10-MLD SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

RAJPURA
INDUSTRIAL TRAINING PROJECT REPORT

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF

THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED TO

I.K GUJRAL PUNJAB TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, KAPURTHALA

SUBMITTED BY
Name of Student University Roll No.
Rajiv Kumar Rawat 1321149

SUPERVISED BY

Er. Dharminder Gill

(Site incharge)

May 2016

RIMT- INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, MANDI GOBINDGARH

PUNJAB

1
Certificate

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all I would like to thank every families and friends that participate on my life and
get me in this intensity and individuals who support and share idea and also helping me to
be like this.

I am very thankful to HOD - RIMT-Institute of engineering & technology for having

given me the opportunity to undertake my Six month industrial training in
M/s SHAPOORJI PALLONJI & COMPANY PRIVATE LIMTED, (MUMBAI)

I would also thank my mentor Er. Dharminder Gil (site incharge) for his endless support
at site and in his office by consulting me how do things in the site and how to write this
report in outstanding manner, All teachers of civil and urban engineering who brought me
to my present performance and shape me like this during the last three successive years.

Before I finish I would like to give my deepest thanks to all workers from the contractor
and the consultant side starting from engineers to daily labourers. Also for those who do
not listed in the above but support me in different areas I would like thank all.

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 STUDENT DECLARATION

This is to certify that I, Rajiv Kumar Rawat student of B.Tech (Civil-B)-8thSem,

RollNo. 1321149 has undergone industrial training in "Shapoorji Pallonji & co. Pvt.
Ltd " as required of six months project semester for the award of degree of B.Tech Civil
Engineering, RIMT-INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, under the
guidance of my esteemed mentor Er. Dharminder gill and prepared the report entitled “10
MLD STP Rajpura”which is an authentic record of my work carried out at RAJPURA.

If any discrepancy is found regarding the originality of this project I may be held
responsible. I have not copied from any report submitted earlier this or any other
university. This is purely original and authentic work.

RAJIV KUMAR RAWAT

(1321149)

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 CONTENTS

1. Introduction to the company………………………….…6

2. Chapter-1………………………………………………....7
1) Introduction……………………………………..…...7
1.1) About the Project…………………………..….7

3. Chapter-2…………………………………………………....8-23
2) Overall Training Experience………………………..8
2.1) First day at site………………………………..….8
2.2) Work Piece or task I have been executing……..…8-9
2.3) Steps of Construction Work…………………….....9
2.3.1) Types of Building……………………………….10
2.4) Activities…………………………………..………11
2.4.1) Footing & Pedestal……………………………..11
Procedure…………………………………....…12-23

4. Chapter-3…………………………………………….…….24-40
3) Materials for Construction……………………...…..24
3.1) Information about Material…………………….…24-29
3.2) Testing conducted at site…………………….……30-35
3.3) Information about equipment at site…………...…36-39
3.4) My performance during accomplishing work task..40

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5. Chapter-4 …………………………………………………….41-43
4) Overall benefits of industrial training……………….41
4.1) Improving practical skills……………………….....41
4.2) Upgrading the theoretical knowledge………...……42
4.3) Upgrading interpersonal communication skills…....42
4.4) Improving team playing skills……………..………43
4.5) Improving leadership skills…………………….….43

6. Chapter-5………………………………………………...…44-46
5) Safety work around the site…………………….……44
5.1) Accident Administration………….......................45
5.2) Recommendation to the school…………….……45
5.3) Conclusion……………………………………….46

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 INTRODUCTION TO THE COMPANY
(SHAPOORJI PALLONJI & COMPANY PVT. LTD.)

Shapoorji Pallonji And Company Private Limited was registered on 23 January, 1943. Shapoorji Pallonji
And Company Private Limited's Corporate Identification Number (CIN) is
U45200MH1943PTC003812, Registration Number is 3812.

Their registered address on file is 70 Nagindas Master Road, Fort Mumbai 400023, India.

Company Name Shapoorji Pallonji And Company Private Limited

Cin U45200MH1943PTC003812

Registration Date 23 January 1943

Registration No. 3812

Address 70 Nagindas Master Road, Fort Mumbai 400023

Company Status Active

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 CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION ABOUT THE PROJECT

Project 10 MLD STP RAJPURA SITE

Region Punjab
Address of the Project Site Rajpura-Patiala bye pass near existing
main pumping station(M.P.S)
Project Type Concrete Structure
Name of the Client Punjab Water Supply & Sewerage
Board,Division No.-1 Patiala
Project Management Consultancy M/s Shapoorji Pallonji & Co. Pvt. Ltd.
Project Manager Er. Javed m. Bloch
Site Incharge Er. Dharminder singh gill
Contracting Model (Conventional Contract / General Contract
General Contract / Design & Build)

Pricing Model (Lump Sum / Item Rate / Cost Lump sum

Plus / Others-Specify)

Total Value of Project (in Crores) 8.46 crores

Date of Commencement Oct, 2015
Time of Completion July, 2016
Storey G+1
Area 6568.31 m2

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 CHAPTER-2

OVER ALL TRAINING EXPERIENCE

First day at site
My hosting company has many projects. The one of those project consists of a subsequent batch reactor
(S.B.R) based sewage treatment plant at Rajpura. Area cover by whole project is 6568.31 sq. mt.When I
was arrived at the site the Layout of building was on going. As in the fig no.1 given below.

