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 “The real voyage of discovery consists not in
seeking new landscapes, but in having new eyes.”
Adapted from Marcel Proust, Remembrance of Things Past.

ISBN 978 1 78702 327 7

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A CIP catalogue entry for this book is available from the British Library

First published in Great Britain

by Kuperard, an imprint of Bravo Ltd
59 Hutton Grove, London N12 8DS
Tel: +44 (0) 20 8446 2440
www.culturesmart.co.uk
Inquiries: [email protected]

Design Bobby Birchall

Printed in Turkey

The Culture Smart! series is continuing to expand.

All Culture Smart! guides are available as e-books, and many as audio
books. For further information and latest titles visit
www.culturesmart.co.uk
ABOUT THE AUTHOR

JULIANA TZVETKOVA is an academic and intercultural intelligence

trainer. Born and educated in Bulgaria, she has an M.A. from Sofia
University’s Faculty of Classic and Modern Philology. After graduation she
did translating, interpreting, and research, and worked for Bulgarian
National Television. In 1998 Juliana moved with her family to Canada where
she joined the Communications Faculty of Centennial College. She worked
for Centennial around the globe for more than twenty years, and began her
intercultural training career in Dubai. Today she combines her intercultural
and educational work with writing. She has contributed to encyclopedias
and is an author of Pop Culture in Europe and Culture Smart! Canada.
CONTENTS

Map of Bulgaria
Introduction
Key Facts

1 LAND AND PEOPLE

• Geography
• Climate
• Regions and Major Cities
• The People
• A Brief History
• Covid-19 in Bulgaria
• The Economy

2 VALUES AND ATTITUDES

• The Bulgarian Worldview

• Family Values
• The Role of Women
• Hospitality and Generosity
• Religion
• Regionalism, Patriotism, Chauvinism
• Attitudes Toward Others
• Work Ethic
• Attitudes Towards Time
• Individualism and Collectivism
• Rationality and Emotionality
• Respect for Age, Status, and Power
• Millennials and Gen Z: Rising to the Challenge

3 CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS

• Public Holidays
• Major Religious Celebrations
• Important Civic Celebrations
• Name Days
• Nature and Folk Festivals
• Weddings, Births, Choosing Names
• Funerals
• Some Superstitions

4 MAKING FRIENDS

• Friendship for Bulgarians

• Meeting People
• Favors and the Right Connections
• Socializing
• Invitations Home
• Gift Giving
• Dating

5 AT HOME

• Family Life
• Housing
• Inside the Bulgarian Home
• The Daily Round
• The Cost of Living
• Twenty-First-Century Education
• Employment

6 TIME OUT

• Eating Out
• Nightlife
• Music, Film, and Theater
• Festivals
• Sports
• Must-See Destinations in and Around Sofia

7 TRAVEL, HEALTH, AND SAFETY

• Arrival
• Money Matters
• Getting Around Sofia
• Travel Outside Sofia
• Health Care
• Safety
• Police

8 BUSINESS BRIEFING

• Work Culture
• Setting up a Meeting
• Greetings and First Impressions
• Presentations
• Negotiations
• Business Meals
• Contracts and Fulfillment
• Managing Disagreement
• Business Gifts
• Women in Business

9 COMMUNICATING

• The Language
• Everyday Speech
• Body Language
• Humor
• The Media
• Internet and Social Media
• Services
• Conclusion

Further Reading
Useful Apps
Acknowledgments
MAP OF BULGARIA
INTRODUCTION

One of the oldest countries in Europe, Bulgaria became the youngest

member of the European Union on January 1, 2007. If there is a word that
best describes the Bulgarians, it is “proud.” Founded in 681 CE, the country
takes pride in being the oldest European nation-state never to have changed
its name. It is also proud to have given the world the Cyrillic alphabet, the
first electronic wristwatch, the electronic digital computer, and some of the
twentieth-century’s greatest opera singers. Most of all, Bulgarians are proud
of their long history and the natural beauty of their land: “Bulgaria” and
“paradise” are often used in the same sentence.
Situated on the Balkan Peninsula, Bulgaria was at the crossroads of
Europe and Asia and a melting pot of ancient cultures. Today, four pan-
European transportation corridors connect Western Europe to Eastern and
Southeastern Europe and Asia across its territory. Invasions and waves of
migration, starting from neolithic and classical times, have contributed to its
unique cultural mosaic. The seventh-century Bulgarian empire dominated
the Balkans and was a powerhouse of Slavonic culture. Later, Ottoman
conquest and Soviet influence left their mark on the national psyche.
Bulgaria’s colorful traditions are rooted in an ancient pagan past and
twelve centuries of Orthodox Christianity. The new year starts with the
lucky backtapping surovakane rite. Bulgarians celebrate name days, such as
the patron saint of winemaking, Trifon Zarezan; Baba Marta, marking the
end of winter, when red and white yarn marteniza adornments are worn; the
day of the Slavonic alphabet, of Bulgarian enlightenment and culture; and
very many other holidays. To throw a great party one needs great company,
and the Bulgarians are famous for their hospitality, warmth, well-stocked
tables, and lively music. Easygoing, and with a great sense of humor, they
enjoy making new friends and know how to cherish old ones.
Today, Bulgaria’s seaside and winter resorts attract many visitors, while
its rapidly developing economy draws investors from around the world. This
book is for vacationers, adventure seekers, businesspeople, and lovers of
ancient culture and art. It will familiarize you with this small but beautiful
land and its complex people. It describes the formative influences on
Bulgarian society, and the way Bulgarian people interact with foreigners and
each other. It offers important insights and practical advice that will smooth
your path and deepen your experience in this intriguing country.

Dobre doshli v Bulgaria, skapi priateli!

