PERDEV 1

Personal Development is the CONSCIOUS CHOICE to improves one’s LIFE to become a better person and tp
grow as an INDIVIDUAL

Where am I now?
Identifying existing skills/qualifications
Identifying strenghts
Identifying weaknesses

Where do I want to go?

Identifying long term aims
Identifying future required skills/qualifications

Personal Development
is a process that helps teens overcome these challenges and also an on—going process.

Do you know anyone like these?

These are signs of low self-esteem

1. Walking with their head down.

Teens who feel that they are not worthy, find it very hard to make eye contact when communication. They avoid
making a connection.

2. Not making eye contact when talking

This is usually a physical expression of shame and embarassment.
Teens with low self-esteems feel they need to hide and survive in public unnoticed.
3. Using negative “I am statements”
Teenagers who commonly use phrases such as “I am useless”, “I never” , “I can’t”
Are examples of someone expressing negative beliefs about who they are.

4. Teasing, name calling, or saying negative things about others.

Teenagers who feel bad about themselves often find negative things about others.
This is usually a defense mechanism. Most times it is a simple case of making themselves feel or look betther by
making others look bad.

5. Excessive boasting about their achievements or appearance.

Teenagers seeking to fight feelings of worthlessness try to convince themselves and others the reverse by
continually talking about how good looking they are important.

6. Speaking very loudly and aggressively

Teenagers who feel insignificant or worthless believe that others see them as unimportant too, to counteract these
feelings they will try to verbally dominate communications to seek attention or recognition

7. Evading Social Interactions.

•When the teenagers feel they are bound to be rejected, they will avoid situations that will reinforce this beliefs.
•Peer bonding is an important element of how teenagers develop self-worth.

8. Constantly Apologizing
This is associated with feelings of guilt. When a teenager believes
he always makes mistakes or does not make expectations, he feels guilty.

Going through personal development process will regain self-worth and confidence.

PERDEV 2

What is Psychosexual Development

Freud believed that adult personality problems were the results of early experiences in life.
He believed that we go through five stages of psychosexual development and that at each stage of development
we experience pleasure in one part of the body than in others.

Erogenous Zones – are parts of the body that have especially strong pleasure-giving qualities at particular stages
of development.

Fixation
The Psychoanalytic defense mechanism that occurs when the individual remains locked in an earlier development
stage because needs are under or over gratified.

Examples
Weaning a child too early or until too late.
Being too strict in toilet training the child.
Punishing the child for masturbation.
Smothering the child with too much attention.
Stages of Psychosexual Development

1. Oral Stage
It occurs during the first 18 months of life when the infant’s pleasure centers on the mouth.
Chewing, sucking and biting are chief sources of pleasure and these actions reduces tension in the infant.

2. Anal Stage
It is the second stage of oral development that occurs between 1 ½ until 3 years of age, in which the child’s
greatest pleasure involves the anus or the eliminative functions associated with it.

In Freud’s view, the exercise of anal muscles reduces tension.

Though toilet training, the child comes in contact with the rules of society.

3. Phallic Stage
It occurs between the ages of 3-6.
The word “phallic” comes the Latin word “phallus,” which means “penis.”
During this stage, pleasure focuses on the genitals as the child discovers that self-stimulation is enjoyable

Importance
In Freud’s view, the phallic stage has a special importance in personality development because this period triggers
the Oedipus Complex.

The Oedipus Complex is the young child’s development of an intense desire to replace the parent of the same sex
and enjoy the
affection of the opposite-sex parent.

Resolving the Oedipus Rex

At about 5-6 years of age, children recognize that their same-sex parent might punish them for their incestuous
wishes.
To reduce the conflict, the child identifies with the same-sex parent, striving to be like him/her.
If the conflict is not resolved, the individual may become fixated at the phallic stage.
The child learns to realize the differences between males and females and becomes aware of sexuality.

4. Latency Stage
It occurs at approximately between 6 years of age until puberty.
At this stage, the child represses all interest in sexuality and develops social and intellectual skills.

5. Genital Stage
The final stage of psychosexual development occurs from puberty onwards.
It is the time of sexual reawakening, but the source of sexual pleasure becomes someone outside the family.

Oral
Infant achieves gratification through oral activities such as feeding, thumb sucking and babbling
0-2 years old

Anal
The child learns to respond to some of the demands of society (such as bowel and bladder control)
2-3 years old
Phallic
The child learns to realize the differences between males and females and becomes aware of sexuality
3-7 years old

Latency
The child continues his or her development but sexual urges are relatively quiet
7-11 years old

Genital
The growing adolescent shakes off dependencies and learns to deal maturely with opposite sex
11-Adult

PERDEV 3

Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory

What is Psychosocial Theory?

Erik Erikson coined the term identity crises, (a turning point in one’s life that may either strengthen or weaken
one’s personality.)
Intended his theory of personality to extend rather that repudiate Freud’s Psychoanalysis and to offer a new “way
of looking things”.