Fig 1 Layout of Building

2.2 Work piece or task I have been executing

Actually I assigned from the Shapoorji Pallonji & Co. Pvt. Ltd. (client) to work with consultants but
consultation is not easy task to perform especially for students because it needs experienced and further
specialized person in the field and most of the work is not parallel with civil engineering it has different
field within it. So, to know every work what civil engineers do I try to work and share experience with
contractor in addition to consultant. And also the consultant main work at the site is controlling time,
cost, quality and safety of workers so those work needs inspection, test conducting and taking different
measures when the contractor don„t execute it properly. Their main work is to advice and provides a
better idea how the project will finish with a minimum cost, time and quality.

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2.3 STEPS OF CONSTRUCTION WORK

1) Types of building:-First select the type of building whatever we want to construct, depending on the
need like villas, flats, apartments, penthouses, malls, industrial buildings or group housing.

2) Site Selection: - Site for construction of building can be selected according to the space required and
whatever the area and the people demands, in accordance with the population and bearing in mind
the geographical and industrial point of view for further development.

3) Survey: - By survey we measure all the dimensions and plot the real position or place wherever we
want to construct our structure. This includes many aspects like financial survey, economical survey,
topographical survey etc. etc.

4) Site Investigation: -By this we investigate about the type of the soil, bearing capacity of the soil,
nature of the bed, the topographical feature of the area, which in turn helps the structural designer to
design the footing for our project.

5) Architectural Drawings: - Architectural drawings are the heart to the project, which is the master
document or the copy with which we have to stick completely and do accordingly; these drawings
have all the plans and construction details about the particular project.

6) Structure Design: - Structural Designer is that person who gives life to an Architectural Drawing; it
infuses the correct data and interpret the correct meaning which an Engineer knows. He suggests the
type of foundation, columns, beams and slabs etc. which are needed for the construction and also
provides the amount of steel and its size.

7) Construction: - After all these steps, Construction of the proposed project starts.

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2.3.1 TYPES OF BUILDING:-

Building are classified on the basis of character of occupancy and type of use as –

Residential Building

Educational Building

Institutional Building

Industrial Building

RESIDENTIAL BUILDING:

In such building sleeping accommodation is provided. IT includes the living room, bed room, kitchen,
hall, and toilet and bath room. It may be a single storey building or apartments.

EDUCATIONAL BUILDING:

These includes any building using for school, college, assembly for instruction, education or recreation.

INSTITUTIONAL BUILDING:

These building are used for different purposes, such as medical or other treatment or care of a person
suffering from a physical or mental illnesses. These building includes hospital, sanitoria, jail etc.

INDUSTRIAL BUILDING:

These are buildings in which products or material s of all kind of properties are fabricated, assembled,
processed. For example refineries, gas plant, mills etc.

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2.4 ACTIVITIES

2.4.1 FOOTINGS& PEDESTALS

OBJECTIVE:-Construction of Isolated and Combined footing.

TECHNICAL DATA

 Grade of concrete for footing : M25

 Grade of concrete for columns : M30
 Grade of concrete for PCC : M5
 Type of footing : RCC
 Design slump of concrete : 60-80mm
 Type of Concrete : RMC from Lafarge Batching plant
 Grade of steel : Fe 500D
 Dia. of steel in footing : 10mm &12mm
 Dia. of steel in Pedestal &Beams : 12mm, 16mm
 Dia. of steel of Stirrup Rings : 8mm

CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY
1. Transit Mixer
2. Welding Machine
3. Concrete Vibrator
4. Tilted Drum Mixer
5. Concrete Pump
6. JCB Excavator

PROCEDURE
1. Formation Grid Line: - The first step of every building is to form Grid Line according to the
given plan. In this engineers make a temporary Bench Marks of grid lines like A, B, C, or 123… by
proper leveling from nearest permanent Bench mark to appropriate height.

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 Fig 2 Formation Grid Line
2.Excavation: -Excavation refers to the process of removing soil or rock from its original location,
typically in preparation for constructing foundations Excavated material required for backfill or grading
fill is stockpiled on the site for subsequent use. The main aim of the excavation work is to remove
organic soils or unwanted soil for the safety of the building from chemical attacking. Excavation shall be
carried out to the lines, levels, width, depth and grades and shown on the drawings, directed by the
Engineer or as appropriate to the works to be placed in the excavation.