Welcome to Bulgaria, dear friends!
KEY FACTS

Official Name Republic of Bulgaria Adopted in 1991 after the

first democratically held
elections

Population 6,835,000 More than 1.5 million

have emigrated or left to
work abroad since 1989
when borders were
opened following the fall
of communism.

Capital City Sofia, since 1879. Known as Sofia since

Population roughly 1.5 1376. Older names are
million Serdika (Roman), Triadiza
(Byzantine), Sredetz
(Bulgar).

Major Cities Plovdiv, Varna, Burgas

Area 42,855 sq. miles (110,994

sq. km)

Borders Romania, Serbia, Black Sea, Danube River

Macedonia, Greece, (mostly with Romania)
Turkey

Climate Continental climatic zone Four seasons in

(north) Humid continental temperate
subtropical climate (east) zone; the south and
Mediterranean (south) coastal regions have
milder weather patterns.
 Currency Lev (BGN) One lev = 100 The lev is pegged to the
stotinki euro. One euro = lev
(BGN) (ɥɜ) 1.955.
Bulgaria expects to join
the Eurozone in 2024.

Ethnic Makeup Bulgarian 85%; Turkish

8.8%; Roma 4.9%;
Macedonians, Tartars, and
Armenians 0.4%

Languages Bulgarian (official), Cyrillic is the official

Turkish, Roma (minority) script.

Religion Orthodox Christianity is

the dominant religion.
Others: Islam, Judaism,
Catholicism,
Protestantism

Government Parliamentary republic. The Council of Ministers

The National Assembly holds executive power,
(Narodno sabranie) has and the President is
240 members elected elected by direct vote for a
every four years. five-year term.

Media State TV and private Private: bTV (6 channels);

television networks. State: TV7 (2 channels); NOVA
BNT (BNT1, BNT2, BNT television; DIEMA (5
World) channels)

Print and Digital Press Bulgarian News Agency; Media Times Review
Bulgarian News Network (online magazine); Sofia
(BNN); Frog News Echo (weekly paper);
(culture, sports, tourism); Standart News (online
Novinite.com (major news English edition)
provider)

Electricity 220 volts, 50 Hz Standard European two-

prong plugs; adaptors are
needed for North
 American and UK
appliances.

