concentrate. He held a world record of 1,093 patents
for his inventions including incandescent electric light which brought electrical illumination into the world.

● Radio waves - Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894) was the first to broadcast and receive radio waves. Hertz established the

fact that light and heat are electromagnetic waves.

● Radiotelegraphy – a system of mass communication which was invented by Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937). He

patented wireless telegraphy apparatus in 1900.

● Motor car – Nicolas Otto (1832-1891) created an improved combustion engine and this is still the way cars work

today.

● X-rays – Wilhelm Roentgen (1845-1923) recorded the first X-ray image and realized the medical potential of x-rays.

● Airplane – Wilbur and Orville Wright built and flew the first really successful airplane.

● Rockets and space flights – Konstantin Tsiokovsky (1857-1935) was the first person to draw up plans for space

stations and calculated the rocket’s travel and consumption of rocket fuel. Yuri Gagarin (1934-1968) was the first man to orbit
 the earth in 1961.

● Atomic bomb - John Cockcroft (1897-1967) and Earnest Walton (1903-1995) were able to split the atom. This

proved Albert Einstein’s (1879-1955) theory of relativity. This unlocked the secrets of the atomic nucleus, which later allowed
scientists to develop the atomic bomb.

Milestones of Technology in the Philippines

LESSON III
Time Period Status of Philippine Science and Technology

1. The Pre-Spanish Colonial Period Before the coming of the Spaniards, Filipinos already had:

● Own writing system, Baybayin

● Own method of counting

● System of weights and measurements

● Calendar

● Cultivated their fields

● Built ships or bancas out of logs

● Engaged in extensive fishing and some mining, particularly gold

● Been weaving cloth from abaca, cotton, and fine pineapple fibres (pina).

● Treated wounds and diseases using some medical herbs

Baybayin, an Ancient Filipino Writing System

https://narrastudio.com/blogs/journal/baybayin-the-ancient-filipino-script-lives-on

2. The Spanish Colonial Period The Spaniards introduced the following:

● Roads and stone bridges were built to connect provinces and towns.

● Stone churches, many of which still stand today.

 ● Use of concrete materials and the manufacture of lime, cement, and bricks.

● Built hospitals such as the San Lazaro Hospital in Manila, considered the oldest in the Far East, which still

exists today.

● Printing from movable types and the Roman alphabet was introduced and books in Spanish, Tagalog, and

some other dialects were printed in small numbers.

● Establishment of academic institutions beyond the primary grades which influenced the beginning and

progress of science through the introduction of scientific subjects in formal education.

University of Santo Tomas, Manila

https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/510736413973957507/

3. American Colonial Period ● The first state university, the University of the Philippines, was established.

● Several members of the U.P. faculty were sent to the United States and Europe to advance their training

and to obtain higher degrees for a Master’s or Doctorate’s Degree in the sciences specialized in agriculture,
chemistry, biology, medicine, physics, engineering, and mathematics.

● Science bureaus were created.

● Scientific periodicals were established with the increase of scientific activities.

● Scientific societies were organized.

4. Japanese Colonial Period ● There was not much scientific activity, apart from development of the production of basic necessities such

as soap and coconut oil.

● Produced native substitute for quinine which was much in demand because of the rampant spread of

malaria.

5. Period of the Republic of the ● Many agencies in science and technology were established and strengthened, including the Philippine
Philippines Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA), the National Academy of Science
and Technology (NAST), and the National Science and Technology Authority (NSTA).

● NSTA was reorganized into the Department of Science and Technology (DOST). DOST is the central

agency mandated to provide direction, leadership, and coordination of all scientific and technological activities in the
Philippines.

● Science schools were established to develop gifted students in science and mathematics, such as the

Philippine Science High School System (PSHSS), Manila Science High School, Quezon City Regional Science High
School, and the Special Science Elementary Schools Project to promote science education.