Fig 3 Excavation

3.Levelling of Soil: -Before pouring PCC in the excavated pit the engineer make in mind that proper
cutting of edges should be made. After that Soil should be properly leveled to all points of the pit so that
there should not any case of unbalance below footing. So engineer at site level site with the help of auto
level for exact depth. They take level from there temporary B.M.

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 Fig 4 Soil Levelling by Auto Level

4. Laying of P.C.C. (Plain Cement Concrete):- After the process of excavation, laying of
plain cement concrete that is PCC is done. The grade of concrete for P.C.C is M5. A layer of 75 mm was
made in such a manner that it was not mixed with the soil. It provides a solid base for the isolated &
combined footing foundation and a mix of 1:4:8 that is, 1 part of cement to 4 parts of fine aggregates
and 8 parts of coarse aggregates by volume were used in it. Plain concrete is vibrated to achieve full
compaction. Concrete placed below ground should be protected from falling earth during and after
placing. Concrete placed in ground containing deleterious substances should be kept free from contact
with such a ground.The lower surface is made rough and clean watered before upper layer is laid.

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 Fig 5(a) Laying of P.C.C

Fig 5(b) After Laying P.C.C

5. Alignment of Points: -After placing PCC the next step of every engineer is to align the points of
columns and footing. We first make Centre line of columns and footing according to the plan with the
help of grid line. Then make borders so that distribution steel will come in its exact point.

Fig 6 Alignment of Points

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6.Layout of Pedestal:-

Fig 7 Layout of Pedestal

7. Distribution of steel: - Steel distribute on the PCC leaving 3 inches from all the corners from
PCC (given in drawings). Firstly Main & Distribution steel was placed in the isolated footings and tied
together by bar binding wire and Cover blocks are placed in between PCC and isolated reinforcement.

Fig 8(a) Steel Casting of Isolated Footing

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Fig 8(b) Steel Casting of Combined Footing

Fig 8(c) Steel Casting of Plinth Beam

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 Fig 9 Cover Blocks

8.Pedestal Starter:-

Fig 10 Pedestal Starter

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9.Shuttering: -Shuttering is a temporary platform constructed with the help of wooden planks,
wooden logs, steel rods or bamboos over which formwork is supported and ultimately pouring of
concrete is done. Concrete construction in the modern building works has achieved considerable
importance, roughly speaking 80% of civil engineering works utilize concrete for their constructions.
Concrete being plastic material in fresh state, has to kept within an enclosure (moulds) till it gain
reasonable strength, this temporary structure which has to be built for any concrete member is
called “Formwork”. Formwork is thus a sort of mould used for pouring fresh or plastic concrete. It is
closed from all sides and can carry the hydrostatic load of fluid concrete, additional load due to
vibration, and load of men and machinery. Formwork should be such that it can be easily removed after
hardening of concrete. Timber, plywood panels or steel sheets are used for formwork. Timber is the
most common material for formwork construction, it is easy to work with and it is also economical.
However the use of steel forms thus gained lot of popularity in the recent years. They can be obtained
for all types of structures. The initial cost of steel forms may be high but they can be repeatedly used for
a number of times.

Steel forms compared with timber formwork:

1. Steel forms are stronger, durable and have longer life than timber formwork and their reuses
are more in number.
2. Steel forms can be installed and dismantled with greater ease and speed.
3. The quality of exposed concrete surface by using steel forms is good and such surfaces need
no further treatment.
4. Steel formwork does not absorb moisture from concrete.
5. Steel formwork does not shrink or warp.

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Fig 11 (a) Shuttering of Combined Footing

Fig 11 (b) Shuttering of Plinth Beam

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 Fig 11 (c) Shuttering of Isolated Footing

10.Concreting: -Concrete is a composite consisting of the dispersed phase of aggregates

(ranging from its maximum size coarse aggregates down to the fine sand particles)
embedded in the matrix of cement paste. But here we are using concrete of M25 grade.
They buy concrete from Ready mix concrete. They place concrete with the help of
concrete pump. Needle Vibrator are used to compact properly. The pipe line is checked
first of all and slump is measured first and then slump measured is checked by the quality
control officer for best quality of concrete to be used for best construction. Concrete
should be carefully placed without causing bleeding of concrete and keeping the
workability of concrete in view as the workability of concrete plays a very important role
in theQuality control of concrete. The figure shown below shows the concreting done by
concrete pump and the concrete is transported with the help of pipes connected to the
concrete pump.

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Fig 12 (a) Concreting by Pump

Fig 12 (b) Concreting by Dump

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 Fig 12 (c) Concreting of Pedestal

11. Curing: - The hydration reaction begins as soon as water and cement come into
contact, but the rate at which this reaction proceeds is extremely slow. It takes up to 6
months or longer for concrete to gain its full strength. However, approximately 80% of
concrete strength develops in 28 days. Approximately two thirds of the 28-day strength is
obtained in the first 7 days and approximately half in the first 3 days. This is true only if
sufficient water and favorable temperature are available for the hydration reaction to
continue. That is why concrete test cylinders are kept in a moist chamber until tested.
Providing moisture to concrete continuously for hydration is called curing of concrete. A
well-cured concrete is denser and, hence, stronger and more durable. On construction
sites, curing is begun as soon as the concrete has fully set (solidified), which is generally
12 to 24 h after placing the concrete.