Telephone Bulgaria’s country code is Sofia code 02; Plovdiv

+359. code 04

Time Zone Eastern European Time Eastern European

(EET) UTC/GMT + 2 hrs Summer Time (EEST)
UTC/GMT + 3 hrs
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Regina nova; Reina Nova (syns. of Belle), 158
Reina Nova or Reine Nova (Berre) (syns. of Belle), 158
Reine Blanche; Reine Blanche de Galopin (syns. of White
Queen), 564
Reine Claud; Reine-Claude (syns. of Reine Claude), 327
Reine Claude, 326
Reine Claude (syn. of Bavay, 155; of Small Reine Claude, 347)
Reine-Claude Abricotine, 529
Reine-Claude à Fleurs Semi-double or fleur semi-double (syns.
of Double Flowering Gage), 192
Reine-Claude Alex. Dumas (syn. of Purple Gage), 318
Reine-Claude Aloise (syn. of Alois Reine Claude), 393
Reine-Claude Althan’s (syn. of Altham), 141
Reine-Claude Ancienne, Blanche, Blanche Grosse Espece,
Blanche la Grosse (syns. of Reine Claude), 327
Reine-Claude Azurée (syn. of Azure), 398
Reine-Claude Bavay Hâtive (syn. of July Green Gage), 474
Reine-Claude Blanche (syn. of Small Reine Claude), 347
Reine-Claude Blanche de Boston (syn. of Imperial Gage), 251
Reine-Claude Blanche Petite Espece (syn. of Small Reine
Claude), 347
Reine-Claude Bleue (syn. of Blaue Reine Claude), 405
Reine-Claude Boddaert (syn. of Boddaert), 165
Reine-Claude Braunau (syn. of Abricotée de Braunau), 391
Reine-Claude Bryanston (syn. of Bryanston), 168
Reine-Claude Chauviere (syn. of Chauviere), 417
Reine-Claude Comte Althan or d’Althan; Reine-Claude d’Althan;
Reine Claude d’Althann (syns. of Altham), 141
Reine Claude Coulon (syn. of Coulon Reine Claude), 423
Reine-Claude d’Alois (syn. of Alois Reine Claude), 393
Reine-Claude d’Angouleme (syn. of Angouleme), 395
Reine-Claude d’Automne (syn. of Autumn Gage), 398
Reine-Claude Davion (syn. of July Green Gage), 474
Reine Claude de Bavay (syn. of Bavay), 155
Reine-Claude de Bavay Hâtive (syn. of July Green Gage), 474
Reine-Claude De Berger (syn. of Peach), 309
Reine-Claude de Bleecker or de Bleeker (syns. of Bleeker), 163
Reine-Claude de Boddaert (syn. of Boddaert), 165
Reine-Claude de Brahy (syn. of Brahy), 408
Reine Claude de Brignais, 529
Reine-Claude de Brignais (syn. of Reine Claude de Brignais),
529
Reine-Claude de Chambourcy (syn. of Chambourcy), 174
Reine-Claude de Comte Hathen (syn. of Altham), 141
Reine Claude d’Ecully, 529
Reine-Claude de Flushings (syn. of Imperial Gage), 251
Reine-Claude De Guigne (syn. of Transparent), 360
Reine-Claude d’Ecully (syn. of Ecully), 441
Reine-Claude de Jodoigne (syn. of Jodoigne), 472
Reine-Claude de Juillet (syn. of July Green Gage), 474
Reine-Claude de Lawrence (syn. of Lawrence), 266
Reine Claude de l’Echoisier, 530
Reine-Claude de Meroldt (syn. of Meroldt), 494
Reine Claude de Mezel, 530
Reine-Claude de Monroe (syn. of Monroe), 287
Reine-Claude de Montmorency (syn. of Montmorency), 499
Reine Claude de Razaimbaut, 530
Reine-Claude de Razaimbaut (syn. of Reine Claude de
Razaimbaut), 530
Reine Claude de Saint-Avertin, 530
Reine Claude Descarde, 530
Reine-Claude de Schuyler (syn. of Schuyler Gage), 541
Reine Claude de Vandenbrok, 530
Reine Claude de Wazon, 530
Reine-Claude de Webster (syn. of Webster Gage), 562
Reine-Claude de Woolston (syn. of Woolston), 567
Reine-Claude D’Henrietta (syn. of Henrietta Gage), 461
Reine-Claude d’Hudson (syn. of Hudson Gage), 465
Reine-Claude Diaphane (syn. of Transparent), 360
Reine-Claude Diaphane Hâtive (syn. of Early Transparent Gage),
440
Reine Claude d’Oberdieck, 530
Reine-Claude d’October; Reine-Claude d’Octobre (syns. of Late
Reine Claude), 481
Reine-Claude Dore; Reine Claude Dorée; Reineclaude d’oree
(syns. of Reine Claude), 327
Reine-Claude d’Oullins (syn. of Oullins), 303
Reine-Claude du Comte d’Althan or Hathem (syns. of Altham),
141
Reine-Claude Geante (syn. of Reisenzwetsche), 531
Reine-Claude Grosse (syn. of Reine Claude), 327
Reine Claude group, 27-29;
origin of, 27-29;
character of, 29;
leading varieties of, 29
Reine-Claude Hâtive (syn. of July Green Gage), 474
Reine Claude Hamaitre, 530
Reine-Claude Hâtive d’Avion (syn. of July Green Gage), 474
Reine-Claude Hâtive de Bavay (syn. of July Green Gage), 474
Reine-Claude Impériale or Impériale de Prince (syns. of Imperial
Gage), 251
Reine-Claude Jaune De Dana (syn. of Dana Yellow Gage), 428
Reine-Claude Jaune De Prince (syn. of Yellow Gage), 388
Reine-Claude Latinois (syn. of Chambourcy), 174
Reine-Claude mit Halbgefullter Bluthe (syn. of Double Flowering
Gage), 192
Reine-Claude Monot (syn. of Bavay), 155
Reine-Claude Monstreuse de Bavey (syn. of Bavay), 155
Reine Claude Monstrueuse de Mezel, 530
Reine-Claude Moyret (syn. of Moyret), 500
Reine-Claudenartige Aprikosen Pflaume (syn. of Apricot), 148
