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19 Theories and Consequences of Socialization

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25 views29 pages

19 Theories and Consequences of Socialization

USCP

Uploaded by

alegriaseankester
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Socialization is the process through which

individuals learn and internalize the values, norms,


and behaviors expected by society. It helps people
understand their roles within a social context and
adapt to cultural expectations. Several theories
explain how this process occurs and shapes an
individual's development. Some of the major
theories of socialization are listed in the next slide.
1. Looking-Glass Self Theory by Charles H. Cooley
2. Theory of Social Self by George Herbert Mead
3. Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality by
Sigmund Freud
Cooley proposed the concept of the
Looking-Glass Self, which describes how
individuals form their sense of self through
interaction with others. He suggested that people
shape their self-concept based on how they
believe others perceive them. The process
involves three steps which are (1) Imagination of
how we appear to others, (2) Imagination of
judgment, and (3) Development of self-feeling.
George Herbert Mead expanded the ideas of
Cooley. Mead's theory focuses on the development
of self through social interaction. He introduced
the idea of the “I” and the “Me” as parts of the self.

“I”, is the unsocialized self, a spontaneous,


self-interested component of one’s identity. “Me”,
socialized self, aware of expectations.
Mead also believed that the self was created
through social interaction and that this process
started in childhood.

Mead also emphasized the stages of role-


taking: (1) preparatory stage, (2) play stage, and
(3) game stage.
Sigmund Freud's theory of socialization
explains how people learn to balance their basic
desires with society's rules. The id pushes for
instant gratification, while the superego enforces
moral standards and societal expectations. The
ego acts as a mediator, helping individuals satisfy
their desires in a way that is acceptable to society.
Through socialization, the ego learns to
control the id's impulses and follow the superego's
guidance, leading to socially appropriate behavior.
Socialization has several significant
consequences that shape an individual's
development, behavior, and interaction within
society. Some of the consequences are learning
the society’s culture, formation of social behavior,
development of self identity and internalization of
status and roles.
Identity refers to an individual’s sense of
self, including their values, beliefs, and the roles
they play in society. It encompasses the
characteristics and qualities that make someone
who they are.
Identity formation, on the other hand, is the
development of an individual’s distinct personality,
which is regarded as a persisting entity in a
particular stage of life by which a person is
recognized or known.

It influences personal identity by which the


individual thinks of him or herself as a discrete and
separate entity.
Cultural identity is one’s feeling of identity or
affiliation with a group or culture.

Ethnic identity is the identification with a


certain ethnicity, usually based on a presumed
common genealogy or ancestry.
National identity is an ethical and
philosophical concept whereby all humans are
divided into groups called nations.
Religious identity is the set of beliefs and
practices generally held by an individual involving
adherence to codified beliefs and rituals and the
study of ancestral or cultural traditions, writings,
history, mythology, as well as faith and mystic
experience.
Bear in mind that several identities can be
embraced by a single person, but there is always a
dominant identity that seems to orchestrate the
operation of the other identities in the set.
Status is the position or rank an individual
holds within a social structure or system. A
person’s status can be either ascribed or
achieved, given or accomplished, respectively.

A person can hold different statuses at a


given time. This set of all the statuses is called the
status set.
An ascribed status is a social position a
person receives at birth or takes on involuntarily
later in life.

Ascribed statuses are matters about which


we have little or no choice at all.

Examples of ascribed status are being a son,


a Filipino*, a teenager, and a widower*.
An achieved status refers to a social
position a person takes on voluntarily that reflects
personal identity and effort.

Examples of achieved status: honor student,


boxing title, nurse, software engineer, thief or
parent.
Some statuses can be either achieved or
ascribed, depending on the context.

It is important to recognize that in reality,


most statuses are a blend of both ascription and
achievement. In other words, the statuses people
achieve are often influenced by the statuses they
are born into or ascribed.
Role refers to the behavior expected of an
individual in a particular status.

Status: A teacher
Role: Educating students
A role set refers to the collection of roles
associated with a particular social status. It
encompasses all the roles that a person is expected to
perform based on their status in society.

Status: A teacher
Role Set: delivering lectures, preparing lesson plans,
grading assignments, meeting with parents, and
participating in school meetings.
Role strain occurs when an individual
experiences difficulty meeting the demands or
expectations of a single status. It arises when the
responsibilities or expectations associated with a
single status are too demanding or conflicting.
EXAMPLE:

As a student, you're expected to perform well in


science, math, and English while also participating in
school clubs. The demands of these expectations
create strain within your status as a student, as it's
challenging to meet all of them equally.
Role conflict occurs when the demands or
expectations of two or more different statuses
clash, making it difficult for an individual to fulfill all
their roles effectively.
EXAMPLE:

Your parents expect you to attend a family event


(as a son), but you also have a major exam to
prepare for (as a student). The expectations of
your son status and your student status conflict,
making it difficult to satisfy both.

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