Fig 13. Curing of Footing

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 CHAPTER-3

MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION

3.1Information about Material

The various materials used for constructing and supporting the building are termed as
Building Materials. The different building materials in use such as soil, aggregates,
cement, sand and steel are to be tested before using them in building construction. The
materials which are used at site as below-:

1)CementPortland (Pozzolana Cement (PPC) 43 grade)

Portland Pozzolana Cement is a kind of Blended Cement which is produced by either intergrading of
OPC clinker along with gypsum and pozzolanic materials in certain proportions or grinding the OPC
clinker, gypsum and Pozzolanic materials separately and thoroughly blending them in certain
proportions.

Pozzolana is a natural or artificial material containing silica in a reactive form. It may be further
discussed as siliceous and aluminous material which in itself possesses little, or no cementitious
properties but will in finely divided form and in the presence of moisture, chemically react with calcium
hydroxide at ordinary temperature to form compounds possessing cement properties. It is essential that
Pozzolana be in a finely divided state as it is only then that silica can combine with calcium hydroxide
(liberated by the hydrating Portland Cement) in the presence of water to form stable calcium silicates
which have cement properties. The pozzolanic materials commonly used are:

1. Volcanic ash.
2. Calcined clay.
3. Fly ash.
4. Silica fumes.

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 Portland Pozzolana Cement is ideally suited for the following construction:

1. Hydraulic structures.
2. Mass concreting works.
3. Marine structures.
4. Masonry mortars and plastering.
5. Under aggressive conditions.
6. All other applications where OPC is used.
7. The compressive strength of PPC as per BIS code at present is equivalent to that of 33 grade
OPC.

Good quality cement has the following features:

 Reduced water requirement

 Improve Workability
 Less permissible to moisture
 Improved resistance to acid and chlorides
 Reduced heat of hydration
 Easier to finish reduced shrinkage
 Reduced leaching problems

Slow or fast setting normally depends on the nature of cement. It could also be due to extraneous factors
not related to the cement. The ambient conditions play an important role. In hot weather, the setting is
faster, in cold weather, setting is delayed some types of salts, chemicals, clay, etc. if inadvertently get
mixed with the sand, aggregate and water could accelerate or delay the setting of concrete.

Storage of Cement

It needs extra care or else can lead to loss not only in terms of financial loss but also in terms of loss in
the quality. Following are the don‟t that should be followed -

 Do not store bags in a building or a godown in which the walls, roof and floor are not
completely weatherproof.
 Do not store bags in a new warehouse until the interior has thoroughly dried out.
 Do not be content with badly fitting windows and doors, make sure they fit properly and ensure
that they are kept shut.

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  Do not stack bags against the wall. Similarly, don‟t pile them on the floor unless it is a dry
concrete floor. If not, bags should be stacked on wooden planks or sleepers.
 Do not forget to pile the bags close together
 Do not pile more than 15 bags high and arrange the bags in a header-and-stretcher fashion.
 Do not disturb the stored cement until it is to be taken out for use.
 Do not take out bags from one tier only. Step back two or three tiers.
 Do not keep dead storage. The principle of first-in first-out should be followed in removing
bags.
 Do not stack bags on the ground for temporary storage at work site. Pile them on a raised, dry
platform and cover with tarpaulin or polythene sheet.

Fig 14. Storage of Cement Bags

2) Brick: -An artificial masonry unit in the form of rectangular block of prepared clay is called a
brick. The main constituents of brick are Alumina, Silica and lime. The standard size of brick is
190*90*90mm but at the site size of brick is 220*110*75mm.The site brick is considered in Category
„B‟ which is irregular in shape and strength lies more than 75kg/cm2.The quantity of bricks in one cubic
meter is 500No.The main points which should be kept in made while laying are Brick should not
construct more than 5 feet in one day. Frog should be placed at the top face for proper bonding. It should
not break when it is fall from height of 1 meter. The rate of brick is 4500rupess per 1000 bricks

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 Fig 15. Brick Stock

3) Aggregate: - Aggregates is a general term applied to those inert (that chemically inactive)
material, which when bounded together by cement, form concrete. Most aggregates used in this country
are naturally occurring aggregates such as Sand, crushed rock and gravel.

Aggregates for concrete are divided into following categories:

Fine Aggregates: Most of which passes through 4.75 mm I.S. sieve and retained on 150 micron. Fine
aggregate is added to concrete to assist workability and to bring uniformity in mixture. Usually, the
natural river sand is used as fine aggregate. Important thing to be considered is that fine aggregates
should be free from coagulated lumps.