Reine-Claude Noire de Woolston (syn. of Woolston), 567
Reine-Claude Petite or Petite Espèce (syns. of Small Reine
Claude), 347
Reine Claude Précoce (syn. of Oullins), 303
Reine-Claude Précoce de Razimbaud (syn. of Reine Claude de
Razaimbaut), 530
Reine-Claude Rouge (syn. of Belle), 158
Reine-Claude Rouge Americaine (syn. of Red Gage), 527
Reine-Claude Rouge Comte Althan; Rouge de Hathen; rouge du
comte Hethan; Rouge du Comte Hethan (syns. of Altham),
141
Reine-Claude Rouge de Prince (syn. of Red Gage), 527
Reine-Claude Rouge de Septembre (syn. of Belle), 158
Reine-Claude Rouge de Van Mons (syn. of Belle), 158
Reine-Claude Rouge of September; Reine-Claude Rouge Van
Mons (syns. of Belle), 158
Reine Claude Sagot, 530
Reine-Claude Semi-Double (syn. of Double Flowering Gage),
192
Reine-Claude tardive (syn. of Chambourcy), 174
Reine-Claude Tardive (syn. of Late Reine Claude), 481
Reine-Claude Tardive de Chambourcy; Reine-Claude Tardive
Latinois (syns. of Chambourcy), 174
Reine Claude Transparent; Reine-Claude Transparente (syns. of
Transparent), 360
Reine-Claude Verde Perdrigon (syn. of Reine Claude), 327
Reine-Claude Verte (syn. of Chambourcy, 174; of Reine Claude,
327)
Reine-Claude Verte Impériale or Verte Superieure (syns. of
Imperial Gage), 251
Reine-Claude Verte Tiquetée (syn. of Reine Claude), 327
Reine-Claude Violette (syn. of Blaue Reine Claude, 405; of
Purple Gage, 318)
Reine-Claude von Bavays (syn. of Bavay), 155
Reine-Claude von Boddaert (syn. of Boddaert), 165
Reine Claude von Bollwiller, 530
Reine Claude Von Brahy (syn. of Brahy), 408
Reine-Claude von Jodoigne (syn. of Jodoigne), 472
Reine-Claude von Oullins (syn. of Oullins), 303
Reine-Claudia; Reine-Claudia Blanche La Grosse (syns. of Reine
Claude), 327
Reine de Chypre (syn. of Red Diaper), 323
Reine des Mirabelles, 530
Reinette Claude d’Althan or Comte d’Althan (syns. of Altham),
141
Reine Victoria, 531
Reine Victoria (syn. of Victoria), 363
Reisenzwetsche, 531
Reitzensteiner Gelbe Zwetsche (syn. of Gelbe Spätzwetsche,
451; of Reizenstein Yellow Prune, 531)
Reizenstein Yellow Prune, 531
Reizenstein’s Yellow Prune (syn. of Reizenstein Yellow Prune),
531
Ransleben, M., var. orig. by, 523
Rensselaar, Rensselaer or Rensselvar Gage (syns. of Reine
Claude), 327
Reutlinger Frühzwetsche, 531
Reutlinger Frühzwetsche (syn. of Reutlinger Frühzwetsche), 531
Rex (syn. of Spanish King), 546
Rhinebeck Yellow Gage, 531
Rhodes, 531
Rhue, 531
Rhue’s Seedling (syn. of Rhue), 531
Rice Seed (syn. of Gaviota), 450
Richard Trotter, 531
Richland, 531
Riga 11, 532
Riga 115 (syn. of Aubert), 397
Rigny, 532
Rising Sun, 532
Rivers, Francis, var. orig. by, 403
Rivers, Thomas, var. orig. by, 149, 153, 185, 200, 233, 241,
286, 406, 425, 438, 440, 453, 459, 461, 481, 482, 489,
518, 532, 549, 550
Rivers’ Blue Prolific; Rivers’ No. 4 (syns. of Blue Prolific), 406
Rivers’ Blue Prolific; Rivers’ Early; Rivers’ Early No. 2; Rivers’
Early Prolific or Early Prolific Plum, Rivers’ Frühe
Fruchtbare; Rivers Frühpflaume; Rivers’ No. 2 (syns. of
Early Rivers), 200
Rivers Early, 532
Rivers Early; Rivers Early Favorite; River’s Early Favourite;
River’s Early No. 1; Rivers Frühpflaume; Rivers Früh
Pflaume; River’s No. 1 Fruhpflaume; Rivers’ No. 2 (syns. of
Early Favorite), 438
Rivers’ Early Apricot (syn. of Early Transparent Gage), 440
Rivers’ Early Damson (syn. of Rivers Early), 532
Rivers’ Early Transparent Gage (syn. of Early Transparent Gage),
440
River’s Late Prolific (syn. of Late Prolific), 481
Rivularis (syn. of Towakong), 554
Robe de Sargent or Sergent (syn. of Agen), 138
Robe de Sergeant or Sergent (syn. of Sergeant), 339
Robert, 532
Robert’s Freestone (syn. of Robert), 532
Robinson (syn. of Miner), 281
Robinson, 329
Roby, H. R., var. orig. by, 532
Roby Yellow, 532
Roch-courbon; Roche-Carbon; Roche Corbon; Roche Courbon
(syns. of Red Diaper), 323
Rockford, 532
Rocky Mountain, 532
Rocky Mountain Seedling (syn. of Rocky Mountain), 532
Rodney, 532
Rodney Gage (syn. of Rodney), 532
Rodt Blaue Zwetsche, 533
Rodt Frühe Grosse Pflaumenzwetsche, 533
Rodt’s Grosse Frühe Pflaumen-Zwetsche (syn. of Kaiser
Wilhelm), 474
Roe, William, var. orig. by, 398
Roe’s Autumn; Roe’s Autumn Gage (syns. of Autumn Gage), 398
Rognon D’Ane, 533
Rognon de Coq, 533
Rognon-de-Coq de Nikita (syn. of Nikitaer Hahnenpflaume), 504
Roi (syn. of Royal Tours), 332
Roi-Claude (syn. of Oullins), 303
Roi d’Agen (syn. of Agen), 138
Rollande Galloppi, 533
Rollingstone, 330
Rolling Stone (syn. of Rollingstone), 330
Ronald Fancy, 533
Rood (syn. of Empire), 203
Rood, Ezra, var. orig. by, 204
Ros-Pruim Double, 533
Ros-pruim Double (syn. of Horse), 464
Roselle, 533
Rosinen Pflaume (syn. of Bechstein Spitzpflaume, 400; of Rote