Filipino Inventions/Inventors

Filipino scientists’ discoveries and inventions were built from indigenous materials or created to adapt to the harsh tropical environment in the Philippines (McNamara, 2012).
Some of Filipino-made inventions include:

Inventions Inventor Description and Photos

1. Salamander Victor Llave and his team at H2O An amphibious tricycle that can cross not only flooded streets but also rivers and lakes.

Amphibious Tricycle Technologies

Salamander Amphibious Tricycle

https://startsomegood.com/H2OSalamander

2. Sustainable Alternative Aisa Mijeno A lighting system that utilizes saltwater, a material abundant in the Philippines. Alternative to

Lighting lamp saltwater may be done by mixing two tablespoons of salt and a glass of tap water.

SALt Lamp

https://inhabitat.com/filipino-salt-lamp-runs-8-hours-on-just-1-glass-of-salty-water/

3. Medical Incubator Dr. Fe del Mundo, a Filipino Made from indigenous and cheap materials which did not run on electricity.
pediatrician and the first Asian
woman admitted into Harvard
Medical School

Bamboo-Made Medical Incubator

https://www.esquiremag.ph/long-reads/features/amazing-inventions-by-filipinos-a00204-
20200529

4. Mosquito Department of Science and Also known as OL Trap. This trap system is made of natural ingredients that are lethal to

Ovicidal/Larvicidal Trap System Kit Technology – Industrial Technology mosquitos but safe for humans and the environment.
Development Institute (DOST-ITDI)
 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/DOST-Mosquito-Ovicidal-Larvicidal-OL-Trap-
5_fig1_272361932

This modern type of transportation utilizes electricity. It is environment-friendly since it does

Leonardo Sarao
5. Electric Jeepney or e- not emit any smoke and noise.
Jeepney

Sarao Motors e-Jeepney

https://www.topgear.com.ph/news/industry-news/sarao-e-jeepneys-features-a00188-
20180425)

Using/Applying Knowledge (Application/Integration)

Give five Filipino inventors (2 national, 2 regional, and 1 Antiqueño) and their inventions.

Grading Rubrics:

Content 10 points

Presentation (Format and Style) 10 points

Time of Accomplishment 5 points

TOTAL 25 points

Evaluating Understanding (Assessment)

Please log in to e-skUelA for your quiz.

Upgrading Competence and Expanding Insights (Enrichment phase)

To further understand this module, you may log in to e-skUelA to watch the following videos:

https://youtu.be/M0p6NKANE08

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BzrGaoD142k

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xbUlm4TUZ3A

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qd7hpur-G1Y

REFERENCES:

A. BOOKS

Ariola, Mariano M. (2018). Science, Technology, and Society. Unlimited Books Library Services & Publishing, Inc. Manila, Philippines

Borbon, Veronica L., et al (2000). College Science, Technology, and Society. Rex Book Store, Inc. Manila, Philippines

Bueno, David C. (2019). Science, Technology and Society. Books Atbp. Publishing Corp. Mandaluyong City, Philippines

Doria, Benjamin D., et al (2018). Science, Technology and Society. Jimczyville Publications. Malabon City, Philippines

Gribbin, J. (2003). Science: A History. London, UK: Penguin Books.

Iaccarino, M. (2003). Science and Culture. EMBO Reports, 4, 220-223.

McNamara, Daniel Joseph, et al (2012). Science, Technology, and Society. C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City, Philippines

Serafica, Janice Patria J., et al (2018). Science, Technology, and Society. Rex Printing Company, Inc. Quezon City, Philippines

B. ONLINE REFERENCES

https://www.vectorstock.com/royalty-free-vector/cartoon-community-world-people-society-vector-14855193

https://www.facebook.com/priyaisas/

https://www.britannica.com/place/United-Kingdom/Economy

https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2012/03/20/a-practical-vision-simple-technology-that-transforms-lives/

https://www.google. marketbusinessnews.com

https://www.google.hopeinterculturalcomm.weebly.com

https://www.google. superstition-inquisition

https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/political-cartoons-in-the-age-of-memes/article30525504.ece

https://reviste.in/careers/liberation-of-knowledge/