Grading of natural sand or crushed stone i.e. fine aggregates shall be such that not more than 5 percent
shall exceed 5 mm in size, not more than 10% shall IS sieve No. 150 not less than 45% or more than
85% shall pass IS sieve No. 1.18 mm and not less than 25% or more than 60% shall pass IS sieve No.
600 micron
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Coarse Aggregates: Coarse aggregate for the works should be river gravel or crushed stone .It should
be hard, strong, dense, durable, clean, and free from clay or loamy admixtures or quarry refuse or
vegetable matter. The pieces of aggregates should be cubical, or rounded shaped and should have
granular or crystalline or smooth (but not glossy) non-powdery surfaces. Aggregates should be properly
screened and if necessary washed clean before use.

Fig 16 (a) 10 mm Aggregates Fig 16 (b) 20 mm Aggregates

4) Steel: -Steel is most commonly used as reinforcing material as tension member because is satisfy all
characteristics requirement for an ideal reinforcing material. There are basically four grade which are
available in market of HYSD group is Fe415, Fe415D, Fe500, Fe500D, Fe550, Fe550D, Fe600. The
grade which is used at the site is 500D of sizes 8mm, 10mm, 12mm, 16mm, 20mm, 25mm. Size of
8mm,10mm and 12mm is used in slab and 16mm,20mm is used in beam and column. Due to ribs
present on steel bars, it develops good bond with concrete.

Fig 17. Steel

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The strength of grade 500 and 500D is same but the difference is only there is elongation. 500D grade
has more percentage elongation as compared to Fe500. TATA steel has introduced Fe500D grade in
market with percentage elongation of 16% more as compared to Fe500.The company of steel which is
used at site is TATA STEEL. The steel is coming in form of coil less than 12mm which is shown in
figure. As the size of steel is decrease, the rate is increase.

3.2 Tests conducted at site

There are number of tests which are performed at the site on different material. The tests which we have
performed at the site are below-

A) Slump Test:-

Procedure to determine workability of fresh concrete by slump test.

i) The internal surface of the mould is thoroughly cleaned and applied with a light coat of oil.
ii) The mould is placed on a smooth, horizontal, rigid and non-absorbent surface.
iii) The mould is then filled in three layers with freshly mixed concrete, each approximately to one-third
of the height of the mould.
iv) Each layer is tamped 25 times by the rounded end of the tamping rod (strokes are distributed evenly
over the cross section).
v) After the top layer is tamped, the concrete is struck off the level with a trowel.
vi) The mould is removed from the concrete immediately by raising it slowly in the vertical direction.
vii) The difference in level between the height of the mould and that of the highest point of the subsided
concrete is measured.
viii) This difference in height in mm is the slump of the concrete.

Fig 18. Slump Test

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Standard Value

Sr. No. Slump value Degree of Workability Uses at site

1 Less than 25 Very Low Precast work

2 25-75 Low Road pavement

3 75-100 Medium R.C.C footing

4 Greater than 100 High Column, beam

B) Compressive Test: -Out of many test applied to the concrete, this is the utmost important which
gives an idea about all the characteristics of concrete. By this single test one judge that whether
Concreting has been done properly or not. For most of the works Cubical moulds of size 15 cm x 15cm
x 15 cm are commonly used.

This concrete is poured in the mould and tempered properly so as not to have any voids. After 24 hours
these moulds are removed and test specimens are put in water for curing. The top surface of the
specimen should be made even and smooth. This is done by putting cement paste and spreading
smoothly on whole area of specimen

These specimens are tested by compression testing machine after 3, 7 and 28 days curing. Load at the
failure divided by area of specimen gives the compressive strength of concrete.

Observation and calculations:-

Proportion of concrete = M25
Cross-section Area = 0.15x0.15 x 0.15=0.003375 m3
Compressive strength after 7 days = 17.45 KN/m3
Result-: Compressive Strength of concrete sample after 7 days is 17.45 KN/m3. Whereas strength
requirement is 16.75 N/mm2, hence tested sample is safe.

30
 Fig 19 (a)

Fig 19 (b) Compressive Strength of Concrete

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 B) Compressive Test of Brick: - This test is used to check the compressive strength of brick.
Brick laid in building are generally under compression. The Brick are divided into four
categories Class A, B, C, and D. from this test we can examine that which type of brick is used
at site. Generally five numbers of brick are randomly selected and frog is filled with cement
mortar of ratio 1:1. Load is applied at rate of 140 kg per minutes.
C)

Result-: Compressive strength of brick is 75 kg/cm2, so that is coming under Class B.

Fig 20 Compressive Strength of Brick

D) Water Absorption Test-: The strength of brick depends upon its water absorption capacity. If
the brick has more water absorption capacity, it will loosen its strength earlier, because using the brick,
it should, therefore, be tested for its water absorption capacity which should not be more than 15% by
weight for Ist class brick.