Zwetsche, 534)
Ross, 533
Ross, J. T., var. orig. by, 533
Ross Seedling (syn. of Ross), 533
Rossy Frühe Zwetsche, 533
Rossy’s Früh Zwetsche (syn. of Rossy Frühe Zwetsche), 533
Rostrave Bell, 533
Rote Aprikosenpflaume or Aprikosenzwetsche (syns. of Red
Apricot), 321
Rote Claude (syn. of Belle), 158
Rote Cyprische Pflaume (syn. of Red Diaper), 323
Rote Dattelzwetsche (syn. of Red Date), 322
Rote Diaprée; Rote Eier Pflaume; Rote Marunke; Rote Masche;
Rote Osterei; Rote Ross Pflaume; Rothe Diapre or Diaprée;
Rothe Eierpflaume; Rothe Marunke; Rothe Süsse Pflaume;
Rothe Violen Pflaume; Rouge Corbon (syns. of Red Diaper),
323
Rote Eier Pflaume; Rote Kaiserpflaume; Rote Kaiser Zwetsche;
Rothe Kaiserpflaume; Rothe Kaiserzwetsche (syns. of Red
Magnum Bonum), 326
Rote Feigen Pflaume (syn. of Red Date), 322
Rote Früh Damascene (syn. of Damas Rouge Hâtif), 427
Rote Herbst Zeiberl (syn. of Rotes Zeiberl), 533
Rote Jungfernpflaume (syn. of Red Virginal), 529
Rote Kirschpflaume (syn. of Myrobalan), 290
Rote Mirabelle, 533
Rote Nectarine (syn. of Nectarine), 291
Rote Washington (syn. of Brevoort Purple), 408
Rote Zipper; Rote Zwetsche (syns. of Bechstein Spitzpflaume),
400
Rote Zwetsche, 534
Roter Perdrigon; Rother Perdrigon (syns. of Red Perdrigon), 528
Roter Spilling (syn. of Hofinger Mirabelle), 462
Rotes Taubenherz (syn. of Queen Mother), 522
Rotes Zeiberl, 533
Rothgefleckte Goldpflaume (syn. of Belle de Schöeneberg), 401
Rothe Aprikosenpflaume (syn. of Red Apricot), 321
Rothe Frühdamascene (syn. of Damas Rouge Hâtif), 427
Rothe Jungfernpflaume, 534
Rothe Königspflaume (syn. of Royal Tours), 332
Rothe Mirabelle (syn. of Myrobalan), 290
Rothe Nectarine (syn. of Nectarine), 291
Rothe Nektarine (syn. of Peach), 309
Rotherham (syn. of Winesour), 566
Rotgefleckte Gold Pflaume (syn. of Belle de Schöeneberg), 401
Rouge Corbon (syn. of Red Diaper), 323
Rouge de Bleecker (syn. of Lombard), 268
Rouge de Brevoort (syn. of Brevoort Purple), 408
Rouge de Denniston (syn. of Denniston Red), 431
Rouge de Liegel (syn. of Royale Hâtive de Liegel), 535
Rouge Hâtive (syn. of Red Primordian), 528
Rouge Hâtive de Nitka, 534
Rouge tardive de Coe (syn. of Saint Martin), 336
Rouge Tardive De Coe (syn. of Saint Martin Quetsche), 538
Roulette, 534
Round, 534
Round Black Damson (syn. of Damson), 186
Round Damson (syn. of Damson), 186
Round Leaf Wonderful, 534
Rousse De Guthrie (syn. of Guthrie Russet), 457
Rowlett (syn. of Roulette), 534
Rowley, Jos., var. orig. by, 534
Rowley, 534
Roxburgh, quoted, 51
Royal, 534
Royal (syn. of Climax, 178; of Royal, 534)
Royal Bullace, 534
Royal Dauphin (syn. of Royal Dauphin), 534
Royal Dauphin, 534
Royal Dauphine (syn. of Sharp, 340; of Victoria, 363)
Royal de Braunac, 535
Royal de Vilvorde (syn. of Jodoigne), 472
Royale (syn. of Mayer Königspflaume, 493; of Royal, 534; of
Royal Tours, 332)
Royale Dauphin (syn. of Royal Dauphin), 534
Royale de Behrens, 535
Royale de Behrens (syn. of Royale de Behrens), 535
Royale de Braunau (syn. of Buchner Königspflaume), 410
Royale de Haffner (syn. of Haffner Königspflaume), 458
Royale de Koch (syn. of Koch Königspflaume), 477
Royale de Lucas (syn. of Lucas Königspflaume), 487
Royale de Mayer (syn. of Mayer Königspflaume), 493
Royale de Paris Tardive (syn. of Perdrigon Tardif), 515
Royale de Siebenfreud, 535
Royale de Siebenfreund (syn. of Royale de Siebenfreud), 535
Royale de Tours (syn. of Royal Tours), 332
Royale de Trapp (syn. of Trapps Königspflaume), 555
Royale du Dr. Koch (syn. of Koch Königspflaume), 477
Royale Hâtive (syn. of Early Royal), 201
Royale Hâtive or Hâtive de Liegel (syns. of Royale Hâtive de
Liegel), 535
Royale Hâtive de Liegel, 535
Royal Hâtive de Nikita (syn. of Early Royal of Nikita), 440
Royale tres-grosse (syn. of Royal), 534
Royale Violette de Keindl, 535
Royale Violette de Keindt (syn. of Royale Violette de Keindl), 535
Royal Green Gage (syn. of Reine Claude), 327
Royal Hâtive (syn. of Early Royal), 201
Royale Hâtive de Nikita (syn. of Early Royal of Nikita), 440
Royal of Tours (syn. of Royal Tours), 332
Royal Pea, 535
Royal Plumb; Royal Red (syns. of Royal), 534
Royal red Plum; Royal Tours (syns. of Royal Tours), 332
Royal Tours, 332
Royer Aprikosen Pflaume, 535
Ruben Burgunder Zwetsche, 535
Ruby, 535
Rudolph, 536
Rudolph’s Pflaume (syn. of Prune de Rudolphe), 521
Rudolphspflaume (syn. of Rudolph), 536
Rue, 536
Rue, J. B., var. orig. by, 536
Ruff Choice, 536
Ruff Spanish, 536
Runde Brisette (syn. of Late Mirabelle), 263
Runde Rote Damascene (syn. of Liegel Rote Damascene), 484
Runyon, O. R., var. orig. by, 359
Russian Mirabelle, 536
Russian No. 2, 536
Russian No. 3, 536
Russian plum 20 M. (syn. of Burbank), 170
Rutland Plumcot, 333