Syntonic – A harmonious element e.g., Trust

Dystonic – A disruptive element e.g., Mistrust
Hope – Strength quality
Withdrawal – Opposite of strength
Stage 1-Infancy
Oral-sensory(0-1 year old)
Trust vs Mistrust

Psychological Crisis
The first stage is infancy. The goal is to develop trust without completely eliminating the capacity of mistrust. If the
parents can give the baby a sense of familiarity, consistency, and continuity, then the baby will develop the feeling
that the world is a safe place to be, that people are reliable and loving.

Basic Strength
If the proper balance is achieved, the child will develop the virtue Hope

Stage 2- Early Childhood

Muscular-Anal (2-3 years old)
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

He begins to make choices and express his will. If encouraged, he develops a sense of doubt and shame
manifested in feelings of worthlessness and incompetence. We should keep in mind that even something as
innocent us as laughing at the toddler's efforts can lead the child to feel deeply ashamed and to doubt his or her
abilities.

Basic Strength
If you get the proper, positive balance of Autonomy and shame and doubt, you will develop the virtue of willpower
or determination.
Stage 3 Play Age
Locomotor- Genital (4-5 years old)
Initiative vs Guilt

Psychosocial crisis: Child begins to explore his social and physical worlds discovering what he can accomplish.
Erikson refers to this as a time for developing a sense of initiative or a positive attitude of personal
accomplishment. At this time, the child gradually becomes aware of the various social roles presented by his
environment. In Erikson's view, the basic influence during this period is the child's families who can help him learn
to be responsible for his behavior and actions.

Stage 4 School Age

Latency (6-11 years old)
Industry vs Inferiority

Psychosocial Crisis: the child's world broadens technical skills are learned and feelings of
competence, enlarged. Children enter new world of the neighborhood and the school. In Erikson's view, when
children come to believe that they cannot achieve according to their school, family, or peers, their sense of
mastery will give way to personal inferiority. Thus, they become incapable of facing the transitory adolescent years
which lie directly ahead.Parents must encourage, teachers must care, peers must accept.

Virtue
A happier thing is to develop the right balance of industry and inferiority a-that is, mostly industry with just a touch
of inferiority
to keep us sensibly
humble. Then we have the virtue called competency.

Stage 5 Adolescence (12-18 years old)

Identity vs Role confusion

Psychosocial Crisis: According to Erikson, is characterized by an identity - formation crisis. The question "Who am
I and what can I do when I become an adult?" confronts the adolescent. His struggle is based not only on societal
demands as an emerging adult, but also on the pubescent age. Since an adolescent spends more time with his
friend, the peer group now becomes an essential source of general rules of
behavior.

Virtue
If you have successfully negotiate this stage, you will have the virtue Erikson called fidelity.

Stage 6 Young Adulthood

(19-40 years old)
Intimacy vs Isolation

In this stage the individual develops a warm and

intimate relationship with another person. If such
sense of intimacy is not acquired during this time
of life, a sense of isolation develop instead. Such
attitude is reflected in the ability to trust others in a close and intimate manner.

Virtue
If you successfully negotiate this stage, you will instead carry with you for the rest of your life the virtue Erikson
calls love.

Stage 7 Adulthood
(40 to 60 years old)
Generativity vs stagnation

The middle years of stage comprise the productive years of adulthood. In this stage, the individual's productivity is
gauged by his
contributions to his family and to society. According to Erikson, the person who fails to develop this sense of
generativity becomes
preoccupied instead with his personal needs and interests with his personal needs and interests or both with a
sense of self-absorption.

Virtue

But if you are successfully at this stage, you will have a capacity for caring that will serve you
through the rest of your life.

Stage 8 Old Age/Maturity

(60-death)
Ego integrity vs. Despair

In the last stage, a person comes to terms with the temporal limits of his life. It is the fulfillment and culmination. In
Erikson's view, it is the achievement of a sense of integrity resulting from identification with mankind. If a person,
however, develops an attitude of regret and fear
of the end of life, then a sense of despair emerges instead.
Virtue
Someone who approaches death without fear has the strength Erikson calls wisdom.

PERDEV 4

Self Discovery

•Is an essential personal task and a keystone to personal development.

•Whatever way you see yourself, CHANGE remains constant in the whole process of growth.
•Change makes all these happen.

Understanding the Middle and Late Adolescence

The middle and late adolescence is between the ages of 15-21. This is the time of one’s life that full of excitement
and challenges.

Changes And Transitions

Physiological
Adolescence is a complex and dynamic process characterized by simultaneous but asynchronous development
within several development streams. These streams include physical development (puberty), cognitive and
psychological development, and social development. Although puberty is only one component of adolescent
development, it generally is considered to define the onset of adolescence and certainly is the most visible and
tangible of all of the developmental changes occurring during this period.