Procedure

32
  Dry unit weight(W1) is taken=2.898kg
 Keep it in water for 24 hours
 Wet unit weight(W2) is taken=3.3kg
 Absorption capacity= (W2-W1/W1)*100

= 14%

Absorption between (0% to 15%) for 1st class brick.

Result- Absorption between (0% to 15%) for 1st class brick.

E) Sieve Analysis:-

The Standard grain analysis test determines the relative proportions of different grain sizes as they are
distributed among certain size range. The principal of grading is that the smaller sizes particles will the
voids between large particles. There are four type of grading which are Continuous grading, Poor
grading, Gap Grading, and Well Grading. However ISI has specified certain limit, within which a
grading curve must lie to produce a satisfactory concrete.

Observation of Sieve analysis of sand:-

Total weight Taken 500 gms

Sr. No. Sieve Size Value %age Passing Limit

Value

1 4.75mm 10 2 98 90-100

2 2.36mm 70 14 84 75-100

3 1.18mm 96 19.2 64.8 55-90

4 0.60mm 96 19.2 45.6 35-59

5 0.30mm 152 30.4 15.2 8-30

6 0.150mm 56 11.2 4 0-10

7 Pan 10 4 0

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Sieve Analysis on 10mm Aggregates:-

Total Weight Taken 1000 gms

Sr. No. Sieve Size Value %age Passing Limit

Value

1 12.5mm 188 18.8 81.2 90-100

2 10mm 250 25 56.2 40-85

3 4.75mm 512 51.2 5 0-10

4 Pan 50 5 0

Sieve Analysis on 20mm Aggregates:-

Total Weight Taken 2000 gms

Sr. No. Sieve Size Value %age Passing Limit

Value

1 20mm 40 2 98 85-100

2 10mm 1950 97.5 0.5 0-20

3 4.75mm 8 0.4 0.1 0-5

4 Pan 2 0.1 0

Fig 21 Sieve Analysis

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3.3.INFORMATION ABOUT EQUIPMENT’S AT SITE

The facilities and equipment available for the proposed work are as follows:

1) Transit Mixer
2) Needle Vibrator
3) Tilted Drum Mixer
4) Concrete Pump
5) JCB Excavator
6) Soil Compactor

1) Transit Mixer:
It is used to transport the concrete from the place of production to the site. Its capacity is 7 cumecs and it
revolves at a rate of 7 rpm while transportation.

Fig 20. Transit Mixer

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2) Needle Vibrator: The Needle Vibrator, also known as immersion or poker vibrator have a power
unit and long flexible tube at the end of which a vibrating head is attached. Wherever compaction is to
be done, the vibrating head is inserted in the concrete.

Fig 21. Needle Vibrator

3) Tilted Drum Mixer:A concrete mixer (also commonly called a cement mixer) is a
device that homogeneously combines cement, aggregate such as sand or gravel, and
water to form concrete. For smaller volume works portable concrete mixers are often
used so that the concrete can be made at the construction site, giving the workers sample
time to use the concrete before it hardens.

Fig 22. Tilted Drum Mixer

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4) Concrete Pump: Concrete pump are used when large quantity of concrete is to be transported
continuously when Boom placer is not in working position cannot be installed at site.

Fig 23. Concrete Pump

5) JCB Excavator: -Excavators are heavy construction equipment consisting of a boom, stick,
bucket and cab on a rotating platform (known as the "house"). The house sits atop an undercarriage with
tracks or wheels. A cable-operated excavator uses winches and steel ropes to accomplish the

Fig 24. JCB Excavator

6) Soil Compactor: -Soil compaction is a vital part of the construction process. It is used for support
of structural entities such as building foundations, roadways, walkways, and earth retaining structures to
name a few. For a given soil type certain properties may deem it more or less desirable to perform
adequately for a particular circumstance. In general, the preselected soil should have adequate strength,
be relatively incompressible so that future settlement is not significant, be stable against volume change

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as water content or other factors vary, be durable and safe against deterioration, and possess
proper permeability

When an area is to be filled or backfilled the soil is placed in layers called lifts. The ability of the first
fill layers to be properly compacted will depend on the condition of the natural material being covered.
If unsuitable material is left in place and backfilled, it may compress over a long period under the weight
of the earth fill, causing settlement cracks in the fill or in any structure supported by the fill. In order to
determine if the natural soil will support the first fill layers, an area can be proof rolled. Proof rolling
consists of utilizing a piece heavy construction equipment (typically, heavy compaction equipment or
hauling equipment) to roll across the fill site and watching for deflections to be revealed. These areas
will be indicated by the development of rutting, pumping, or ground weaving.