Sabel Pflaume (syn. of Hungarian), 246

Sada, 536
Saffold, 536
Sagetsuma (syn. of Sagetsuna), 536
Sagetsuna, 536
St. Anne, 537
Saint Antoine, 537
Saint Antonio, 537
Saint Aubert (syn. of St. Aubert), 537
St. Aubert, 537
Sainte Barnabé; St. Barnabée (syns. of Early Yellow), 203
Saint Catherine, 334
St. Catharine; Saint Catherine; Sainte Catherine; Sainte-
Catherine; Sainte-Catherine jaune, ordinaire or de Tours;
St. Katharine (syns. of Saint Catherine), 334
Sainte-Catherine (Belgien) (syn. of Red Magnum Bonum), 326
Saint Clair; St. Claire; Saint Claire; Sainte-Claire (syns. of
Bavay), 155
Saint Cloud (syn. of Goliath), 231
Saint Cyr (syn. of Morocco), 288
St. Etienne, 537
St. James, 537
St. James’ Quetsche (syn. of St. James), 537
Saint-Jean (syn. of Noire de Montreuil), 504
Saint Jean (syn. of Early Tours), 202
St. Jean (syn. of Early St. John), 440
St. John, 537
St. Julian; St. Julien; Saint Julien; Saint Julien Petit (syns. of
Saint Julian), 335
Saint Julien, 335
St. Julien group, discussion of, 41, 42
St. Lawrence, 537
Saint Loo (syn. of Valence), 557
Saint Martin, 336
Saint (or St.) Martin or Martin Rouge (syns. of Saint Martin),
336
Saint-Martin; Saint Martin’s; Saint Martin’s Quetsche (syns. of
Saint Martin Quetsche), 538
Saint Martin Quetsche, 538
Saint Maurin; St. Maurin; Saint Mauriniana (syns. of Agen), 138
Saint Pierre, 538
St. Remo, 538
Sainte Theresa, 537
Sandall, var. orig. by, 538
Sandall, 538
Sandall’s Plum (syn. of Sandall), 538
Sanders, 538
Sanderson, 538
Sandle, 538
Sandoz, 538
Sand Plum, 538
Sanguine (syn. of Satsuma), 337
Sankt-Julians Pflaume (syn. of Damson), 186
Sankt-Michel’s Pflaume (syn. of September Damask), 542
Sannois, 538
Sannois Quetsche (syn. of Sannois), 538
Sans Noyau (syn. of Stoneless), 353
Sans-Noyau (syn. of Stoneless), 353
Sansoto, 539
Santa Rosa, 539
Sapa, 539
Saratoga, 539
Sargent, quoted, 97
Saskatchewan, 539
Satin, 539
Satsugon, 539
Satsuland, 539
Satsuma, 337
Satsuma (syn. of Berger), 160
Satsuma Blood (syn. of Satsuma), 337
Sauere Weinpflaume (syn. of Winesour), 566
Sauere Wein Pflaume Von Yorkshire (syn. of Winesour), 566
Saunders, 339
Saunders Seedling (syn. of Saunders), 339
Sauvageon, 539
Savoy (syn. of Isle-Verte), 470
Sayer Favorite, 540
Scaldatello (syn. of Scaudatella), 540
Scaldatone, 540
Scanarda, 540
Scanarda (syn. of Scanarda), 540
Scarlet Gage (syn. of Long Scarlet), 485
Scaudatella, 540
Schamal, 540
Schamal, M., var. orig. by, 525, 540
Schamal (syn. of Schamal), 540
Schamals Frühzwetsche (syn. of Quetsche Précoce De
Schamal), 525
Schamals Herbstpflaume (syn. of Schamal), 540
Scheidweiler, M., var. orig. by, 205
Schenectady, 540
Schenectady Catharine, Catherine or Catherine Plum (syns. of
Schenectady), 540
Schieblers Eier Pflaume, 540
Schiebler Luisante, 540
Schlachter Früh Zwetsche, 540
Schlehen Pflaume (syn. of Damson), 186
Schley, 540
Schley, Philip, var. orig. by, 425
Schley’s Large Red (syn. of Schley), 540
Schmidt Rote Zwetsche, 541
Schneider, quoted, 44
Schoenthal, 541
Schöne September Königspflaume (syn. of Belle), 158
Schöne von Lowen (syn. of Belle de Louvain), 400
Schöne von Riom, 541
Schöne von Schöneberg (syn. of Belle de Schöeneberg), 401
Schuyler, General, var. orig. by, 541
Schuyler Gage, 541
Schuyler Gage (syn. of Schuyler Gage), 541
Schuyler or Schuyler’s Gage (syns. of Reine Claude), 327
Schwarze Mirabelle (syn. of Norbert), 505
Schwarze Muskateller Pflaume (syn. of Musk Damson), 501
Schwarze Reine-Claude (syn. of Blaue Reine Claude), 405
Schwarzer Perdrigon (syn. of Normand Perdrigon), 506
Schweizer Pflaume (syn. of Suisse), 549
Schweizer Zwetsche; Schweizerzwetsche (syns. of Italian
Prune), 253
Schweizer Zwetsche (incor.) (syn. of Large English), 262
Scioto, 541
Scott & Co., var. orig. by, 211
Scribner, 541
Sea (syn. of Howell), 465
Sea-Egg, 541
Semiana, 541
Semiana (syn. of Suisse), 549
Semiana (syn. of Italian Prune), 253
Semiana of Boston (syn. of Semiana), 541
Semi-double flowering Reine Claude (syn. of Double Flowering
Gage), 192
Semina (syn. of Semiana), 541
Semis de Bury (syn. of Golden Drop), 229
Semis de Dorr (syn. of Dorr Seedling), 434
Semis de Dry (syn. of Dry Seedling), 436
Semis de Pond (syn. of Pond), 314
Seper, 542
Seper’s Peach (syn. of Seper), 542
September, 542
September Damascene (syn. of Perdrigon Tardif), 515
September Damascene, Damask or Damson (syns. of
September Damask), 542
September Damask, 542
Serdali Irek (syn. of Gelbe Kirschpflaume), 450
Sergeant, 339
Shailer’s White Damson (syn. of White Damson), 374
Shaker, 542
Sharp, 340
Sharp; Sharpe’s Emperor; Sharp’s Emperor; Sharps
Kaiserpflaume (syns. of Sharp), 340
Sharp; Sharpe’s Emperor; Sharpe’s Emperor; Sharp’s
Kaiserpflaume (syns. of Victoria), 363
Shaw, 542
Shedd Cluster, 542
Sheen (syn. of Fotheringham), 212
Sheldon, 542
Sheldrake, 340
Shepherd Bullace, 542
Shepherd’s White (syn. of Shepherd Bullace), 542
Shepler (syn. of Red Magnum Bonum), 326
Shepway Bulleis, 542
Shilling, 543
Shipper, 341, 543
Shipper (syn. of Marketman), 491
Shipper Pride; Shipper’s Pride; Shippers’ Pride (syns. of
Shipper), 341
Shirata Bene, 543
Shiro, 342
Shiro Smomo (syn. of Berger, 160; of Ogon, 298; of Red June,
324)
Shropshire, 344
Shropshire Damson (syn. of Shropshire), 344
Shviata Bene, 543
Siamese, 543
Sidone, 543
Siebenbürger Pflaume, 543
Siebenburger Pflaume (syn. of Early Yellow), 203
Siebenburger Zwetsche (syn. of Quetsche de Transylvanie), 523
Siebenfreud’s Königspflaume; Siebenfreund’s Königspflaume
(syns. of Royale de Siebenfreud), 535
Sierra, 543
Sierra Crimson (syn. of Sierra), 543
Silassy, 543
Silas Wilson, 543
Silberblattrige Zwetsche (syn. of Quetsche à feuille argentée),
523
Silva Köning Claudie, 543
Silver Prune (syn. of Golden Drop), 229
Simiana (syn. of Semiana, 541; of Suisse, 549)
Simon, 345
Simon, Victor, var. orig. by, 551
Simon; Simon’s Chinese Apricot Plum; Simon’s Peach; Simon’s
Plum (syns. of Simon), 346