Physiological Changes
Girl-development of the uterus, start of menstruation, growth of body parts, bones and organs develop.
Boy-changes in muscle size, growth of sexual organs, development of public hair
Common Changes
Height and Mass increase
Physical strength increases
Higher need of sleep
Sweat glands increase
Brain development is complete

Physical
Adolescence is a time for growth spurts and puberty changes. An adolescent may grow several inches in several
months followed by a period of very slow growth, then have another growth spurt. Changes with puberty (sexual
maturation) may happen gradually or several signs may become visible at the same time.

Psychological
The most important psychological and psychosocial changes in puberty and early adolescence are the emergence
of abstract
thinking, the growing ability of absorbing the perspectives or viewpoints of others, an increased ability of
introspection, the development of personal and sexual identity, the establishment of a system of values, increasing
autonomy from family and more personal independence, greater importance of peer relationships of sometimes
subcultural quality, and the emergence of skills and coping strategies to overcome problems and crises.

(HOW TO DEAL WITH BODY ISSUES)

Self Identity
Self-identity forms the basis of our self-esteem. In adolescence, the way we see ourselves changes in response to
peers, family, and school, among other social environments. Our self-identities shape our perceptions of
belonging. Social identity is constructed by others, and may differ from self-identity.

Erik Erikson's Self Identity

•Erikson defines identity as a “fundamental organizing principal which develops constantly throughout the
lifespan.”
•Identity involves the experiences, relationships, beliefs, values, and memories that make up a person's subjective
sense of self.

Identity Provides

Self-sameness: A sense of continuity within the self and in interaction with others
Uniqueness: A frame to differentiate between self and interaction with others
Psychosocial development: Mental and physical health for adolescents
Benefits of Identity

•Commitment: Resolving the crisis at this stage of development involves committing to a particular identity.
•Self-confidence: Those who are able to develop a strong sense of identity are better able to have self-confidence,
or a sense of trust in their abilities, qualities, and judgements.
•Sense of independence: Those who receive proper encouragement and reinforcement through personal
exploration will emerge from this stage with a strong sense of self and a feeling of independence and control.
•Fidelity: Those who are successful develop fidelity, a psychological virtue characterized by the ability to relate to
others and form genuine relationships. This ability plays an important role in the upcoming stage known as
intimacy versus isolation.

Stages of Identity Development

•Identity diffusion (role confusion): At this point, a person has not explored or made identity commitments.
•Identity foreclosure: This involves committing to an identity without exploring other options, often as a result of
peer pressure, conformity, cultural expectations, or parental pressure.
•Identity moratorium: This is a period of active exploration where an individual tries new things and seeks out
alternatives.
•Identity achievement: This status involves having explored different options and then making a commitment to an
identity. This does not necessarily end with adolescence. It can ultimately be a long process that creates self-
awareness and a strong sense of self.

How to Decrease Role Confusion

•Build on your strengths. Identify the areas in your life in which you
excel, and take time to develop and build on those strengths.
•Try new things to discover what you like. Think about your passions and interests. Brainstorm some ideas around
things that excite you.
•Make commitments and set goals. While you can set goals in any part of your life, consider thinking about some
common areas like health, career, finances, and education.
•Participate in activities that are related to your interests. Whether church events or clubs for sports, take the
initiative to become part of something that interests you.

PERDEV 5

I am Whole and Steady-Wholeness and Balance in Life

Man as a Whole Being

The word wholebeing means wellbeing of the whole person. Wholebeing means recognizing that we each live
within three worlds—the inner world of the mind, the world of the physical body and the world outside which we
call nature. The world of the mind is the world that you make up inside your head.

What is Wholeness?
Wholeness is our capacity to experience health as transcending all limitations while accepting them, overcoming
this virus of perfectionism which keeps us locked into an imaginary world rather than the real world...it is
paradoxically in accepting (limitations) that we can transcend them.
— Laurence Freeman

The Six Areas of Whole Person Development

Emotional Physical Spiritual Social Psychological Professional

Physical Development
Physical development is an aspect of human development. Human development includes physical, cognitive, and
emotional growth and change. Physical development is defined as the growth of the body and its parts, including
muscle and motor development.

Things you need to to look into

Watch what you eat
Keep yourself fit and strong
Avoid abuse of your body

Cognitive Development
Cognitive development is a way of addressing the way a child learns to think, reason, and use language, which are
vital to the child’s overall growth and development.

Remembering
Remembering is a function of the brain that depends on short-term or long-term memory. According to Throop and
Castellucci (2011), “If you cannot remember, learning becomes impossible.”
?Ways to improve memory:
Repetition
Organization
Mnemonics

Critical Thinking
Critical thinking is the ability to objectively analyze information and draw a rational conclusion. It also involves
gathering information on a subject and determining which pieces of information apply to
the subject and which do not, based on deductive reasoning.

Spiritual Development

Spiritual development is a process by which we attain self-knowledge and God-realization. We have a physical
body, and we have a mind and intellect. Spiritual growth involves the realization that we are not the body and the
mind, but, in reality, we are soul. Throughout our lives we have become so identified with our body and mind that
on our own we cannot separate our true self from them.