Fig 25. Soil Compactor

3.4 My performance during accomplishing work tasks

Absolutely good the reason behind this performance was I integrate with all workers within a short time
and get involved in different site works to gain more knowledge about the working environment in the
site and improve myself with more site works. Since the site work is very repetitive I have been working
in different section to get involved and pass through different peace of works. In general in the last four
month I perform all my duties nicely and get knowledge of the practical world and relate it with the
theory I have learnt in the class in the last three years. Also I transform myself to another level of skill,
ethics, knowledge and leadership using this training class and I perform it well.
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 CHAPTER-4

4. Overall Benefits of the industrial training

Industrial training is a class healed at site to provide an enhanced understanding of the outside working
environment before the student graduate. Student like civil engineering and other fields also take this
practice. The main aim of this practice (industrial training) is that to teach students communication with
different workers or employees, to improve practical skill what they learned at class, up grading the
theoretical knowledge in addition to the class, improve their leadership skill, team playing skill and etc.

4.1. Improving practical skill

The aim of the industrial training is to address more practical knowledge for student. So, I found a
practical knowledge at the site as much possible within the four month. The knowledge we have learn in
the class is helpful to get those practical or real work in the site and totally different from the actual
knowledge gained from the class. Thus I found some knowledge in the site which helps me to work with
the site environment or site peoples.
Some of the practical knowledge I gain from the industrial training class was:
1. Construction of formwork and false work for some reinforced concrete structure.
In any construction work the first stage before casting of concrete is designing and constructing of form
work.
2. Bar bending, positioning, splicing and tying, according the specified drawing.
After the formwork and false work is ready the bar bending, positioning and tying work goes next. This
work is done based on the working drawing provided in the working drawings (structural drawing) by
the design team of that specified structure. In most case it was new for me to see such work since it is a
practical work only performed at the site.
3. Surveying on building construction.
We conduct the surveying class in the field for its lab session of the course in the normal class. But we
don„t know about how it is going to be in building construction in particular and in which particular
stage of the construction work it used either the super structure or sub structure.
4. Casting and pouring of reinforced concrete structure and equipment used
Concrete is a vital material in any construction of reinforced concrete and is the main constituent or
ingredient of any reinforced concrete structure. Thus it is mandatory to know this material in practice

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including how it is treated, placed (poured), mixed and the equipment used for those work. I got the
practical knowledge in terms of those listed aspects of concrete.
Different construction equipment (machines) and their use in construction site.

4.2. Upgrading the theoretical knowledge

The industrial training class is not only depending on the practical aspect but it also help students to
upgrade or increase knowledge on already that they have. I try to integrate the practical knowledge with
that of the theory learned in the class in different place in order to get more knowledge than the theory
we learned on the class. I got the industrial training class very interesting in terms of upgrading a
theoretical knowledge and I learned from the site some theories that we haven„t learn in the class room
by searching different related literature. Some of this is:
1. Quantity surveying
2. Read Structural and architecture drawings
3. Construction equipment
I learned those things in exclusive cause it is hard to read and understand everything from books and
asking some peoples at site to those things ashamed me. Generally I change myself alit bit after the
industrial training period in my knowledge than before I took it.

4.3. Upgrading Interpersonal communication skill

Communication is sharing or exchanging information or ideas with others in order to get some messages
and knowledge. The communications systems within the building design and construction enterprise has
taken on a large role in the achievement of profitability and efficiency. A basic understanding of
communication systems is beneficial to all building professionals and trades, as they all play a part in the
success of the construction. Construction is one of the places that ask a good communication skill either
managing every trade of work or asking what is gowning on over there. So, communication is an
important way of learning, which can be defined formally as the act, process, or experience of gaining
knowledge or skills and sharing what we know. Cool communication is important in the real
constructions world and it can appear in different forms as speaking, writing, and listening. In the site
the most things I gain is due to communication with other workers like engineers, skilled and non-
skilled workers, Forman etc. in some place/case it is very difficult to talk workers and ask them what we
want because of that they underestimate us and sometimes they are not eager to tell. But I improve and
know how to communicate with different classes of workers in the site.

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4.4. Improving team playing skill

Team playing skill for construction work Team works, especially for engineers, involve in every piece
of task and achieving good team playing skill is essential for Effective completion of tasks and
Increasing productivity. This skill already exists in my personality in the campus due to different
assignment and project works that I work together with student. But this skill is more than this in the
construction site. In the construction site the work is already a team work and it needs more closeness of
workers to solve problems arise in different aspects, misunderstanding in the drawing or working
methodology and consult every work. We the student at the site also works together as a team to get
more understanding and share ideas. More or less I improve my team work status by working together
with different professionals, student and workers as a whole in the civil engineering works and
consulting.