Simpson, 346
Simpson, W. B., var. orig. by, 414.
Sinomo (syn. of Kelsey), 258
Sir Charles Worsley’s (syn. of Royal), 534
Sirocco, 544
Sisson, 544
Sixby, 544
Six Weeks, 544
Skorospielka (syn. of Early), 437
Skuya, 544
Slee-Pruim (syn. of Sloe), 544
Sloe, 544
Sloe Plum, 59
Small, quoted, 80
Small Black Damask (syn. of Black Damask), 404
Small Damas (syn. of Black Damask), 404
Small Green Drying, 544
Small Green Gage (syn. of Small Reine Claude), 347
Small Mirabelle (syn. of Mirabelle), 284
Small Queen Claude (syn. of Small Reine Claude), 347
Small Red Damask; Small Red Damson (syns. of Queen
Mother), 522
Small Reine Claude, 347
Small Round Damson (syn. of Damson, 186; of White Damson,
374)
Small White Damask (syn. of Small White Damson), 545
Small White Damson, 544
Smiley, 545
Smith, Captain John, quoted, 84, 93
Smith, var. orig. by, 348
Smith, 545
Smith, A. M., var. orig. by, 545
Smith, C. A., var. orig. by, 545
Smith, E. F., quoted, 131
Smith, W. & T. Co., quoted, 118
Smith October, 545
Smith Orleans, 348
Smith Prolific, 545
Smith Prune (syn. of Diamond), 191
Smith Red, 545
Smith’s Herrn Pflaume; Smith’s large Orleans; Smith’s Orleans;
Smith’s Orleans Pflaume (syns. of Smith Orleans), 348
Smith’s large October (syn. of Impératrice), 249
Smith’s Orleans (syn. of Cooper), 423
Smith’s Prune (syn. of Diamond), 191
Smith’s Prune (syn. of Kingston), 476
Smith’s Red (syn. of Smith Red), 545
Snelling, 545
Snelling, W. H., var. orig. by, 546
Snooks (syn. of New Ulm), 293
Snyder, 546
Sophie, 349
Souris, 546
Sour Wine Plum of Yorkshire (syn. of Winesour), 566
South Cumberland, 546
Southern Beauty, 546
Southern Golden, 546
Souvenir de Madame Nicolle (syn. of Madame Nicolle), 488
Spanish (syn. of Spanish King), 546
Spanish Damascene; Spanish Damask; Spanish Red Damask
(syns. of Spanish Damask), 546
Spanish Damask, 546
Spanish King, 546
Spanish King (syn. of Lombard), 268
Späte Dattel Pflaume (syn. of Hungarian), 246
Späte Herrn Pflaume; Späte Königs Pflaume; Späte Königs
Pflaume aus Paris; Später Perdrigon (syns. of Perdrigon
Tardif), 515
Späte Mirabelle (syn. of Late Mirabelle, 263; of Saint Catherine,
334)
Späte Muskateller; Späte Muskatellerpflaume (syns. of Late
Muscatelle), 264
Späte Muskateller Pflaume (syn. of Tardive Musquée), 551
Späte Schwarze Damascene (syn. of Musk Damson), 501
Späte von Chalons (syn. of Late Chalons), 480
Späte Zwetsche Von Karlstadt, 546
Spath, M., var. orig. by, 395
Spaulding, 350
Speckled Gage, 546
Speer, 547
Spelge (syn. of Gemeiner Gelbe Spilling), 451
Spicer, 547
Spilge (syn. of Gemeiner Gelbe Spilling), 451
Spilling Jaune-double, 547
Spilling Jaune-simple (syn. of White Wheat), 565
Spindel Pflaume (syn. of Gemeiner Gelbe Spilling), 451
Spitszwetsche (syn. of Quetsche Pointue), 524
Spitzige Rote Pflaume; Spitz Pflaume (syns. of Rote Zwetsche),
534
Spitzige Rote Pflaume (syn. of Bechstein Spitzpflaume), 400
Spitz Pflaume (syn. of Bechstein Spitzpflaume), 400
Spitzzwetsche (syn. of Quetsche Pointue), 524
Splendid, 547
Splendor, 547
Spotted Gage, 547
Springer, 547
Stabeler Seedling, 547
Stambul Erik oder Irek (syn. of Myrobalan), 290
Standard, 548
Standard of England (syn. of Standard), 548
Stanton, 352
Stanton’s Seedling (syn. of Stanton), 352
Stark Brothers, quoted, 116, 213
Stark Green Gage, 548
Starnes, H. N., quoted, 131, 376
Steer’s Emperor; Steers’ Emperor (syns. of Goliath), 231
Steinlose Zwetsche (syn. of Stoneless), 353
Steinman, 548
Steinman, C., var. orig. by, 548
Stella, 548
Stengel Pflaume (syn. of Werder’sche Frühzwetsche), 563
Stephens, John D., var. orig. by, 533
Steptoe, 548
Sterling, 548
Stickney, 548
Stint, 548
Stintpflaume (syn. of Stint), 548
Stocks, varieties of, 114-120
Stoddard, 352
Stoddart (syn. of Stoddard), 352
Stoneless, 353
Stoneless (syn. of Stoneless), 353
Stonewood, 549
Stout, var. orig. by, 549
Stout, 549
Strachey, quoted, 84
Strawberry, 549
Strawberry (syn. of Berger), 160
Striped-leaved, 549
Strong, William, var. orig. by, 512
Stumpe (syn. of Howe), 464
Stumpe, Mrs., var. orig. by, 465
Stumpy (syn. of Howe), 464
Sucker State, 549
Sucree de Trauttenberg, or Sucree-Douce De Trauttenberg
(syns. of Trauttenberg), 555
Sucrin Vert (syn. of Reine Claude), 327
Sugar, 354
Sugar Prune (syn. of Sugar), 354
Suisina Grossella Piccola (syn. of Musk Damson), 501
Suisse, 549
Sultan, 549
Sultan (syn. of Occident), 295
Sultaneck Erick, 549
Sultaneck Erik (syn. of Reine Claude), 327
Summer Damson (syn. of Damas d’Ete), 426
Sunrise, 549, 550
Sunset, 550
Superbe de Denniston (syn. of Denniston Superb), 431
Superbe de Huling (syn. of Hulings), 245
Superior Gage; Superiour or Superior Green Gage (syns. of
Imperial Gage), 251
Superior Gage; Superior Green Gage (syns. of Washington), 368
Supreme (syn. of Yellow Egg), 386
Surpasse Monsieur, 550
Surprise, 355
Susina Di Santa Caterina (syn. of Saint Catherine), 334
Susina Massina Piccola (syn. of Apricot), 148
Susina Regina (syn. of Reine Claude), 327
Susina Settembrica Quialla (syn. of Reizenstein Yellow Prune),
531
Susina Torla d’Nova di Borgogna (incor.) (syn. of Burgundy
Prune), 412
Susina or Susino Vecchietti (syns. of Catelano Violaceo), 416
Susina Verdachia Longa (syn. of Grüne Dattel Zwetsche), 456
Susino Catalano (syn. of Catalano), 415
Susino Damaschino Settembrino (syn. of Damaschino
Settembrino), 426
Susino Scaudatella (syn. of Scaudatella), 540
Suwanee (syn. of Wild Goose), 378
Svedske Tidlig Leipziger, 550
Svedske Ungersk, 550
Swan, 550
Swan (syn. of Swan Golden), 550
Swan Golden, 550
Swan’s Yellow (syn. of Swan Golden), 550
Sweet Botan (syn. of Abundance, 136; of Berckmans, 159)
Sweet Damson, 550
Sweet Damson (syn. of Fürst Damson, 448; of Horse, 464)
Sweet Prune (syn. of German Prune), 220
Swift, 550
Swiss or Switzer’s Plum (syns. of Suisse), 549
Swiss Prune (syn. of Italian Prune), 253
Syrische Pflaume (syn. of Mirabelle), 284
Szillassy Piros, 550

Tabor, G. L., var. orig. by, 207

Tante Anne (syn. of Aunt Ann), 397
Tardif or Tardive de Chalons (syns. of Late Chalons), 480
Tardive de Chambourcy (syn. of Chambourcy), 174
Tardive de Corny, 551
Tardive de Fourqueux, 551
Tardive de Genes, 551
Tardive de Rivers (syn. of Late Rivers), 481
Tardive Musquée, 551
Tarleton, 551
Tatge, 551
Tawny, 551
Taybank, 551
Tchernaya Arabskaya (syn. of Black Arabka), 404
Tchernaya vengerskaya (syn. of Black Prune), 404
Tecumseh, 552
Temperature, phases of, 102
Temple, 552
Tenant or Tennant Prune (syns. of Tennant), 357
Tennant, 357
Tennant, Rev. John, var. orig. by, 357
Tenneha, 552
Tennessee, 552
Tennessee Plum (syn. of Tennessee), 552
Terrell, 552
Terry, 552
Terry, H. A., life of, 242;
var. orig. by, 193, 238, 242, 280, 391, 393, 402, 406, 408,
410, 415, 416, 419, 421, 422, 424, 425, 429, 431, 432,
434, 435, 441, 443, 444, 447, 448, 451, 453, 462, 469,
 471, 472, 473, 483, 484, 485, 486, 490, 491, 492, 494,
503, 509, 513, 518, 519, 522, 529, 536, 542, 543, 552,
558, 559, 561, 562, 564, 566, 568
Terry De Soto, 552
Terry’s Desota (syn. of Terry De Soto), 552
Teutsche blaue Zwetsche (syn. of German Prune), 220
Texas Belle, 552
Texas Gauge, 552
Thanksgiving, 553
Thanksgiving Prune (syn. of Thanksgiving), 553
The Beauty (syn. of Corymbus), 423
The Coe’s Plum (syn. of Golden Drop), 229
The Cook’s Choice (syn. of Cook Choice), 422
The Czar (syn. of Czar), 184
The Dosch (syn. of Dosch), 435
The Gem (syn. of Gem), 451
The Great Damask Plum (syn. of Lange Violette Damascene),
479
The Green Damosine Plum (syn. of Mirabelle), 284
The Impératrice Plum (syn. of Impératrice), 249
The Imperial Plum (syn. of Red Magnum Bonum), 326
The Myrobalane Plum (syn. of Myrobalan), 290
The Nectarine Plum (syn. of Nectarine), 291
The New Apricot Plum (syn. of Apricot), 148
The Purple Myrobalan (syn. of Pissardi), 516
The St. Julian Plum (syn. of Saint Julien), 335