4.5. Improving leadership skill

Leadership is the process of influencing individuals or groups to accomplish an organizational goal or
mission. I have seen how each worker is controlled and organized to perform its day to day activities. I
have actually observed the method of controlling the working time and amount of work done by each
worker so that the work proceeds according to the work plan (schedule).Leadership is a skill to guide,
control and monitor peoples. For effective leadership i understood that personal values like confidence,
effective communication and devotion are very important.
In order to be good Leadership the following criteria should be fulfilled.
Those are:-
1. Be technically proficient (skilled with different knowledge„s).
2. Seek responsibility and take responsibility for your actions.
3. Make sound and timely decisions.
4. Know your people and look out for their well-being.
5. Keep your workers informed.
6. Develop a sense of responsibility in your workers.
7. Ensure that tasks are understood, supervised, and accomplished.
8. Use the full capabilities of your organization.
9. Listening to others.
10. Being organized.
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11. Able to communicate clearly and efficiently.
In the site it was impossible to us to lead anything because we go to the site to learn about the site work
and we don„t have enough ability to handle such works in such short time but we have learned how to
become a good leader and the main signal of a good leader.
Finally what I take hold of is Becoming a leader isn„t easy because it takes a conscious commitment and
consistent effort to develop one„s leadership skills.
But on the positive side, anyone who is willing to make the effort can become a good leader.

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 CHAPTER-5

5. Safety work around the site

Human life is irreplaceable, which is susceptible of minor infections. Now days it has become common
to hear accidents on the construction industry. The more the accidents are becoming redundant the
responsibility of the contractors and the attention to give to safety of the workers is progressing to be
paramount. Therefore, it cannot be denied to work on increasing the safety condition of the site. The
most effective way of avoiding risks is the preventive strategy. As the health professionals use to say
―prevention is better than cure, it is more than reasonable to be abide by such motto. Less concerned
safety rule, regulation and training are among the problem in the site.
Safety of all working staffs and visitors should be observed to a highest care. Infliction of injury shall be
minimized. For this prior readiness is very important. The safety management will be carried out with a
special superintendent to be assigned on site. The superintendent will be assisted with a dresser to be
employed for the site. Safety of the workers and visitors will be managed in the following strategies;

Preventive Strategy: Success would only be possible if there are workers, who can give their potential
output without fear of any unforeseen risks. While they are striving to achieve the targeted result, they
may not be focused on their safety matters. This has to be taken care of by others, devoted for the same
purpose. The preventive strategy involves the following elements:

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Orientation: - All working and visiting people must be oriented about safety and the care they have to
take once they are within the territory of construction. Falls from scaffoldings, suspended slabs, roofs,
ladders, lift holes, stairs, pits and the like are the potential risks that the workers should be aware of.
Orientation must include on how to work with machines and equipment, the possible accident they may
inflict and what rules and procedures they have to follow when working with.
Signage: - Important signs that could remind people who are moving within the working location should
be situated in a place where everybody can see or look.
Firm Temporary Works: - All temporary works like scaffoldings and ladders should be made strong,
so that they are able to withstand the possible load to come upon them.
Temporary guards: Temporary guard rails should be made in places where there are open spaces
where a person might fall down.
Lighting: - Appropriate lighting must be delivered, if there need to work on the night times.
Helmets: - Wearing of helmets must be mandatory for some staffs, supervisors and visitors as
mentioned on the contract document. Such should be made ready available on site, with the appropriate
colouring.

5.1 ACCIDENT ADMINISTRATION

After involving the above stated methods of prevention of accident, there could arise different disastrous
calamities within the project, which necessitate the application of most serious and acute acting
administration.
First Aid: - A dresser, who has relevant professional background will be assigned on site for any
possible first aid.
Secondary Treatment: Some accidents may require secondary treatment as a result of infliction serious
injury.

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5.2Recommendation to the school
The student goes to the industrial training class are owned by the university or the school and are given
to the companies that use or teach us throughout the fore month. So, before and after we go to the
companies the school must fulfill the following:
 Evaluating and supervising student as they are in the site by sending mentors on time.
 Giving courses that are appropriate for the site work before the industrial training class is
commenced like report writing, quantity survey etc.
 Working with the companies closely to address more knowledge to the student.
 Sending the student on time to their hosting company.
 Organizing students those reside in the same place to create a team playing skill and provide
group working environment in order to share ideas.
 Budget for the industrial training is not enough to student and it is not updated and not parallel
with the price right now.
Mostly those listed problem challenges the student at site and if the school can erase those challenges
the intern student can do every work without being stressed and worries.

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 CONCLUSION

The main aim of studies within this project was to investigate how a structure is constructed within its
desired properties. We get knowledge about the basic & advanced techniques of building construction as
well as saw the challenges which a civil engineer have to face during construction i.e. labour problems,
cost management, environmental challenges etc. We cleared our many doubts regarding building
construction. Although are subjects more important for technicians, in the project we have been Studied
some mechanic or electro-mechanic machinery such as the ready mix plant because basic knowledge
about their working is important for an engineer but also because was the opportunity to see and
understand them. During the period of one & half month all the company staff helped me a lot to
provide all their formation about any query. So I grateful to all the staff of, as well as I am so thankful to
our Civil engineering for their kind support.

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